Encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa por Balamuthia mandrillaris en Chile confirmada con secuenciación de ADN / Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Balamuthia mandrillaris in Chile confirmed with DNA sequencing

Las enfermedades causadas por amebas de vida libre son infecciones oportunistas que pueden tener un curso fatal. Pueden producir afecciones diseminadas graves con compromiso del sistema nervioso central, como la encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa. Esta infección es cada vez más frecuente en América Latina, aunque se reconocen tardíamente debido a la similitud con otras patologías o porque es inusual incluirla en el diagnóstico diferencial. Comunicamos un caso fatal de una encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa por Balamuthia mandrillaris en una niña de 10 años. Destacamos la gravedad de la afectación cerebral y la falta de esquemas antimicrobianos validados para su tratamiento. Hoy en el mundo esta infección es considerada una enfermedad emergente, influenciada por el cambio climático, lo que llama a estar atentos a su presencia.

Diseases caused by free-living amoebae are opportunistic infections that can have a fatal course. They can cause very serious disseminated conditions with involvement of the central nervous system such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. This infection has become more common in Latin America, although its recognition is late due to the similarity with other pathological conditions or because it is unusual to include it in the differential diagnosis. We report a fatal case of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to Balamuthia mandrillaris in a 10-year-old girl. We highlight the severity of the brain involvement and the lack of validated schemes for its treatment. Today in the world this infection is considered an emerging disease, influenced by climate change, which calls for being attentive to its presence.

Primer informe clínico de Balamuthia mandrillaris en el distrito de Camaná, Arequipa, Perú / First case report of the Balamuthia mandrillaris in the Camaná district of Arequipa, Peru

Resumen Las infecciones por amebas de vida libre causan compromiso cutáneo y neurológico. Estas afecciones presentan una baja frecuencia pero una alta letalidad, mayor al 98%. Gene ralmente el cuadro clínico es inespecífico y los exámenes de laboratorio no son de gran ayuda, por lo que representa un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico. En este informe presentamos el caso de un paciente de 21 años que fue hospitalizado por un síndrome convulsivo con tumoraciones cerebrales, además de una lesión cutánea en el muslo derecho. El análisis histopatológico, PCR y el cuadro clínico permitieron el diagnóstico de encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa. A pesar del tratamiento, el paciente tuvo un desenlace fatal.

Abstract Infections by free-living amoebas cause cutaneous and neurological compromise. These conditions have a low frequency, but a high lethality more than 98%. Generally, the clinical picture is nonspecific; the laboratory tests dont help, so it represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In this report, we present the case of a 21-year-old patient, who was hospitalized for a convulsive syndrome with brain tumors, in addition to a cutaneous lesion on the right thigh. Histopathological analysis, PCR and the clinical picture allowed the diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Despite the treatment, the patient had a fatal outcome.

Encefalitis por amebas de vida libre: herramientas actuales para el diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos / Free-living amoeba encephalitis: current tools for early diagnosis and treatment

Introducción: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. y Balamuthia mandrillaris son amebas de vida libre que producen daños sustanciales del sistema nervioso central y cuyo diagnóstico premortem es poco frecuente. Objetivo: Proveer una visión general de los aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos y las posibilidades diagnósticas más eficaces en la meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria y la encefalitis granulomatosa amebiana, así como las experiencias de tratamiento expuestas en la literatura reciente. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre las amebas de vida libre. Se analizó la información obtenida de artículos científicos en la base de datos Google Scholar®, PubMed y las citas relacionadas por el programa en PubMed Central. Análisis y síntesis de la información: En primer término del análisis de la meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria y la encefalitis granulomatosa amebiana, resalta la diferenciación de sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas, también que el líquido cefalorraquídeo presenta gran relevancia para el diagnóstico de la meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria. Sin embargo, para los casos presuntivos de la encefalitis granulomatosa amebiana el examen del líquido cefalorraquídeo depende de la valoración riesgo-beneficio y se ha obtenido mayor positividad con el diagnóstico histopatológico de biopsias premortem. En general, se acrecienta la implementación de la investigación del ADN por diferentes métodos que brindan certeza de cada una de las especies de AVL causantes de enfermedad neurológica. El aislamiento en cultivo confirmatorio de N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. y B. mandrillaris presenta diferencias en la factibilidad de crecimiento en diversos medios de acuerdo con la especie y limitaciones adicionales. Conclusiones: La mortalidad asociada con las infecciones del sistema nervioso central por amebas de vida libre permanece alta, aunque varios estudios brindan experiencias útiles a partir de los casos de pacientes que han sobrevivido. Resulta importante tener en cuenta que el diagnóstico rápido de la infección es clave para un tratamiento exitoso(AU)

Introduction: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are free-living amoebae of infrequent premortem diagnosis which cause substantial damage to the central nervous system. Objective: To provide an overview of the clinical-epidemiological aspects and the most effective diagnostic possibilities in primary amebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amebic encephalitis, as well as their treatment experiences in recent publications.. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted about free-living amoebae. An analysis was performed of data obtained from scientific papers published in the databases Google Scholar and PubMed, and the citations listed by the PubMed Central program. Data analysis and synthesis: As principal term of the analysis of primary amebic meningoencephalitis and amebic granulomatous encephalitis, the differentiation of their clinical and epidemiological characteristics stands out, also that cerebrospinal fluid is highly relevant for the diagnosis of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. However, for presumptive cases of amoebic granulomatous encephalitis, the examination of cerebrospinal fluid depends on the risk-benefit assessment and greater positivity has been obtained with the histopathological diagnosis of premortem biopsies. In general, the implementation of DNA research by different methods provided accurate information about each one of the free-living amoeba species that cause neurological disease. Confirmatory culture isolation of N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and B. mandrillaris revealed growth feasibility differences between diverse media depending on the species and additional limitations. Conclusions: Mortality associated to central nervous system infections caused by free-living amoebae remains high. Studies describing cases of patients who have survived constitute useful material. It is important to bear in mind that fast diagnosis of the disease is crucial to treatment success(AU)

Amebiasis: aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y de diagnóstico de la infección / An update on amebiasis

The description of Entamoeba dispar, and the recovery of Entamoeba moshkovskii from humans had a major impact in the epidemiology and clinical management of amebiasis. Infections range from asymptomatic colonization to hemorrhagic colitis and extra-intestinal diseases. Only a minority of amebiasis patients progress to the development of disease. Recent studies suggest that susceptibility to infection, and its outcome is influenced by the host, parasite genotype, and environment. The identification of Entamoeba histolytica is based on the detection of specific antigens by ELISA and DNA in stool and other clinical samples. Several diagnostic tests have been developed, including polymerase chain reaction, the technique of choice, for the detection and differentiation of E. histolytica, E. dispar, and E. moshkovskii. Combination of serologic tests with detection of the parasite DNA by PCR or antigen by ELISA offers the best approach to diagnosis. However, these techniques are impractical for clinical laboratories of developing countries. Clinicians must follow the guidelines of the World Health Organization to avoid unnecessary treatments. This review describes and discusses recent advances in amebiasis with emphasis in the clinical aspects and management of infection.

A Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis in Taiwan

After bathing at a hot spring resort, a 75-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of seizure-like attack with loss of conscious. This is the first case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri in Taiwan. PAM was diagnosed based on detection of actively motile trophozoites in cerebrospinal fluid using a wet-mount smear and the Liu's stain. The amoebae were further confirmed by PCR and gene sequencing. In spite of administering amphotericin B treatment, the patient died 25 days later.

Diagnóstico da infecção por amebídeos através de técnicas morfológicas, imunológicas e moleculares, em microrregião de Ilhéus, Itabuna - Bahia - Brasil / Diagnosis of infection amebídeos by morphological techniques, immunological and molecular micro in Ilheus, Itabuna - Bahia - Brazil

O gênero Entamoeba possui várias espécies, dificultando o diagnóstico da amebíase pela semelhança morfológica entre os protozoários, o que acarreta em diagnósticos errôneos e tratamento desnecessário de muitos pacientes. Por isso várias técnicas tem sido desenvolvidas com o objetivo de diferenciar essas espécies. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e a frequência de parasitos intestinais em moradores de uma microrregião de Ilhéus - Itabuna, enfatizando a identificação e diferenciação através de técnicas imunológicas e moleculares as espécies do complexo Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar e através de técnicas morfológicas a espécie Entamoeba hartmanni.... O método de centrífugo-sedimentação foi mais eficaz que o direto na recuperação dos parasitos e a pesquisa de coproantígenos foi eficaz na identificação de Entamoeba histolytica, mostrando que E. dispar foi a espécie que predominou na população. O método de coloração hematoxilina férrica foi uma importante ferramenta para identificar E. hartmanni. Esse estudo mostrou que através de associação de diferentes técnicas é possível identificar o agente da amebíase, diferenciando-o das outras amebas intestinais, contribuindo para estudos epidemiológicos e evitando tratamento desnecessário de pacientes parasitados por outras amebas que não E. histolytica

Acanthameba meningitis with successful outcome.

We report a rare cause of sub acute meningitis in a 15-yr-old immunocompetent female child with successful outcome. The etiological agent was Acanthameba. The child was sucessfully treat with combination of Ketoconazole. Rifampicin, cotrimoxa zole and for a period of 9 month.

Review of epidemiological features, microbiological diagnosis and treatment outcome of microbial keratitis: Experience of over a decade.

Purpose: To review the epidemiological characteristics, microbiological profile, and treatment outcome of patients with suspected microbial keratitis. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of a non-comparative series from the database was done. All the patients presenting with corneal stromal infiltrate underwent standard microbiologic evaluation of their corneal scrapings, and smear and culture-guided antimicrobial therapy. Results: Out of 5897 suspected cases of microbial keratitis 3563 (60.4%) were culture-proven (bacterial – 1849, 51.9%; fungal – 1360, 38.2%; Acanthamoeba – 86, 2.4%; mixed – 268, 7.5%). Patients with agriculture-based activities were at 1.33 times (CI 1.16–1.51) greater risk of developing microbial keratitis and patients with ocular trauma were 5.33 times (CI 6.41–6.44) more likely to develop microbial keratitis. Potassium hydroxide with calcofluor white was most sensitive for detecting fungi (90.6%) and Acanthamoeba (84.0%) in corneal scrapings, however, Gram stain had a low sensitivity of 56.6% in detection of bacteria. Majority of the bacterial infections were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis (42.3%) and Fusarium species (36.6%) was the leading cause of fungal infections. A significantly larger number of patients (691/1360, 50.8%) with fungal keratitis required surgical intervention compared to bacterial (799/1849, 43.2%) and Acanthamoeba (15/86, 17.4%) keratitis. Corneal healed scar was achieved in 75.5%, 64.8%, and 90.0% of patients with bacterial, fungal, and Acanthamoeba keratitis respectively. Conclusions: While diagnostic and treatment modalities are well in place the final outcome is suboptimal in fungal keratitis. With more effective treatment available for bacterial and Acanthamoeba keratitis, the treatment of fungal keratitis is truly a challenge.

Amebic cerebral abscess mimicking bacterial meningitis.

We report a case of an amebic brain abscess in a 2-year-old girl, with symptoms mimicking bacterial meningitis with no evidence of disease elsewhere. Histological evaluation of the abscess revealed the organisms, and the abscess regressed in response to specific medical treatment. This article reviews the rarity of these abscesses and difficulty in the diagnosis.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri.

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) due to Naegleria fowleri was detected in a 36-year-old, Indian countryman who had a history of taking bath in the village pond. He was admitted in a semi comatosed condition with severe frontal headache, neck stiffness, intermittent fever, nausea, vomiting, left hemiparesis and seizures. Computerized tomography (CT) scan of brain showed a soft tissue non-enhancing mass with erosion of sphenoid sinus. However CSF findings showed no fungal or bacterial pathogen. Trophozoites of Naegleria fowleri were detected in the direct microscopic examination of CSF and these were grown in culture on non-nutrient agar. The patient was put on amphotericin-B, rifampicin and ceftazidime but his condition deteriorated and was taken home by his relatives in a moribund condition against medical advice and subsequently died. A literature review of 7 previous reports of PAM in India is also presented. Four of theses eight cases were non lethal. The mean age was 13.06 years with male: female ratio of 7:1. History of contact with water was present in four cases. Trophozoites could be identified in all 8 cases in this series.

Acanthamoeba encephalitis.

Central nervous system infection with free-living amoebae is rare. We present a fatal case of Acanthamoeba encephalitis in a 63-year-old female from India where acanthamoebae were demonstrated and cultured from CSF. In spite of treatment with amphotericin B, fluconazole and rifampicin the patient did not survive. Amoebic infection should be suspected in a patient of encephalitis of unexplained aetiology as timely diagnosis can lead to a favourable outcome.

Amebíase e epidemiologia / Amebiasis and epidemiology

A infecção por Entamoeba histolytica, identificada há mais de 130 anos por Fedor A. Lesh, existe praticamente em todo o mundo e é hoje considerada uma DST - com relação à transmissão é a doença dos cinco efes: finger, feces, flies, fomites e fornication. A epidemiologia da amebíase na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), estudada por um de nós (R.M.), parece confirmar o lugar de infecção no rol das doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Epidemiologia é o estudo da ocorrência de uma doença - estudos epidemiológicos podem influenciar a vida de populações inteiras. O estudo de Framingham (EUA), a investigação de Sharr sobre a doença dos legionários e o trabalho de John Snow sobre a cólera são exemplos clássicos de estudos epidemiológicos que mudaram o comportamento e estilos de vida.

Entamoeba histolytica infection was identified more than 130 years ago, has worldwide occurrence and nowadays is considered a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Regarding transmission is considered as the five Fs disease: finger, feces, flies, fomites and fornication. Rio de Janeiro city amebiasis epidemiology was studied by one of us and seems to confirm its place on STD list. Epidemiology consists on the study of the disease occurrence - epidemiological studies can influence an entire population life. Framinghan (EUA), Legionnaire's disease Sharr investigation and John Snow cholera study are classic examples of epidemiological studies that changed behaviour and lifestyle.

Disseminated acanthamoeba infection in a renal transplant recipient: a case report.

Acanthamoeba species are free-living amoebae that are the causative agents of chronic granulomatous meningoencephalitis, amoebic keratitis, pulmonary lesions, cutaneous lesions and sinusitis. Immunocompromised individuals are particularly susceptible to infections with Acanthamoeba, which can be disseminated at times. We herewith report the autopsy findings of disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in a 36-year-old female, a renal transplant recipient on immunosupressants for last four years. Central nervous system showed Acanthamoeba associated chronic granulomatous meningoencephalitis, with predominant perivascular infiltrate of amoebic cysts, trophozoites and inflammatory cells. Both lungs and pancreas also showed infiltration with Acanthamoeba.

Intestinal parasites in school aged children and the first case report on amoebiasis in urinary bladder in Tripoli, Libya

A total of 50 fresh fecal samples were collected from children of either sex and examined by direct wet films and Telemann's concentration technique. The results were based on a single stool per person study of the total children ranging from 5-18 years of age, 8 different types of intestinal parasites were recorded. The incidence of infection with one or the other parasites was found to be 42%. Double or mixed infection was not uncommon. The infection rates of helminthes were Hymenolepis nana 6%, Taenia saginata 2%, Ascaris lumbricoids 20% Trichuris trichura 14% and Enterobius vermicularis 4%. The rates of protozoa were Entamoeba histolytica 4%, Entamoeba coli 4% and Giardia lamblia 2%. The problem was created by parasitosis in endangering children's health are more increasing in Tripoli District

Encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa por Balamuthia mandrillaris. Primer caso diagnosticado en Chile / Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris: first case diagnosed in Chile

Se presenta el caso de un lactante de sexo masculino de 7 meses de vida con una historia de varias semanas de evolución caracterizada por convulsiones, fiebre y cambios conductuales. Hospitalizado, la tomografía axial computada de cerebro mostró lesiones multifocales de algunos mm a 4 cm de diámetro, sin efecto de masa, y una biopsia de las mismas reveló una encefalitis necrotizante con arteritis necrótica fibrinoide. A pesar del tratamiento, las lesiones progresaron y el niño falleció. La necropsia demostró una extensa encefalitis necrotizante, multifocal, con arteritis necrótica fibrinoide, algunos signos de organización, y la presencia de elementos parasitarios con caracteres de trofozoitos y quistes de amebas de vida libre del género Acanthamoeba o Balamuthia. Además, se constató una hipoplasia- displasia del timo y signos de schok. Los elementos encontrados corresponden al cuadro descrito como encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa y el agente encontrado fue tipificado, (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA) correspondiendo a la especie Balamuthia mandrillaris.

Meningoencefalitis granulomatosa por Balamuthia mandrillaris: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis by Balamuthia mandrillaris: case report and literature review

Durante los últimos años, otra ameba de vida libre, Balamuthia mandrillaris, ha sido identificada como agente etiológico de meningoencefalitis granulomatosa amebiana (MGA) en humanos. Presentamos el caso de una escolar de sexo femenino, inmunocompetente en quien se realizó el diagnóstico post mortem de MGA por este agente. Consultó por aparición de lesiones eritematosas e induradas que comprometían la zona centro-facial. En biopsia cutánea se evidenció una lesión granulomatosa con RPC positiva para secuencias génicas de Mycobacterium atípico, por lo que se inició tratamiento para micobacteriosis atípica extrapulmonar. Evolucionó con compromiso neurológico progresivo, falleciendo aproximadamente un año después de iniciar los síntomas. La necropsia reveló una MGA, cuyo estudio posterior demostró la presencia de B. mandrillaris. La infección por B. mandrillaris debe ser considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial de una enfermedad granulomatosa crónica que evoluciona con compromiso neurológico.

Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: epidemiological study in Anzoategui state, Venezuela

Um caso de meningoencefalite amebiana primária, causada por Naegleria fowleri, foi diagnosticada no município de Independência no Estado de Anzoategui, Venezuela. Este caso motivou a realização deste estudo epidemiológico com o objetivo de identificar amebas de vida livre nessa área. Foram colhidas amostras representativas de água e realizadas análises fisicoquímicas e microbiológicas. Trofozoítos e cistos de Naegleria spp foram detectados em 44,4% (n=4). Verificou-se excelente concordância entre a observação das amebas de vida livre em esfregaços e aquelas de culturas monoxênicas em ágar não nutriente com Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kappa=1; p=0,003). Obteve-se uma carga variável de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbicos. As médias de mofos e leveduras foram de 3,0 CFU/ml (SD+2,0) e 102,9 CFU/ml(SD+32,2), respectivamente. Cem por cento das amostras apresentaram um número maior provável de coliformes totais e fecais de 240.000 NMP/100ml. Naegleria spp estava presente nas águas do município de Independência no Estado de Anzoategui, o que constitui um risco para a população que usa essas fontes.

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis.

This case is reported with the intention of highlighting the presentation of primary amebic meningoencephalitis as acute meningitis, a rare differential diagnosis with presence of free living amoebas in the CSF.

Early detection and identification of amphizoic amoebae from nasal exudates of a symptomatic case.

A man visited the Out Patient Department of the hospital for Tropical Diseases in February 2004 with low grade fever and severe headache for a week. He had the history of diving in a natural pond 2-3 days before the onset of the disease. A thick bloody mucous was observed from the nasal discharge. Fresh microscopic observation of the exudates in 0.85% sodium chloride revealed numerous active amoeba trophozoites. Two groups of the trophozoites were observed The first group was 10 micro sized amoeba with active directional movement by lobopodia and the second group was 15-30 micro sized amoeba with active multiprogressive movement by filopodia. Few flagellate forms were observed after exflagellation in distilled water and some polygonal cysts were also found. Giemsa' stain was used to differentiate the amoeba trophozoites from the leukocytes. It was concluded that this patient was infected by both Naegleria spp. and Acanthamoeba spp. This is the first report of double infection of free-living amoeba in a symptomatic and non-fatal patient.