ABSTRACT
Resumen La amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) es un trastorno hereditario que afecta la estructura y apariencia clínica del esmalte dental. Hasta la fecha, se han asociado las mutaciones de 18 genes como la etiología de la AI no sindrómica. El objetivo de este trabajo es actualizar los conocimientos vigentes acerca de los genes ENAM, AMBN, FAM83H, MMP20 y KLK4 causantes de los diferentes tipos de AI. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica considerando artículos científicos desde el 2003 al 2021 sobre mutaciones en los genes mencionados en los siguientes portales: scielo, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Cochrane y Springer Link. Resultados: 37 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y fueron utilizados para esta revisión. Conclusiones: Dependiendo del gen implicado, las alteraciones del esmalte pueden mostrar una variedad de características. Los mecanismos biológicos que conducen a la enfermedad son múltiples y variados, sin embargo, muchos de ellos no están del todo claro aún, por lo que se requerirá de más investigaciones para mejorar nuestra comprensión del tema.
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is an inherited disorder that affects the structure and clinical appearance of tooth enamel. Mutations of 18 genes have been associated as the etiology of AI. The objective of this work is to update the current knowledge about ENAM, AMBN, FAM83H, MMP20 and KLK4 genes that cause the different types of AI. Methodology: A bibliographic search was carried out considering scientific articles from 2003 to 2021 with regard to specific mutations in the aforementioned genes in the following portals: scielo, Pubmed / MEDLINE, Cochrane and Springer Link. Results: 37 articles met the inclusion criteria and were used for the development of this review. Conclusions: Depending on the gene involved, enamel alterations can show a variety of characteristics. The biological mechanisms that lead to the disease are multiple and varied, however many of them are not entirely clear yet, so more research will be required to improve our understanding of the subject.
A amelogênese imperfeita (AI) é uma doença hereditária que afeta a estrutura e aparência clínica do esmalte dentário. Mutações de 18 genes têm sido associadas como causa do AI. O objetivo deste trabalho é atualizar o conhecimento atual sobre genes ENAM, AMBN, FAM83H, MMP20 e KLK4 que causam os diferentes tipos de IA. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica considerando artigos científicos de 2003 até 2021 sobre mutações específicas nos genes citados nos seguintes portais: scielo, Pubmed / MEDLINE, Cochrane e Springer Link. Resultados: 37 artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento desta revisão. Conclusões: Dependendo do gene envolvido, as alterações do esmalte podem apresentar uma variedade de características. Os mecanismos biológicos que levam à doença são múltiplos e variados, porém muitos de les ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, portanto, mais pesquisas serão necessárias para melhorar nossa compreensão do assunto.
Subject(s)
Amelogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , Dental Enamel , MutationABSTRACT
Resumen La amelogénesis imperfecta es un grupo de trastornos de desarrollo del esmalte dental asociados principalmente con mutaciones en el gen AMELX. Clínicamente presenta diferentes fenotipos que afectan la estructura y función del esmalte, tanto de la dentición primaria como secundaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las funciones y mutaciones de AMELX relacionadas con amelogénesis imperfecta. Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica en dos bases de datos: PubMed y Web of Science, usando las palabras clave AMELX, amelogenina, amelogénesis imperfecta y mutación de AMELX. Fueron revisados 40 artículos y se encontró que AMELX es el gen predominante en el desarrollo del esmalte dental y de la amelogénesis imperfecta, alterando la estructura de la amelogenina. En los últimos años se han descrito las características en el proceso de amelogénesis imperfecta con diferentes fenotipos de esmalte hipoplásico o hipomineralizado y se han reportado diferentes mutaciones, con lo que se ha determinado la secuenciación del gen y las posiciones de las mutaciones.
Abstract Amelogenesis imperfecta is a group of developmental disorders of the dental enamel that is mainly associated with mutations in the AMELX gene. Clinically, it presents different phenotypes that affect the structure and function of dental enamel both in primary and secondary dentition. The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review on the AMELX functions and mutations that are related to amelogenesis imperfecta. A literature search was carried out in two databases: PubMed and Web of Science, using the keywords AMELX, amelogenin, amelogenesis imperfecta and AMELX mutation. Forty articles were reviewed, with AMELX being found to be the predominant gene in the development of dental enamel and amelogenesis imperfecta by altering the structure of amelogenin. In the past few years, the characteristics of the amelogenesis imperfecta process have been described with different phenotypes of hypoplastic or hypo-mineralized enamel, and different mutations have been reported, by means of which the gene sequencing and the position of mutations have been determined.
Subject(s)
Humans , Dental Enamel/pathology , Amelogenin/genetics , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , Phenotype , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/pathology , MutationABSTRACT
Abstract Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of enamel development disorders that alter the structure and chemical composition of the tissue. There is great variability in the clinical presentation; according to Witkop, AI can be categorized into 14 subtypes, which makes its diagnosis extremely complex. Objective: This study aimed to describe and determine the frequency of clinical and radiographic features and inheritance patterns found in 41 Chilean families diagnosed with diverse types of AI. Material and Methods: We analyzed the clinical records, photographs, pedigrees and radiographs of 121 individuals recruited between 2003 and 2016. All of the information was included in a database that was analyzed using the application Stata 14. Results: The 72 affected individuals had average age of 16 years, and no sex association with the presence of AI was found. The most frequent clinical subtypes were as follows: 43% hypomature, 25% hypoplastic, 21% hypomature/hypoplastic, 7% hypocalcified and 4% hypocalcified/hypoplastic. The number of severely affected teeth was 22, which occurred in the patients with hypocalcified and hypocalcified/hypoplasic AI who presented the highest number of damaged teeth. Caries and periodontal disease were found in 47 and 32% of the patients, respectively. Malocclusions were observed in 43% of the individuals with AI, with open bite being the most frequent. Radiographically, the thickness of the enamel decreased in 51% of the patients, and 80% showed decreased radiopacity of the enamel compared to that of dentin. Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern was found in 37% of the families with hypoplastic AI, and autosomal recessive pattern was present in 56% of the other clinical subtypes, but more frequently in those affected with hypomature and hypocalcified AI. Conclusion: Of the five clinical subtypes, autosomal recessive hypomature, autosomal dominant hypoplastic and autosomal recessive hypomature/hypoplastic AI were the most prevalent subtypes in this group.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Inheritance Patterns , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/diagnostic imaging , Genealogy and Heraldry , Phenotype , Chile/epidemiology , Sex Distribution , Statistics, Nonparametric , Dental Enamel/pathology , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/pathology , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/epidemiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder with diverse clinical presentation, where enamel is the tissue that is primarily affected either quantitatively or qualitatively. Hypomaturation/hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism is a rare variant of amelogenesis imperfecta which is often confused with trichodentoosseous syndrome. We report a rare case of hereditary enamel defect with taurodontism associated with interradicular dentin dysplasia.
Subject(s)
Adult , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/diagnosis , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/etiology , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , /diagnosis , /etiology , /genetics , Dental Pulp Cavity/abnormalities , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
A melogênese imperfeita é um grupo de doencas hereditárias que causa defeito na formacão esmalte dental e mostra heterogeneidade clínica e genética. O esmalte é afetado com alta variabilidade, desde deficiência na formacão do esmalte até defeitos no conteúdo mineral e protéico. A formacão do esmalte requer a expressão de múltiplos genes que transcrevem proteínas e proteinases importantes para controlar o complexo processo de crescimento dos cristais e mineralizacão. O fenótipo da AI depende do gene envolvido, sua localizacão e tipo de mutacão, e a conseqüente alteracão na proteína. Diferentes padrões hereditários com ligado ao X, autossômico dominante e autossômico recessivo já foram descritos. Mutacões nos genes correspondentes da amelogenina, enamelina, e calicreína-4 demonstraram resultar em diferentes tipos de AI. Outros genes críticos para formacão do esmalte estão sendo identificados como candidatos a causar AI. O objetivo desse artigo foi investigar na literatura o papel de proteínas e proteinases importantes para formacão do esmalte e mutacões associadas a AI.
Subject(s)
Amelogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , Dental Enamel , Mutation , ProteinsABSTRACT
Se presenta una familia, en la cual algunos de sus miembros son afectados por amelogenésis imperfecta. Se efectúa un estudio clínico y anátomo-patológico con microscopio electrónico de barrido de uno de sus integrantes. La AI es una enfermedad que afecta tanto la formación como la maduración normal del esmalte cuyo origen es hereditario
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/pathology , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics , Ameloblasts , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/classification , Amelogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , Dental Enamel , Dental Enamel Hypoplasia/pathology , Dentin/abnormalities , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning TransmissionABSTRACT
Se realizó el estudio de una familia en la que se pudo comprobar el carácter hereditario de la amelogénesis imperfecta, la cual se trasmitió durante 6 generaciones estudiadas, sin distinción por el sexo, y se demostró el carácter dominante en estas personas. Tres niñas, miembros de esta familia, afectadas seriamente por anomalías dentales y esqueletales, vieron limitados sus tratamientos por las alteraciones que presentaban en el esmalte. La poca cooperación de las pacientes fue un factor negativo para el buen desarrollo de los procederes terapéuticos