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1.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, CONASS, ColecionaSUS, SES-GO | ID: biblio-1526661

ABSTRACT

O consumo de psicoestimulantes tem crescido exponencialmente, sobretudo entre estudantes de medicina, na busca por aumentar o rendimento acadêmico. Atualmente, a extensa carga horária de aulas e estudos, exigências de produtividade e altos níveis de estresse podem desencadear o uso. Objetivo: Analisar o uso de psicoestimulantes por estudantes do curso de Medicina de um Centro Universitário privado em Minas Gerais. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, quantitativo, com delineamento transversal entre os discentes do 1° ao 5° ano do curso de Medicina no 2° semestre de 2021. Os participantes responderam ao questionário semi-estruturado elaborado pelos autores. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados no software Statistical Product and Service Solutions. Resultados: Dos 244 entrevistados, cerca de 57.4% faziam uso de algum psicoestimulante. Houve maior uso entre os estudantes do 2° ano e as principais substâncias utilizadas foram: cafeína (85%), energético (65%) e metilfenidato (60%). A melhora na concentração (97%) foi o efeito mais percebido pelos usuários, seguido de redução do sono (83%) e melhora de raciocínio (80%). Muitos consideraram que os estimulantes cerebrais têm o potencial de melhorar o rendimento acadêmico, mas pode reduzir a qualidade do sono e consequentemente torná-los susceptíveis a outras enfermidades. Conclusão: É notável que existe uso abusivo de estimulantes cerebrais, sendo fundamental o trabalho em conjunto entre instituição de ensino e familiares, em prol da prevenção e do controle de danos causados por esse hábito


The consumption of psychostimulants has grown exponentially, especially among medical students, in the quest to increase academic performance. Currently, the extensive workload of classes and studies, productivity demands and high levels of stress can trigger use. Objective: To analyze the use of psychostimulants by medical students at a private University Center in Minas Gerais. Methods: A descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study was carried out among students from the 1st to the 5th year of the medicine course in the 2nd semester of 2021. The participants answered the semi-structured questionnaire prepared by the authors. The data obtained were tabulated in the Statistical Product and Service Solutions software. Results: Of the 244 respondents, about 57.4% used some psychostimulant. There was greater use among 2nd year students and the main substances used were: caffeine (85%), energy drink (65%) and methylphenidate (60%). Improved concentration (97%) was the effect most perceived by users, followed by reduced sleep (83%) and improved thinking (80%). Many considered that brain stimulants have the potential to improve academic performance, but can reduce sleep quality and consequently make them susceptible to other illnesses. Conclusion: It is notable that there is abusive use of brain stimulants, and it is essential to work together between educational institutions and family members in order to prevent and control the damage caused by this habit


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Students, Medical , Academic Performance , Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects , Attention/drug effects , Caffeine/adverse effects , Alcohol Drinking , Paullinia/adverse effects , Energy Drinks/adverse effects , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Methylphenidate/adverse effects
2.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2022. 93 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1396684

ABSTRACT

O número de pessoas utilizando substâncias ilícitas de forma recreativa aumenta a cada ano, chamando a atenção de estudiosos de diversas áreas do conhecimento. Com isso, a demanda de exames toxicológicos exigida para trabalhadores, vítimas de crimes e esportistas também tem crescido. A amostra biológica mais utilizada para análises toxicológicas continua sendo a urina, visto que sua obtenção é menos invasiva, possibilita coletar grande volume de amostra e pode-se detectar substâncias até dias após ter ocorrido a exposição ou consumo. Entretanto, estas amostras necessitam de um grande volume físico para serem armazenadas e transportadas aos laboratórios, devendo ser mantidas em temperatura baixa e controlada para conservação. Outro ponto a se considerar é a quantidade de amostra insuficientemente coletada, ou extravasamento do conteúdo, contaminando outras amostras e muitas vezes, inviabilizando a análise. Uma alternativa recente para tais problemas é utilizar a técnica chamada de dried urine spots (DUS), onde poucos microlitros de urina são colocados em um papel absorvente e secos sob temperatura ambiente, preservando de agentes degradantes os componentes presentes na urina. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a estabilidade das substâncias do presente estudo em alta temperatura, temperatura ambiente e em temperaturas de 4°C e -20°C. Para este fim, foi necessário desenvolver, validar e aplicar métodos de extração e determinação de anfetaminas e produtos de biotransformação de cocaína e tetraidrocanabinol carboxílico (THCCOOH) em amostras dried urine spot, utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Os picos foram identificados por UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, com tempo total de 5 mins utilizando fase A- água, formiato de amônio e 0,1% ácido fórmico, e B- metanol: acetonitrila (6:4) + 0,1% de ácido fórmico. A extração foi feita utilizando acetonitrila: metanol: acetona (1:1:1) +ácido fórmico 0,1%. Não foi possível iniciar a validação de THCCOOH, visto uma possível complexação do analito com o papel. Para as outras substâncias, o método cromatográfico desenvolvido se mostrou eficiente e seletivo, com LOD e LOQ de 10 ng/mL para todos os analitos, sendo linear até 1000 ng/mL, atendeu as especificações de precisão e exatidão e carryover. As amostras permaneceram estáveis ao longo de 32 dias nas temperaturas estudadas, demonstrando a segurança em se utilizar a técnica de DUS para armazenamento e transporte de amostras biológicas dentro da faixa de temperatura do estudo até 32 dias


The number of people using illegal substances in a recreational way increases each year, drawing the attention of scholars from different areas of knowledge. As a result, the demand for workplaces drug tests, toxicological tests for victims of crimes and dopping has also grown. The biological sample most used for toxicological tests remains urine, since obtaining it is less invasive, it is possible to collect a large volume of sample and it is possible to detect substances up to days after exposure or consumption has occurred. However, these samples require a large physical volume to be stored and transported to the laboratories, and must be kept at a low temperature for conservation. Another point to consider is the amount of sample insufficiently collected, or leakage of the content, causing contamination of other samples and often making the analysis unfeasible. A recent alternative to such problems is to use "dried urine spots" (DUS), where few microliters of urine are placed on absorbent paper and dried at room temperature, preserving the components present in the urine from degrading agents. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the stability of the substances in this study at high temperature, room temperature and at temperatures of 4°C and -20°C. For this purpose, it was necessary to develop, validate and apply methods of extraction and determination of amphetamines and biotransformation products of cocaine and carboxylic tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in dried urine spot samples, using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The peaks were identified liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), with a total time of 5 mins using phase A- water, ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid, and B- methanol: acetonitrile (6:4) + 0.1% formic acid. Extraction was done using acetonitrile: methanol: acetone (1:1:1) + 0.1% formic acid. It was not possible to perform the validation of THCCOOH, given a possible complexation of the analyte with the paper. To the others substances, the chromatographic method developed proved to be efficient and selective, with LOD and LOQ of 10 ng/mL for all analytes, being linear up to 1000 ng/mL, meeting the specifications of precision and accuracy and carryover. The samples remained stable for 32 days at the temperatures studied, demonstrating the safety of using the DUS technique for storage and transport of biological samples until 32 days on temperature range studied


Subject(s)
Dronabinol/adverse effects , Biotransformation , Cocaine/adverse effects , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Urine , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Occupational Groups/classification
3.
Rev. Hosp. Ital. B. Aires (2004) ; 40(1): 34-38, mar. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1102292

ABSTRACT

Las mujeres han sido tratadas por décadas con testosterona intentando aliviar una gran variedad de síntomas con riesgos y beneficios inciertos. En la mayoría de los países, la testosterona se prescribe "off-label", de modo que las mujeres están utilizando compuestos y dosis ideadas para tratamientos en hombres. En este sentido, varias sociedades médicas de distintos continentes adoptaron recientemente por consenso una toma de posición sobre los beneficios y potenciales riesgos de la terapia con testosterona en la mujer, explorar las áreas de incertidumbre e identificar prácticas de prescripción con potencial de causar daño. Las recomendaciones con respecto a los beneficios y riesgos de la terapia con testosterona se basan en los resultados de ensayos clínicos controlados con placebo de al menos 12 semanas de duración. A continuación se comentan las recomendaciones. (AU)


There are currently no clear established indications for testosterone replacement therapy for women. Nonetheless, clinicians have been treating women with testosterone to alleviate a variety of symptoms for decades with uncertainty regarding its benefits and risks. In most countries, testosterone therapy is prescribed off-label, which means that women are using testosterone formulations or compounds approved for men with a modified dose for women. Due to these issues, there was a need for a global Consensus Position Statement on testosterone therapy for women based on the available evidence from placebo randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This Position Statement was developed to inform health care professionals about the benefits and potential risks of testosterone therapy intended for women. The aim of the Consensus was to provide clear guidance as to which women might benefit from testosterone therapy; to identify symptoms, signs, and certain conditions for which the evidence does not support the prescription of testosterone; to explore areas of uncertainty, and to identify any prescribing practices that have the potential to cause harm. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Testosterone/therapeutic use , Postmenopause/drug effects , Appetite Depressants/adverse effects , Phenytoin/adverse effects , Placebos/administration & dosage , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Tamoxifen/adverse effects , Testosterone/administration & dosage , Testosterone/analysis , Testosterone/adverse effects , Testosterone/pharmacology , Cardiovascular Agents/adverse effects , Indomethacin/adverse effects , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/adverse effects , Postmenopause/physiology , Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic , Cholinergic Antagonists/adverse effects , Contraceptives, Oral/adverse effects , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/etiology , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/therapy , Danazol/adverse effects , Consensus , Aromatase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Off-Label Use , Factor Xa Inhibitors/adverse effects , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Histamine Antagonists/adverse effects , Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects , Androgens/physiology , Ketoconazole/adverse effects , Narcotics/adverse effects
4.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 51(1): e6388, 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-889014

ABSTRACT

The abuse of psychoactive drugs is considered a global health problem. During the last years, a relevant number of studies have investigated the relationship between anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other psychoactive drugs. AAS, such as testosterone, can cause a dependence syndrome that shares many features with the classical dependence to psychoactive substances. Pre-clinical evidence shows that there are interactions between testosterone and psychoactive drugs, such as cocaine. However, few studies have been performed to investigate the effect of repeated testosterone treatment on behavioral effects of amphetamine derivatives, such as fenproporex. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of repeated testosterone administration on fenproporex-induced locomotor activity in adolescent and adult rats. Adolescent male Wistar rats were injected with testosterone (10 mg/kg sc for 10 days). After 3 days, animals received an acute injection of fenproporex (3.0 mg/kg ip) and the locomotor activity was recorded during 40 min. Thirty days later, the same animals received the same treatment with testosterone followed by a fenproporex challenge injection as described above. Our results demonstrated that repeated testosterone induced behavioral sensitization to fenproporex in adolescent but not in adult rats. These findings suggest that repeated AAS treatment might increase the dependence vulnerability to amphetamine and its derivatives in adolescent rats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Amphetamines/pharmacology , Anabolic Agents/pharmacology , Androgens/pharmacology , Locomotion/drug effects , Testosterone/adverse effects , Time Factors , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Age Factors , Rats, Wistar , Drug Interactions , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Anabolic Agents/adverse effects , Androgens/adverse effects , Injections, Subcutaneous
5.
In. Pouy Aguilera, Artigas; Rossi Gonnet, Gabriel; Triaca Saldaña, Juan Mario. Pautas de evaluación y tratamiento de los consumos problemáticos de sustancias en los tres niveles de asistencia. Montevideo, Impronta Soluciones Gráficas, 2018. p.181-193.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1349068
6.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 50: 25, 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-962204

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of fenproporex for treating obesity. METHODS MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register were searched as well as references cited by articles and relevant documents. Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and regarding risk of bias, collected data, and accuracy. Eligible studies were all those placebo-controlled that provided data on the efficacy and safety of Fenproporex to treat obesity. RESULTS Only four controlled studies met the inclusion criteria. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial on Fenproporex was found on electronic databases. Three placebo-controlled studies (in non-indexed journals) were identified by hand-searching. Patients with cardiovascular and other comorbidities were excluded in all studies. Trials lasted from 40 to 364 days and doses ranged from 20 to 33.6 mg/d. All controlled studies found that weight loss among Fenproporex-treated patients was greater than that produced by the placebo, but drug effect was modest. Fenproporex produced additional weight reductions of 4.7 kg (one year), 3.8 kg (six months) and 1.55 kg (two months) in average, in relation to diet and exercise only (three trials). Insomnia, irritability, and anxiety were the most frequently reported side effects in the four studies. CONCLUSIONS There is a paucity of randomized, placebo-controlled trials on Fenproporex and those identified here present major methodological flaws. These studies suggest that Fenproporex is modestly effective in promoting weight loss. Nonetheless, they failed to provide evidence that it reduces obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. Data from these studies are insufficient to determine the risk-benefit profile of Fenproporex. Abuse potential and amphetamine-like adverse effects are causes for concern.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a evidência clínica de segurança e eficácia do Fenproporex para tratamento da obesidade. MÉTODOS Pesquisamos publicações em qualquer idioma nas bases Medline, Lilacs Cochrane Controlled Trials Register e também referências citadas por artigos e documentos relevantes. Dois autores avaliaram independentemente os estudos para inclusão e quanto ao risco de viés, dados coletados e precisão. Foram elegíveis estudos controlados com placebo que forneceram dados sobre a eficácia e segurança do Fenproporex para tratar a obesidade. RESULTADOS Apenas quatro estudos controlados preencheram critérios de inclusão. Um estudo placebo-controlado aleatorizado do Fenproporex foi encontrado nas bases eletrônicas. Três estudos controlados (em periódicos não indexados) foram identificados por buscas manuais. Pacientes com comorbidades (cardiovasculares ou outras) foram excluídos em todos os estudos. A duração dos estudos foi de 40 a 364 dias, com doses de 20 a 33,6 mg/d. Todos os estudos controlados encontraram maior perda de peso entre pacientes tratados com Fenproporex, comparados aos que receberam placebo, mas o efeito foi modesto. O Fenproporex causou reduções adicionais de peso de 4,7 kg (após um ano), 3,8 kg (após seis meses) e 1,55 kg (após dois meses), em média, em relação à dieta e exercício apenas (três ensaios). Insônia, irritabilidade e ansiedade foram os eventos colaterais mais frequentes nos quatro estudos. CONCLUSÕES Ensaios clínicos placebo-controlado aleatorizado do Fenproporex são escassos e os estudos controlados identificados apresentam importantes falhas metodológicas. Esses estudos sugerem que o Fenproporex é modestamente eficaz em promover perda de peso. Entretanto, eles não fornecem evidências de que o Fenproporex atenua a morbidade e mortalidade associada à obesidade. Esses estudos são insuficientes para avaliar o perfil risco-benefício do Fenproporex. Potencial de abuso e efeitos adversos do tipo anfetamínico são motivos de preocupação.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects , Amphetamine/adverse effects , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Obesity/drug therapy , Placebos
7.
In. Timerman, Sergio; Dallan, Luís Augusto Palma; Geovanini, Glaucylara reis. Síndromes coronárias agudas e emergências cardiovasculares / Acute coronary syndromes and cardiovascular emergencies. São Paulo, Atheneu, 2013. p.417-426.
Monography in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-719905
9.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 36(2)ago. 2011. graf, ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-604945

ABSTRACT

Anti-obesity drugs such as mazindol and beta-phenylethylamine derivatives induce their therapeutic effects by inhibiting noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake. In the hypothalamus, noradrenaline and dopamine play an important role in the control of appetite. Sibutramine reduces food intake due to a mechanism of action discretely distinct from beta-phenylethylamine products. In fact, this drug also decreases serotonin reuptake, which is a neurotransmitter quite related to satiety. Rimonabant was considered anovelty on the treatment of obesity, mainly due to its quite new mechanism of action, which is based on the blockade of CB1 receptors. Thus, considering a recent increase in the consumption of such anti-obesity drugs, this study aimed to perform a systematic review about the safety of these drugs. Based on literature, this study concluded that beta-phenylethylaminic drugs and mazindol show many side effects, mainly due to the activation of the sympathetic system (i.e. cardiovascular and gastrointestinal effects, and also central side effects, such as anxiety, and insomnia). Despite sibutramine is well tolerated by patients, clinical studies show that this drugis able to evoke similar sympathetic central and peripheral effects. Regarding rimonabant, the clinical use of this drug was linked to an increase in the incidence of major depression. In conclusion, despite most of the side effects evoked by anti-obesity drugs are classified as of low to moderate intensity, physicians must be aware of such effects upon prescription. In addition, they have to pay attention to the contraindications of such anti-obesity drugs in order to avoid health complications.


Los fármacos antiobesidad tales como el mazindoly los derivados de la beta-feniletilamina actúan inhibiendo la recaptación de la noradrenalinay de la dopamina, neurotransmisores que en el hipotálamo desenvuelven papel importante en el control del apetito. La sibutramina presenta mecanismo de acción discretamente diferente porque disminuye también la recaptación deserotonina, lo cual es positivo porque la activación del sistema serotoninérgico provoca saciedad. El rimonabanto surgió como una novedad para el tratamiento de la obesidad debido a su mecanismo de acción por medio del bloqueo de receptores cannabinoides CB1. Así, considerando el uso creciente y indiscriminado de moduladores del apetito este estudio tiene como principal objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre los efectos adversos de estos fármacos. De acuerdo con la literatura, este estudio concluyó que los fármacos beta-feniletilamínicos y el mazindol provocan varios efectos adversos derivados dela activación del sistema simpático, como sonlos efectos gastrointestinales y cardiovasculares, además de algunos efectos secundarios centrales, tales como ansiedad e insomnio. A pesar de la sibutramina ser mejor tolerada por los pacientes, los estudios clínicos muestran que este fármaco es responsable de varios efectos centrales y periféricos simpáticos. Con relación al rimonabanto, a pesar de la expectativa en relación a su mecanismo de acción innovador, su uso clínico demostró efectos adversos graves, como una depresión mayor. Enconclusión, aun cuando la mayor parte de los efectos secundarios provocados por los fármacos anti-obesidad fueron clasificados como de bajao moderada intensidad, los médicos deben estar conscientes de tales efectos secundarios en el momento de la prescripción de un fármaco anorexígeno. Además, deben estar atentos a las contra indicaciones de los tratamientos para la obesidad, a fin de evitar complicaciones mayores.


Fármacos anorexígenos como o mazindole os derivados da beta-feniletilamina ageminibindo a recaptação de noradrenalina edopamina, cujos neuro transmissores estão envolvidos em nível hipotalâmico no controle do apetite. A sibutramina possui mecanismo de ação ligeiramente diverso, pois também inibe a recaptação de serotonina, sendo um ponto positivo, visto que a ativação do sistema serotoninérgico promove a saciedade. O rimonabanto despontou como uma novidade no tratamento da obesidade, graças ao seu mecanismo de ação baseado no bloqueio de receptores canabinoides CB1. Considerando o uso crescente e indiscriminado de moduladores do apetite, o presente estudo visa fazer uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os efeitos adversos e as contraindicações do uso desses fármacos. Com base na literatura, este estudo concluiu que os fármacos beta-feniletilamínicos e o mazindol apresentam muitos efeitos adversos decorrentes da ativação do sistema simpático, como distúrbios gastrintestinais e cardiovasculares, além de alguns efeitos centrais, como ansiedade e insônia. Apesar de a sibutramina ser mais bem tolerada, os estudos clínicos mostram que este fármaco é também responsável por sintomas relacionados à ativação simpática periférica e a estimulação do sistema nervoso central. O rimonabanto, apesar das expectativas com relação ao seu mecanismo de ação inovador, mostrou efeitos adversos graves, como depressão maior. Em conclusão, muito embora os efeitos adversos fossem considerados de intensidade leve ou moderada, o médico precisa ter em mente tais situações no momento da prescrição de um fármaco anorexígeno. Além disso, deve estaratento às contraindicações dos tratamentos para obesidade, a fim de evitar maiores complicações.


Subject(s)
Appetite Depressants/analysis , Appetite Depressants/adverse effects , Appetite Depressants/pharmacology , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology , Obesity , Synaptic Transmission
11.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 13(supl): 579-587, abr. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-479717

ABSTRACT

Comenzando con un análisis crítico del rol de los medicamentos en la práctica de profesionales de salud y consumidores, el texto intenta recalcar la influencia ejercida por las estrategias promocionales, tanto las mas antiguas como las mas recientes, por iniciativa de los productores, con el fin de reforzar valores y creencias que sobrepasan lo que se puede obtener con la utilización de un fármaco. Son seleccionados algunos ejemplos para ilustrar el problema de la intensificación del proceso de medicalización, particularmente a partir de los equívocos advenidos del uso irracional de anfetaminas volcadas hacia el control del apetito, o hacia los niños clasificados como hiper-activos y con deficit de atención, además de los fármacos para andropausia o depresión.


Beginning with a critical analysis of the role drugs play in the behavior of consumers and health professionals, this text aims at evaluating the influence of both traditional and new promotional strategies of the pharmaceutical industry designed to create values and believes that exceed what in fact can be expected from drug consumption. Some examples were chosen to illustrate the intensification of the medicalization process. Special emphasis was given to the irrational use of amphetamines to diminish the appetite and to control weight or to treat children supposedly suffering from Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as well as to drugs used in cases of depression and supposed andropause.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Drug Industry , Drug Prescriptions , Drug Publicity , Drug Utilization/trends
13.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2008. 105 p. mapas, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-527609

ABSTRACT

As políticas públicas voltadas para o consumo de drogas no Brasil, durante muito tempo enfatizaram a repressão, mantendo o uso de drogas basicamente atrelado ao campo da justiça. Nesse cenário, pouco espaço restava para o exercício da saúde pública. Nesse sentido, as ações de redução de danos desempenharam um papel central no campo da saúde pública. Contudo, é importante destacar que os resultadosdas estratégias da redução de danos estão circunscritos ao campo da saúde, não interferindo com outros problemas significativos relacionados ao consumo de drogas tais como: tráfico, crime organizado, lavagem de dinheiro e sobrecarga do sistema penitenciário. Tendo em vista o cenário nacional e internacional das políticas sobre drogas e da redução de danos, pretendemos trabalhar na linha de lições aprendidas,registrando e discutindo as práticas observadas em um modelo americano de pesquisa e atendimento aos UDI: o UFO (You Find-Out) Study. Nesse sentido, foram considerados aspectos tais como acesso ao usuário, aderência aos serviços, dificuldades de financiamento e avaliação de resultados. As etapas do estudo envolveram pesquisa documental, observação sistemática do trabalho com a elaboração de um diário de campo, participação em reuniões de equipe e entrevistas com informantes chave. A partir desse estudo, destacamos algumas características doprojeto UFO que poderiam contribuir para a formulação de políticas de redução de danos no cenário brasileiro. O UFO parece ser um bom exemplo de aplicação de iniciativas de redução de danos associadas à pesquisa, no atendimento a usuários de drogas injetáveis. O projeto tem obtido relativo sucesso no acesso e adesão dessapopulação, que de outra forma, talvez não tivesse meios de acessar serviços sociais e de saúde e, conseqüentemente, diminuir os riscos e danos associados ao uso injetável de drogas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Prevention , Harm Reduction , Health Policy , Illicit Drugs , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Alcoholic Beverages/adverse effects , Methamphetamine/adverse effects , Needle-Exchange Programs
14.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 35(3): 96-103, 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-486323

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: O 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA, êxtase) é um derivado da anfetamina, cujo consumo por jovens tem aumentado. OBJETIVOS: Conduzir uma revisão de literatura sobre os aspectos farmacológicos e fisiopatológicos do MDMA, incluindo o mecanismo de ação que possa explicar os efeitos neurotóxicos e a toxicidade aguda e a longo prazo. MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura usando as palavras-chave: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, neurotoxicity, intoxication, drug abuse, por intermédio do MEDLINE e LILACS. A busca incluiu todos os artigos publicados no período entre 1985 e 2007. RESULTADOS: Ainda existem muitas questões sem respostas sobre a farmacologia do êxtase e a fisiopatologia dos efeitos tóxicos dessa substância. A simples descrição do mecanismo de ação é insuficiente para explicar todos os efeitos induzidos pelo êxtase. O mecanismo exato responsável por mediar os efeitos tóxicos do MDMA sobre os neurônios da serotonina precisa ser elucidado. CONCLUSÕES: Existem poucas informações na literatura sobre a farmacologia e o mecanismo de ação do MDMA que possam explicar os efeitos neurotóxicos e outros efeitos fisiopatológicos. São necessários mais estudos para que o profissional de saúde possa obter informações e conhecimentos a fim de combater os efeitos terríveis do êxtase na população jovem vulnerável.


BACKGROUND: The consumption of the amphetamine derivative 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) by young people increased in the past years. OBJECTIVES: To conduct a literature review on the pharmacology of MDMA and particularly with respect to the putative mechanism of action implicated in the acute and long-term toxicity and neurotoxic effects. METHODS: A literature review using the key words: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, neurotoxicity, intoxication, abuse drugs was performed in the databases MEDLINE and LILACS. The search covered all articles published between 1985 and 2007. RESULTS: There were still many unanswered questions regarding the pharmacology of ecstasy and the pathophysiology of its toxic effects. The fundamental mechanism of action is insufficient to explain all effects induced by the drug. The exact mechanism responsible for mediating the toxic effects of MDMA on 5-HT neurons remain to be elucidated. DISCUSSION: There is limited information in published literature about the underlying pharmacology and mechanism of action that could account for the neurotoxic and other phathophysiological effect of MDMA.


Subject(s)
Amphetamines/adverse effects , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Amphetamines/pharmacokinetics , Psychotropic Drugs/pharmacokinetics
15.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDNPAR | ID: lil-574623

ABSTRACT

El consumo y dependencia de sustancias, es un serio problema social con alta morbilidad materno-fetal. El aumento de la oferta y el contexto social favorecedor, permitió que la difusión del consumo sustancias tóxicas ilícitas, conlleve una incidencia creciente en gestantes consumidoras de sustancias y aumento de recién nacidos afectados por las prácticas tóxicas de sus madres. La evaluación del riesgo cuando la gestación es expuesta a las drogas es difícil, los resultados pueden estar sesgados por el consumo concomitante de otros tóxicos o por factores sociológicos y socio-sanitarios desfavorables. Aunque tampoco se definió un patrón específico de anomalías congénitas, se considera que el abuso de drogas, en general, comporta mayor riego de desenlace anómalo del embarazo, por un incremento del riesgo de malformaciones congénitas, debido a la probable teratogenicidad de algunas sustancias o de la morbilidad perinatal afectando el crecimiento fetal o el normal desarrollo del embarazo. También existen posibles repercusiones a largo plazo en la capacidad de aprendizaje y comportamiento delos niños expuestos intraútero, aunque no demostró efectivamente. Por lo tanto, todo embarazo en el que se detecto un hábito tóxico se debe considerar de mayor riesgo, tomando las medidas oportunas para lograr que las pacientes se alejen de éstas prácticas, apoyadas por un equipo multidisciplinario, idealmente antes del inicio del embarazo, lo que implica la adopción de medidas profilácticas de información y concienciación de las mujeres en edad fértil y de apoyo durante el embarazo y la lactancia para el abandono de la dependencia.


Illicit drug use and dependence is a serious social problem with high maternal and fetal morbidity. Supply increase and propitious social context allowed that the diffusion of theuse of illicit toxic substances entails a growing incidence in pregnant women who use illicit drugs and an increase of newborns affected by the practices of their mothers. Risk evaluation is difficult when gestation is exposed to illicit drugs because the results could be biased by the concomitant consumption of others toxic substances or by psychological and socio-sanitary unfavorable factors. Though a specific pattern of congenital anomalies has not been defined, in general it is considered that drug abuse has an increased risk ofanomalous outcomes in pregnancies. This risk is caused by an increase in the risk of congenital malformations due to the probable teratogenicity of some substances or the perinatal morbility affecting the fetal growth or normal pregnancy development. Although it has not been demonstrated effectively, there are also possible long-term repercussions in the learning capacity and behavior of the children exposed intra uterus. In conclusion, all pregnancies exposed to illicit drugs must be considered high risk pregnancies and measures should be taken so that the patients avoid these practices supported by a multidisciplinary team. Ideally, this team should start working before pregnancy implying the adoption of preventive measures such as information and public awareness of women in fertile age and support during pregnancy and maternal lactation.


Subject(s)
Marijuana Abuse , Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/adverse effects , Heroin , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Cocaine/adverse effects , Pregnancy , Lactation
16.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-92113

ABSTRACT

Hypertension is the commonest cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) but non-hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhages (NHICH) are not rare. We report three interesting cases of NHICH subsequent to amyloid angiopathy, alcoholic hepatitis and amphetamine abuse. They suggest the importance of recognizing these conditions and need for urgent specific therapy which may play a vital role in therapeutic planning and prevention of ICH.


Subject(s)
Adult , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy/complications , Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Alcoholic/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors
17.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health ; 2005 Jul; 36(4): 1014-9
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-30885

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research was to study the demography, financial status, social status, knowledge of amphetamines, perceived harmfulness of amphetamines, and life skills in the prevention of drug abuse in adolescents. The factors leading to drug use among young people were also studied. The study group was composed of 354 subjects aged 12 to 22 years, living in 2 slums in Bangkok. The research showed that about 7% of the sample group had used drugs before. Four percent had never used drugs, but someone had tried to talk them into using them. Almost 20% had friends who had used drugs, and 11% had friends who were still using drugs. About 13% of the adolescents in the study group had family members who used drugs and another 9% had family members who were still using drugs. In our study, we found that the most common drug group was amphetamines. On average, the participants had a low level of understanding about drug abuse, especially of the symptoms, side effects, and legal penalties. Most of the adolescents realized how harmful amphetamines and other drugs were and had a high degree life skills. Factors influencing adolescent drug use were (1) personal factors, such as monthly income/allowance and life skills; (2) family environment, such as drug abuse history in the family; and (3) social environment, such as a drug abuse history among friends. When studying the life skill factors of the adolescents, which is an independent factor capable of influencing the experience with drugs, the researchers found that the time spent with other members of the family and the family members' drug experiences were the only factors leading to life skills in the prevention of drug abuse in adolescents. In addition to letting children learn on their own, training them to acquire life skills is beneficial when faced with problematic situations. Creating relationships between adolescents and other members of the family, friends, and society can increase their life skills, diminishing the risk of drug abuse.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior , Adult , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Child , Family , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Poverty Areas , Risk Factors , Social Environment , Socioeconomic Factors , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Thailand/epidemiology
18.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-45409

ABSTRACT

Drug-induced hyperthermia is one condition that anesthesiologists may meet even though it is uncommon, it is life threatening. We report 3 cases of patients at Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University who developed drug-induced hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis from different mechanisms. In two of them, the diagnosis was suspected malignant hyperthermia. Rigidity, hyperthermia and tachyarrhythmia developed just after inhalation induction (halothane and sevoflurane) and intubation with succinylcholine. The other case was the result of amphetamine abuse. He also had received both succinylcholine and inhalation agent (isoflurane) but no obvious signs or symptoms were detected during anesthesia. He developed a gradual increase in fever over 13 hours post operation and complained of muscle pain (with leg muscle cramps). All of them showed a marked increase in muscle enzymes and had rhabdomyolysis. As a result of early detection and early manangement, these three patients survived without any permanent damage to vital organs. We conclude that Thai anesthesiologists should be more aware and alert to drug-induced hyperthermia especially as nowadays many teenagers abuse stimulant drugs and "triggering" drugs as antidepressant or serotonin reuptake inhibitors are prescribed more frequently. Early detection and management will decrease morbidity and mortality.


Subject(s)
Adult , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Anesthetics, Inhalation/adverse effects , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Intraoperative Period , Male , Malignant Hyperthermia/etiology , Rhabdomyolysis/etiology
19.
Rev. psiquiatr. clín. (São Paulo) ; 26(5): 225-35, set.-out. 1999. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-256438

ABSTRACT

Em 1994, um estudo transversal de base populacional foi realizado para avaliar a prevalencia do consumo de psicofarmacos num periodo de duas semanas em Pelotas, cidade na regiao sul do Brasil, com 300 mil habitantes. A probabilidade de transtorno psiquiatrico menor (TPM) foi estimada pelo Self Reported Questionnaire (SRQ 20)...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Benzodiazepines/adverse effects , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Brazil , Risk Factors , Life Change Events , Demography , Psychotropic Drugs/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires
20.
Rev. psiquiatr. clín. (São Paulo) ; 26(3): 62-7, maio-jun. 1999. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-251760

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho trata da investigacao dos registros medicos de todos os adolescentes hospitalizados no Departamento de Psiquiatria infantil e de adolescentes com o diagnostico de esquizofrenia ou psicose esquizoafetiva (DSM-IV) associado ao uso e abuso de drogas ilicitas...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent , Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Risk Factors , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Hallucinations/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/adverse effects , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis
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