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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 37(1): 9-18, feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092716

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Los programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) se enfocan en el uso apropiado de antimicrobianos para ofrecer mejores resultados clínicos y menores riesgos de eventos adversos. Objetivos: Comparar consumo y costos de antimicrobianos antes y después de instauración de un programa de regulación de antimicrobianos y describir la proporción de resistencia de bacterias prioritarias. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental, retrospectivo y prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico, que comparó el consumo y costo de antimicrobianos en un período pre- intervención (2007-2010) y un período post-intervención (2011-2017). Se realizó análisis descriptivo de resistencias bacterianas prioritarias. Resultados: El consumo de gentamicina, vancomicina, meropenem, cefotaxima, ceftazidima e imipenem disminuyó significativamente en el período post-intervención comparado con el período pre-intervención (p < 0,05), mientras que el consumo de amikacina, piperacilina/tazobactam, cefepime y levofloxacina en el período post-intervención mostró un aumento significativo. La reducción de costos no fue significativa para gentamicina, vancomicina, meropenem, cefotaxima, ceftazidima e imipenem. Para amikacina, cefepime, piperacilina/tazobactam y levofloxacina el aumento de costos no fue significativo. Los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus faecalis disminuyeron durante el período post-intervención. Conclusión: el PROA demostró disminución en consumo y costos de algunos antimicrobianos.


Abstract Background: Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) focus in the appropriate use of antimicrobials to improve clinical results and minimize risk of adverse events. Aims: To compare consumption and costs of antimicrobials before and after the establishment of an antimicrobial stewardship program and to describe the resistance proportion of priority bacteria. Methods: Quasi-experimental, retrospective and prospective, descriptive and analytical study, to compare consumption and costs of antimicrobials in a pre- intervention period (2007-2010) and a post- intervention period (2011-2017). Additionally, a descriptive analysis of bacterial resistance from 2010 was performed. Results: Gentamicin, vancomycin, meropenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem consumption decreased significantly in the post-intervention period compared to the pre-intervention period (p < 0.05) while consumption of amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime and levofloxacin increased significantly in the post-intervention period. The reduction in costs was not significant for gentamicin, vancomycin, meropenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem, meanwhile, costs increased for amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime and levofloxacin, but this was not significant. The isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis decreased during the post-intervention period. Conclusion: The ASP showed a decrease in consumption and costs of some antimicrobials.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Preventive Health Services/economics , Preventive Health Services/standards , Preventive Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Antimicrobial Stewardship/economics , Antimicrobial Stewardship/standards , Antimicrobial Stewardship/statistics & numerical data , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Panama , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Hospitals, Pediatric/economics , Hospitals, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data
2.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 23(4): 237-245, July-Aug. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039229

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Recent studies suggest that sustained use of generic antibiotics may be associated with clinical failure and emergence of antibacterial resistance. The present study was designed to determine the clinical outcome between the use of generic meropenem (GM) and brand-name meropenem (BNM). Additionally, this study evaluated the economic impact of GM and BNM to determine if the former represents a cost-effective alternative to the latter. Methods: Patients treated between January 2011 and May 2014 received GM while patients treated between June 2014 and March 2017 received BNM. Mortality was compared between groups. Total infection cost was defined by the cost of antimicrobial consumption, length of stay, and laboratory and imaging exams until infection resolution. Findings: A total of 168 patients were included; survival rate for the 68 patients treated with GM was 38% compared to 59% in the patients treated with BNM. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables most strongly-associated with mortality were cardiovascular disease (OR 18.18, 95% CI 1.25-262.3, p = 0.033) and treatment with generic meropenem (OR 18.45, 95% CI 1.45-232.32, p = 0.024). On the other hand, total infection cost did not show a significant difference between groups (BNM $10,771 vs. GM $11,343; p = 0.91). Interpretation: The present study suggests that patients treated with GM have a risk of death 18 times higher compared to those treated with BNM. Furthermore, economic analysis shows that GM is not more cost effective than BNM. Summary: More studies measuring clinical outcomes are needed to confirm the clinical equivalence of brand-name versus generic antibiotics, not only for meropenem but also for other molecules.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Drugs, Generic/economics , Drugs, Generic/therapeutic use , Meropenem/economics , Meropenem/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Logistic Models , Survival Analysis , Multivariate Analysis , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/mortality , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Sex Distribution , Colombia , Age Distribution , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data
3.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 39(supl.1): 35-49, mayo 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011453

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción. Las infecciones del tracto urinario son muy frecuentes en el ámbito hospitalario. Debido a la aparición de la resistencia antimicrobiana, la complejidad de los procesos de atención ha aumentado y, con ello, la demanda de recursos. Objetivo. Describir y comparar el exceso de los costos médicos directos de las infecciones del tracto urinario por Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a betalactámicos. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte en una institución de tercer nivel de Medellín, Colombia, entre octubre del 2014 y septiembre del 2015. Se incluyeron los pacientes con infección urinaria, unos por bacterias sensibles a los antibióticos betalactámicos, y otros por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación y a los antibióticos carbapenémicos. Los costos se analizaron desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud. La información clínico-epidemiológica se obtuvo de las historias clínicas y los costos se calcularon utilizando los manuales tarifarios estándar. El exceso de costos se estimó mediante análisis multivariados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 141 pacientes con infección urinaria: 55 (39 %) por bacterias sensibles a los betalactámicos, 54 (38,3 %) por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas y 32 (22,7 %) por bacterias resistentes a los carbapenémicos. El exceso de costos totales ajustado de los 86 pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas y a los carbapenémicos, fue de USD$ 193 (IC95% -347 a 734) y USD$ 633 (IC95% -50 a 1.316), respectivamente comparados con el grupo de 55 pacientes por bacterias sensibles a los betalactámicos. Las diferencias se presentaron principalmente en el uso de antibióticos de amplio espectro, como el meropenem, la colistina y la fosfomicina. Conclusión. Los resultados evidenciaron un incremento sustancial de los costos médicos directos de los pacientes con infecciones del tracto urinario por bacterias resistentes a las cefalosporinas o a los carbapenémicos. Esta situación genera especial preocupación en los países endémicos como Colombia, donde la alta frecuencia de infecciones del tracto urinario y de resistencia a los betalactámicos puede causar un mayor impacto económico en el sector de la salud.


Abstract Introduction: Urinary tract infections are very frequent in the hospital environment and given the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, they have made care processes more complex and have placed additional pressure on available healthcare resources. Objective: To describe and compare excess direct medical costs of urinary tract infections due to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to beta-lactams. Materials and methods: A cohort study was conducted in a third level hospital in Medellín, Colombia, from October, 2014, to September, 2015. It included patients with urinary tract infections caused by beta-lactam-susceptible bacteria, third and fourth generation cephalosporin-resistant, as well as carbapenem-resistant. Costs were analyzed from the perspective of the health system. Clinical-epidemiological information was obtained from medical records and the costs were calculated using standard tariff manuals. Excess costs were estimated with multivariate analyses. Results: We included 141 patients: 55 (39%) were sensitive to beta-lactams, 54 (38.3%) were resistant to cephalosporins and 32 (22.7%) to carbapenems. The excess total adjusted costs of patients with urinary tract infections due to cephalosporin- and carbapenem-resistant bacteria were US$ 193 (95% confidence interval (CI): US$ -347-734) and US$ 633 (95% CI: US$ -50-1316), respectively, compared to the group of patients with beta-lactam sensitive urinary tract infections. The differences were mainly found in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as meropenem, colistin, and fosfomycin. Conclusion: Our results show a substantial increase in the direct medical costs of patients with urinary tract infections caused by beta-lactam-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (cephalosporins and carbapenems). This situation is of particular concern in endemic countries such as Colombia, where the high frequencies of urinary tract infections and the resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics can generate a greater economic impact on the health sector.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Urinary Tract Infections/economics , Hospitals, Urban/economics , Cross Infection/economics , Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data , beta-Lactam Resistance , Tertiary Care Centers/economics , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology , Diagnostic Imaging/economics , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cohort Studies , Colombia , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , beta-Lactams/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Hospitalization/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics
4.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 36(1): 68-73, ene.-mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1004396

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas y los patrones de prescripción médica de pacientes con quemaduras de primer y segundo grado que acudieron a tres hospitales de referencia de Lima, se realizó un estudio transversal donde se recogieron datos demográficos, antecedentes médicos, evaluación clínica y tratamiento recibido en 561 participantes. El uso de antibióticos y de agentes humectantes se dio en 64,7% y 4,2% en los centros de atención inmediata; y en 41,7% y 44,7% en los servicios de atención especializada en quemaduras. La sulfadiazina argéntica fue el antibiótico tópico más utilizado en los servicios de atención inmediata, en comparación con los servicios de quemados (80,2% vs 34,5%). El manejo de quemaduras fue más exhaustivo en los servicios de quemados que en los de atención inmediata. Asimismo, más de un cuarto de los pacientes que acudieron por emergencia lo hicieron luego de 24 horas de ocurrida la quemadura.


ABSTRACT In order to describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics and medical prescription patterns of patients with first- and second-degree burns who visited three reference hospitals in Lima, a cross-sectional study was carried out to collect data on demographics, medical history, clinical evaluation, and treatment received by 561 participants. The use of antibiotics and moisturizing agents was 64.7% and 4.2% in immediate care centers; and 41.7% and 44.7% in specialized burn-care services. Argenic sulfadiazine was the most commonly used topical antibiotic in immediate care services compared to burned units (80.2% vs. 34.5%). Burn management was more comprehensive in burn services than in immediate care. Also, more than a quarter of the patients who sought emergency care did so within 24 hours of the burn.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Klebsiella Infections/economics , Hospitalization/economics , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Bacterial Proteins , beta-Lactamases , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Prospective Studies , Health Care Costs , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Inpatients , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
5.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 17(4): eGS4444, 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001916

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the direct medical costs of drug therapy of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) infection patients in hospital-based context. Methods: A cost-of-illness study conducted with a prospective cohort design with hospitalized adults infected by KPC. Data collection was performed using an instrument composed of sociodemographic data, clinical and prescription medication. Estimates of the direct costs associated to each treatment were derived from the payer's perspective, in the case of federal public hospitals from Brazil, and included only drug costs. These costs were based on the average price available at the Brazilian Price Database Health. No discount rate was used for the cost of drugs. The costs are calculate in American Dollar (US$). Results: A total of 120 inpatients participated of this study. The total drug cost of these inpatients was US$ 367,680.85. The systemic antimicrobial group was responsible for 59.5% of total costs. The direct drug cost per patients infected by KPC was conservatively estimated at nearly US$ 4,100.00, and about of 60% of costs occurred during the period of infection. Conclusion: The findings of our study indicate a thoughtful economic hazard posed by KPC that all healthcare sectors have to face. The increasing worldwide incidence of these bacteria represents a growing burden that most health systems are unable to deal with. There is an imperative need to develop protocols and new antimicrobials to treatment of KPC, aiming to rearrange resources to increase the effectiveness of healthcare services.


RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar os custos médicos diretos da terapia medicamentosa de pacientes com infecção por carbapenemase por Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) em contexto hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo de custo de doença realizado com desenho de coorte prospectiva, com adultos hospitalizados infectados por KPC. A coleta de dados foi realizada usando instrumento composto por dados sociodemográficos, medicamentos clínicos e prescritos. As estimativas dos custos diretos associados a cada tratamento foram derivadas da perspectiva dos pagadores, no caso dos hospitais públicos federais do Brasil, e incluíram apenas custos de medicamentos, os quais basearam-se no preço médio disponível na Price Database Health do Brasil. Nenhuma taxa de desconto foi utilizada para o custo dos medicamentos. Os custos foram calculados em dólares norte-americanos (US$). Resultados: Um total de 120 pacientes hospitalizados participou do estudo. O custo total da droga desses pacientes internados foi de US$ 367,680.85. O grupo antimicrobianos de uso sistêmico foi responsável por 59,5% dos custos totais. O custo direto estimado de forma conservadora, por paciente, foi de aproximadamente US$ 4,100.00, e cerca de 60% destes se deram durante o período de infecção. Conclusão: Os achados deste estudo apontam um risco econômico importante relacionado a KPC, o qual todos os setores de saúde terão que enfrentar. A incidência mundial em elevação destas bactérias representa carga crescente, e a maioria dos sistemas de saúde é incapaz de resolvê-la. Há necessidade imperativa de se desenvolverem protocolos e novos antimicrobianos para o tratamento de KPC, com o objetivo de reorganizar os recursos para aumentar a efetividade dos serviços de saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , beta-Lactamases , Klebsiella Infections/economics , Prospective Studies , Hospitalization/economics , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Bacterial Proteins , Klebsiella Infections/microbiology , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Health Care Costs , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Inpatients , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
6.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(9): 968-977, set. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-978786

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: The long-term effect of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) and its integrated impact with competitive biddings have been seldom reported. Aim: To evaluate the long-term effect of an ASP on antimicrobial consumption, expenditure, antimicrobial resistance and hospital mortality. To estimate the contribution of competitive biddings on cost-savings. Material and Methods: A comparison of periods prior (2005-2008) and posterior to ASP initiation (2009 and 2015) was done. An estimation of cost savings attributable to ASP and to competitive biddings was also performed. Results: Basal median antimicrobial consumption decreased from 221.3 to 170 daily defined doses/100 beds after the start of the ASP. At the last year, global antimicrobial consumption declined by 28%. Median antimicrobial expenditure per bed (initially US$ 13) declined to US$ 10 at the first year (-28%) and to US$ 6 the last year (-57%). As the reduction in consumption was lower than the reduction in expenditure during the last year, we assumed that only 48.4% of savings were attributable to the ASP. According to antimicrobial charges per bed from prior and after ASP implementation, we estimated global savings of US$ 393072 and US$ 190000 directly attributable to the ASP, difference explained by parallel competitive biddings. Drug resistance among nosocomial bacterial isolates did not show significant changes. Global and infectious disease-associated mortality per 1000 discharges significantly decreased during the study period (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ASP had a favorable impact on antimicrobial consumption, savings and mortality rates but did not have effect on antimicrobial resistance in selected bacterial strains.


Antecedentes: Existe poca información sobre el impacto a largo plazo de un programa de control de antimicrobianos (PCA) y su efecto combinado con licitaciones públicas de fármacos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de un PCA sobre el consumo, gasto, mortalidad y estimar la contribución de las licitaciones. Material y Métodos: Comparación antes (2005-2008) - después (2009-2015) del PCA y estimación porcentual del ahorro atribuible al PCA y licitaciones. Resultados: El consumo bajó de 221,3 a 170 dosis diarias definidas por 100 días camas (medianas) al primer año. En el último año el consumo declinó un 27,6%. La mediana del gasto por cama ocupada se redujo de 13 a 10 US$ el primer año y a 6 US$ el último año (-57%). Debido a que el gasto bajó más que el consumo, estimamos que solo el 48,4% del ahorro fue debido al PCA (cuociente de ambas reducciones: −27,6%/-57%). De acuerdo con el gasto en antimicrobianos por cama entre ambos períodos, se calculó un ahorro global de 393.000 US$ y de 190.000 US$ directamente atribuible al PCA, siendo la diferencia explicada por licitaciones. Los porcentajes de resistencia en cepas de infecciones nosocomiales no mostraron incrementos o reducciones significativas en el tiempo y la mortalidad por egresos asociada a enfermedades infecciosas (Códigos CIE 10) se redujo significativamente (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El PCA se asoció a largo plazo a un impacto favorable sobre el consumo de antimicrobianos, gasto por antimicrobianos y egresos por enfermedades infecciosas sin un impacto en la resistencia antimicrobiana. Las licitaciones tuvieron un efecto aditivo en el ahorro.


Subject(s)
Humans , Competitive Bidding/economics , Communicable Diseases/economics , Antimicrobial Stewardship/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Chile/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases/mortality , Communicable Diseases/drug therapy , Hospital Mortality , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Antimicrobial Stewardship/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, General , Anti-Bacterial Agents/classification
7.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 21(6): 660-664, Nov.-Dec. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039205

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Technologies applied to mobile devices can be an important strategy in antibiotic stewardship programs. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a decision-making application on antibiotic prescription. Methods: This was an observational, analytical and longitudinal study on the implementation of an antimicrobial guide for mobile application. This study analyzed the period of 12 months before and 12 months after the app implementation at a university hospital based on local epidemiology, avoiding high cost drugs and reducing the potential for drug resistance including carbapenem. Antimicrobials consumption was evaluated in Daily Defined Dose/1000 patients-day and direct expenses converted into USD. Results: The monthly average consumption of aminoglycosides and cefepime had a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05), while the consumption of piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The sensitivity to meropenem as well as to polymyxin increased after the app implementation. A decrease in sensitivity to cefepime was observed after introduction of this antibiotic as a substitute of piperacillin/tazobactam for treating intra-hospital infections.There was a net saving of USD 296,485.90 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: An antibiotic protocol in the app can help antibiotic stewardship reducing cost, changing the microbiological profile and antimicrobial consumption.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Prescriptions/standards , Telemedicine/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Prescriptions/economics , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Longitudinal Studies , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics
8.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 33(2): 215-223, abr.-jun. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-795393

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Objetivos . Determinar la prevalencia de compra sin receta médica y recomendación de antibióticos para su uso en niños menores de 5 años en farmacias privadas de zonas periurbanas de Lima. Materiales y métodos. Se aplicó una encuesta anónima poblacional en adultos que compraron un antibiótico para un niño menor de cinco años en una farmacia privada. En un subgrupo de farmacias se aplicaron casos ficticios para evaluar prácticas de recomendación de antibióticos. Resultados. La prevalencia de compra sin receta fue de 13%; 1,7% por automedicación y 11,3% por indicación del farmacéutico. El 66,7% de los medicamentos para tratar resfrío fueron antibióticos de los cuales 56,9% tenían receta. El 64,4% de los medicamentos comprados para tratar broncoespasmo fueron antibióticos; el 96,4% de los medicamentos para tratar diarreas acuosas y el 90,9% de los medicamentos para tratar faringitis. Amoxicilina (51,5%) y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (20,6%) fueron los más comprados. En el 60% de los casos ficticios de resfrío común, en el 76% de los de broncoespasmo, en el 44% de los de diarrea acuosa y en el 76% de los casos de disentería, el farmacéutico indicó un antibiótico. Conclusiones . La compra de antibióticos para niños menores de cinco años en farmacias privadas es principalmente con receta médica. La recomendación de antibióticos por parte de la farmacia es alta cuando no hay receta médica. Urgen medidas para disminuir el uso inadecuado de antibióticos tanto a nivel médico como en las farmacias.


ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the prevalence of purchase of antibiotics without prescription and antibiotic recommendation for its use in children <5 years of age in private pharmacies in peri-urban areas of Lima. Materials and methods. An anonymous population survey was conducted among adults who bought an antibiotic for a child <5 years of age from a private pharmacy. Fictitious cases were applied in a subgroup of pharmacies to evaluate antibiotic recommendation practices. Results. The prevalence of purchase of antibiotics without a prescription was 13%, including 1.7% that were chosen by consumers and 11.3% that were recommended by pharmacists. A total of 66.7% of the medications purchased to treat colds were antibiotics, 56.9% of which were prescribed. 64.4% of medications purchased to treat bronchospasm, 96.4% of the medications to treat watery diarrhea and 90.9% of the medications to treat pharyngitis were antibiotics. Amoxicillin (51.5%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (20.6%) were the most commonly purchased antibiotics. A pharmacist suggested an antibiotic in 60% of the fictitious common cold cases, 76% of the bronchospasm cases, 44% of the watery diarrhea cases, and 76% of the dysentery cases. Conclusions. The purchase of antibiotics for children <5 years of age in private pharmacies primarily occurs with a medical prescription. The pharmacist commonly recommended an antibiotic in cases lacking a prescription. Measures are needed to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics at medical facilities and in pharmacies.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pharmacies , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Peru , Pharmacists , Prevalence , Prescriptions , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
9.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 20(3): 255-261, May.-June 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-789477

ABSTRACT

Abstract There is a lack of formal economic analysis to assess the efficiency of antimicrobial stewardship programs. Herein, we conducted a cost-effectiveness study to assess two different strategies of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs. A 30-day Markov model was developed to analyze how cost-effective was a Bundled Antimicrobial Stewardship implemented in a university hospital in Brazil. Clinical data derived from a historical cohort that compared two different strategies of antimicrobial stewardship programs and had 30-day mortality as main outcome. Selected costs included: workload, cost of defined daily doses, length of stay, laboratory and imaging resources used to diagnose infections. Data were analyzed by deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis to assess model's robustness, tornado diagram and Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curve. Bundled Strategy was more expensive (Cost difference US$ 2119.70), however, it was more efficient (US$ 27,549.15 vs 29,011.46). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested that critical variables did not alter final Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio. Bundled Strategy had higher probabilities of being cost-effective, which was endorsed by cost-effectiveness acceptability curve. As health systems claim for efficient technologies, this study conclude that Bundled Antimicrobial Stewardship Program was more cost-effective, which means that stewardship strategies with such characteristics would be of special interest in a societal and clinical perspective.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bacterial Infections/economics , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Pharmacy Service, Hospital , Bacterial Infections/mortality , Brazil , Markov Chains , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Length of Stay
10.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 33(2): 177-186, abr. 2016. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-784868

ABSTRACT

Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, with high treatment costs due to hospitalization and complications (adverse events due to medications, antibiotic resistance, healthcare associated infections, etc.). It has been proposed administration of short courses and early switch of intravenous administration to oral therapy to avoid costs and complications. There are recommendations about these topics in national and intemational guidelines, based on clinical trials which do not demónstrate diffe-rences in mortality and complications when there is an early change from intravenous administration to the oral route. There are no statistically significant differences in safety and resolution of the disease when short and long treatment schemes were compared. In this review we present the most important guidelines and clinical studies, taking into account the pharmacological differences between different medications. It is considered that early switch from intravenous to oral administration route and use of short cycles in CAP is safe and brings benefits to patients and institutions.


La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, con costos elevados por cuenta de las hospitalizaciones y las complicaciones (infección asociada al cuidado de la salud, efectos adversos de medicamentos, resistencia antimicrobiana, etc.). Ante este panorama se ha propuesto administrar ciclos cortos y el cambio temprano de la vía administración de antimicrobianos de endovenosa a oral. Existen recomendaciones acerca de los puntos anteriores en guías locales e internacionales, así como ensayos clínicos que no demuestran diferencias en cuanto a mortalidad y complicaciones cuando se realiza un cambio temprano de vía de administración de endovenosa a oral en NAC. Tampoco hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en seguridad y resolución de enfermedad cuando se compararon esquemas cortos y prolongados. En esta revisión se presentan las guías y estudios más importantes, considerando las diferencias farmacológicas de los diferentes medicamentos. Se considera que el cambio temprano de vía de administración y el uso de ciclos cortos en NAC es seguro y presenta beneficios para pacientes e instituciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Time Factors , Drug Administration Schedule , Administration, Oral , Treatment Outcome , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects
11.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(6): 609-617, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-773266

ABSTRACT

Background: Cotrimoxazole is a therapeutic option for bone-related infections but is associated to hyperkalemia and renal failure. Tolerance to this drug may reduce length of stay (LOS) and hospital charges. Aims: To evaluate renal, potassium toxicity, clinical outcome, and use of hospital resources in patients treated with cotrimoxazole for bone-related infections. Methods: Retrospective analysis of adult patients with bone-related infections confirmed by culture and treated with this drug. Serum potassium and creatinine levels were analyzed during follow-up and risk factors for hyperkalemia were searched. Length of stay (LOS) and hospital charges were compared. Clinical outcome was evaluated as a secondary endpoint. Results: From 2011 to 2014, 23 patients were identified (mean age 64.7 years). Diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, and previous amputations prevalence were high (82.6%, 47.8%, and 43.5%, respectively). Median serum potassium concentration increased significantly at first control (4.35 mEq/L to 4.9 mEq/L; p < 0.001), and also creatinine serum concentration (0.9 to 1.1 mg/dL; p < 0.05). Seven patients developed hyperkalemia. Cotrimoxazole was discontinued in 10 patients (43.5%), and in 6, discharge was postponed. Drugs active against the renin-angiotensin system (DAARAS) were associated with kyperkalemia (OR 10.8 IC95 1.37-85; p < 0.05). LOS was higher among patients with cotrimoxazole toxicity (median LOS 56 versus 30 days, p < 0.05). Patients with no cotrimoxazole interruption had less drug-related hospital charges (median values of 563 versus 2820 USD, respectively; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Cotrimoxazole use must be monitored in order to detect hyperkalemia or renal toxicity and suspend its prescription. Patients that use DAARAS have a higher risk of kyperkalemia. LOS and drug-related hospital charges are reduced when patients can tolerate cotrimoxazole.


Antecedentes: Cotrimoxazol es una alternativa en infecciones óseas pero se ha asociado al desarrollo de falla renal e hiperkalemia. Objetivo: Evaluar toxicidad renal, hiperkalemia, estadía y gastos hospitalarios y evolución clínica en un grupo de pacientes con infecciones óseas tratados con este compuesto. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo-descriptivo de pacientes adultos con infecciones óseas confirmadas con cultivos y tratados con este compuesto. Seguimiento de creatinina y kalemia y búsqueda de factores de riesgo para hiperkalemia, comparación de gastos y estadía hospitalaria y análisis de eficacia clínica. Resultados: Desde el año 2011 al 2014 se identificaron 23 pacientes (promedio de edad 64,7 años). La prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (82,6%), enfermedad vascular periférica (47,8%) y amputaciones previas (43,5%) fue elevada. La mediana de la kalemia basal aumentó significativamente al primer control (4,35 a 4,9 mEq/L) al igual que la creatinina plasmática (0,9 a 1,1 mg/dL). Siete pacientes desarrollaron hiperkalemia (30,4%). Se suspendió cotrimoxazol en 10 casos (43,5%) y en 6 casos se postergó el alta. El uso de fármacos activos contra el sistema renina-angiotensina (FASRA) se asoció a hiperkalemia (OR 10,8 IC95 1,37-85; p < 0,05). La estadía hospitalaria fue mayor en el grupo con toxicidad a cotrimoxazol (mediana de 56 versus 30 días; p < 0,05) y los pacientes sin suspensión de terapia tuvieron menos gastos por fármacos (medianas de 563 vs 2.820 USD, p < 0,01). Conclusiones: El uso de cotrimoxazol debe ser monitorizado para detectar hiperkalemia o toxicidad renal y suspender su prescripción. Los pacientes que usan FASRA tienen mayor riesgo de hiperkalemia. La estadía y gastos hospitalarios por fármacos son menores en pacientes que toleran el cotrimoxazol.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Bone Diseases, Infectious/drug therapy , Hyperkalemia/chemically induced , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Creatinine/blood , Health Care Costs , Length of Stay , Potassium/blood , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/economics , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/therapeutic use
12.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 32(6): 634-638, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-773269

ABSTRACT

Background: Nosocomial infections are common adverse events associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and costs of patient care. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) are nosocomial infections associated with higher medical costs. Aims: To evaluate CR-BSI associated costs in the Hospital Militar of Santiago, Chile, during year 2013. Methods: Comparative study between cases (CR-BSI) and matched controls using the Pan American Health Organization protocol. Variables were excess in length of stay (LOS), antimicrobial use according to daily defined doses (DDD), and total number of microbial cultures per hospitalization which were compared with non-parametric tests. Results: We included 10 cases and 10 matched controls. Mean LOS among cases was 40 days vs. 20.3 among controls (excess 20.3 days per event; p < 0.05). Antimicrobial consumption was higher among cases (DDD 36 vs. 10.5; p < 0.05) and there was a trend to an increased number of bacterial cultures among cases (9 vs. 5; p = 0.057). The additional cost for the 10 subjects was 38 Chilean million pesos (USD 72,869) with a mean of 7,286 USD per event. Conclusions: During one year, CR-BSI generated an excess in LOS, antimicrobial consumption, and costs (7,286 USD per event of CR-BSI).


Antecedentes: Las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud (IAAS) son eventos adversos frecuentes que determinan aumento de la morbi-mortalidad y de los costos hospitalarios. La infección del torrente sanguíneo asociado a catéter vascular central (ITS/CVC) es una de las localizaciones que causa mayores costos. Objetivo: Cuantificar el costo de las ITS/CVC en el Hospital Militar de Santiago en el año 2013. Material y Método: El estudio se realizó en un hospital de alta complejidad, utilizando la metodología comparativa del Protocolo OPS. Los casos se identificaron desde los registros de vigilancia epidemiológica y los controles desde pacientes hospitalizados durante el mismo período, pareados por servicio, edad y sexo. Los indicadores económicos seleccionados fueron el exceso de días de hospitalización, de consumo de antimicrobianos en dosis diaria definida (DDD) y de cultivos. Las comparaciones se hicieron mediante pruebas no paramétricas. Resultados: Se evaluaron 10 casos de ITS/CVC con sus respectivos controles. La estadía adicional promedio hospitalaria fue de 20,3 días por paciente (40 vs 20,3 días; p < 0,05), el consumo de antimicrobianos fue superior en los casos (mediana DDD 36 vs 10,5; p < 0,05) y hubo una tendencia a un mayor número de cultivos por paciente (9 vs 5; p: 0,057). El gasto adicional alcanzó los 38 millones de pesos chilenos (USD 72.869) para el grupo total y USD 7.286 por paciente. Conclusiones: Las ITS/CVC representaron para el año 2013 en nuestro hospital un exceso de días de hospitalización, consumo de antimicrobianos y gastos adicionales (USD 7.286 por evento).


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Bacteremia/economics , Catheter-Related Infections/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Catheter-Related Infections/drug therapy , Catheter-Related Infections/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Length of Stay
13.
Rev. chil. obstet. ginecol ; 80(6): 434-441, dic. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-771630

ABSTRACT

ANTECEDENTES: Las infecciones constituyen la principal causa de morbilidad luego de las cirugías ginecológicas. Debido al uso irracional de los antimicrobianos y la poca adherencia a los protocolos de actuación, se decidió investigar la alternativa clínica más eficiente entre las existentes para alcanzar un objetivo sanitariamente deseable. OBJETIVOS: Realizar una evaluación económica del uso de los antimicrobianos en las pacientes operadas con diagnóstico de fibroma uterino en el Hospital "Agostinho Neto", Guantánamo, Cuba, durante el periodo abril-mayo de 2012 para lograr un uso racional de estos medicamentos, disminuir riesgo de resistencia antimicrobiana, incidencia de infección de la herida quirúrgica y costos por concepto de medicamentos. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo, en base a revisión de historias clínicas, se determinó la edad de las pacientes, tipo de cirugía, antimicrobianos más utilizados y duración del tratamiento. Se realizó una evaluación económica total del tipo minimización de costos. RESULTADOS: El 61,64% de las pacientes tenían entre 41-50 años. El 81,62% de las cirugías se clasificó como limpia contaminada; el antimicrobiano más utilizado fue la cefazolina como monoterapia (51,28%); el 84,62% de las pacientes recibió tratamiento durante 2 días; el 100% de las prescripciones resultó inadecuada; el costo global por concepto de antimicrobianos fue de 3.242,65 pesos cubanos y se hubiese obtenido un ahorro aproximado de 827,80 pesos cubanos de haberse aplicado correctamente las protocolos de actuación. CONCLUSIÓN: Los profesionales del servicio de ginecología no se adhieren a los protocolos de profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria, aumentando los costos por medicamentos.


BACKGROUND: Infections are the main cause of morbidity after gynecological surgeries. Due to the irrational use of antimicrobials and little adherence to protocols, it decided to investigate the most efficient clinical alternative among existing sanitary desirable to reach a goal. AIMS: To perform an economic evaluation of the use of antimicrobials in patients operated with a diagnosis of uterine fibroid in the "Agostinho Neto" Hospital, Guantanamo, Cuba, during the period April-May 2012 to achieve a rational use of these drugs reduce risk of antimicrobial resistance, incidence of surgical wound infection and costs for drugs. METHOD: A retrospective study was made, the medical records were reviewed, the patient age, type of surgery, most commonly used antimicrobial and duration of treatment was determined: an overall economic assessment, the type was minimization of costs. RESULTS: 61.64% of the patients were between 41-50 years old; the 81.62% of the surgeries were classified as clean contaminated; cefazolin was the most antimicrobial used as monotherapy (51.28%); 84.62% of the patients received treatment for 2 days; 100% of prescriptions was inadequate; the overall cost was 3,242.65 Cuban pesos and has been obtained savings of approximately 728.80 Cuban pesos if the protocols have been correctly applied. CONCLUSION: Gynecology service professionals do not adhere to the protocols of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis, increasing drug cost.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Uterine Neoplasms/therapy , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/economics , Hysterectomy/methods , Leiomyoma/therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Postoperative Care/economics , Surgical Wound Infection/prevention & control , Time Factors , Preoperative Care/economics , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Cefazolin , Retrospective Studies , Drug Costs , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Cuba , Administration, Intravenous , Hysterectomy/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
14.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 78(2): 120-122, Mar-Apr/2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-744298

ABSTRACT

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterized by weakness and spasticity of the lower extremities. Kjellin’s syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with HSP. The syndrome is characterized by the presence of bilateral retinal flecks, similar to the findings in Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus. We report the case of a 34-year-old male who presented with complete features of Kjellin’s syndrome, with typical retinal findings observed on multimodal imaging (spectral domain optical coherence tomography [SD-OCT], near-infrared reflectance and autofluorescence imaging). The ophthalmological changes at early stages of the disease may not impair visual acuity. Therefore, the detection of central retinal degeneration requires thorough fundus examination.


A paralisia espástica hereditária (HSP) é caracterizada por fraqueza e espasticidade das extremidades inferiores. A síndrome de Kjellin é uma rara associação de HSP com a presença de flecks retinianos similares aos encontrados em pacientes com doença de Stargardt ou fundus flavimaculatus. Descrevemos os achados em imagens multimodais da retina (tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral [SD-OCT], reflectância próxima ao infravermelho e autofluorescência) em um paciente de 34 anos que apresenta conjunto completo de sinais e sintomas da síndrome de Kjellin. As alterações retinianas em estágios iniciais da doença podem aparecer, mesmo sem redução da acuidade visual, e por isso, para detecção da degeneração central da retina, é necessário exame minucioso do fundo de olho.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/economics , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/economics , Mupirocin/therapeutic use , Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control , Surgical Wound Infection/prevention & control , Administration, Intranasal , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Decision Support Techniques , Decision Trees , Health Care Costs , Infection Control/economics , Infection Control/methods , Mupirocin/economics , Preoperative Care , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcal Infections/economics , Surgical Wound Infection/economics , United States
15.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 34(3): 345-353, July-Sept. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-726784

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Las infecciones por microorganismos resistentes, especialmente las que involucran el torrente sanguíneo, se asocian a un mayor uso de recursos. Sus estimaciones son variables y dependen de la metodología utilizada. Staphylococcus aureus es el agente de sangre aislado con mayor frecuencia en nuestro medio. No existe información sobre el costo asociado con la atención de bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a meticilina en nuestro país. Objetivo. Presentar una aproximación del costo de atención de las bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a la meticilina en nueve hospitales de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 204 pacientes en un estudio de cohortes multicéntrico en una razón de 1:1 según la resistencia. Se aproximaron los costos médicos directos con base en las facturas del período de hospitalización; en cuanto al período de la bacteriemia, los costos detallados se calcularon aplicando las tarifas estandarizadas. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las características clínicas y demográficas de los grupos, salvo en los antecedentes de la bacteriemia. El 53 % de los sujetos falleció durante la hospitalización. La estancia y el valor total facturado por la hospitalización fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo con bacteriemia por S. aureus resistente a la meticilina, así como los costos de la estancia en cuidados intensivos, de los antibióticos, los líquidos parenterales, los exámenes de laboratorio y la terapia respiratoria. El incremento crudo del costo de la atención asociado con la resistencia a meticilina fue de 31 % y, el ajustado, de 70 %. Conclusión. Este estudio constituye un respaldo a los tomadores de decisiones para la búsqueda y la financiación de programas de prevención de infecciones causadas por microorganismos resistentes.


Introduction: Resistant infections, especially those involving the bloodstream, are associated with a greater use of resources. Their estimates are variable and depend on the methodology used. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen isolated in blood in our hospitals. There is no consolidated data about economic implications of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. Objective: To describe the cost of care of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in a reference population from nine hospitals in Bogotá. Materials y methods: A multicenter cohort study included 204 patients in a 1:1 ratio according to resistance. Direct medical costs were calculated from hospitalization bills, while the bacteremia period was calculated by applying microcosting based on standard fares. Results: We found no significant differences between groups in demographic and clinical characteristics, except for resistance risk factors. Fifty-three percent of patients died during hospitalization. Hospital stay and total invoiced value during hospitalization were significantly higher in the group with methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. For this group, higher costs in ICU stay, antibiotics use, intravenous fluids, laboratory tests and respiratory support were recorded. A crude increase of 31% and an adjusted increase of 70% in care costs associated with methicillin resistance were registered. Conclusion: Our study supports decision makers in finding and funding infection prevention programs, especially those infections caused by resistant organisms.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bacteremia/economics , Critical Care/economics , Cross Infection/economics , Hospitals, Private/economics , Hospitals, Public/economics , Hospitals, Urban/economics , Intensive Care Units/economics , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Staphylococcal Infections/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/epidemiology , Bacteremia/microbiology , Colombia , Costs and Cost Analysis , Critical Illness , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/economics , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Drug Costs , Fluid Therapy/economics , Health Expenditures , Hospital Costs , Hospitals, Private/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Public/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Urban/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Length of Stay/economics , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Therapy/economics , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
16.
Rev. cuba. farm ; 48(1)ene.-mar. 2014. Ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: lil-721284

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: valorar la eficacia de la revisión diaria de las prescripciones de antibióticos controlados (incluida su justificación de uso en el Servicio de Observación) en el aumento de la calidad asistencial y en la disminución de los costos hospitalarios. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo de las solicitudes de antibióticos controlados recibidas en el Departamento de Farmacia del Hospital General Docente Dr. Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo, en el periodo de mayo a noviembre de 2011. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por los 1 295 pacientes que recibieron la terapia. RESULTADOs: predominaron las prescripciones de ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacina. Los servicios que más lo utilizaron fueron: unidades de urgencias médicas y Cirugía. El 17 por ciento de las indicaciones resultaron inadecuadas. Se suspendió el 9 por ciento de los tratamientos, el 6 por ciento fue cambiado por otro antibiótico y en el 2 por ciento se modificó la dosis. Se logró que la totalidad de los pacientes en el Servicio de Observación utilizaran este tipo de medicamento una vez demostrado su criterio de ingreso en sala. CONCLUSIONES: el método implementado contribuyó al alcance de beneficios farmacoterapéuticos para los pacientes y una disminución considerable de los costos por concepto de utilización de antibióticos controlados(AU)


OBJECTIVE: to assess the effectiveness of the daily revision of the controlled antibiotic prescriptions (included their justified use in the Observation Service) in the increase of assistance quality and in the decrease of hospital costs. METHODS: a prospective study of requests of controlled antibiotics received at the Pharmacy Department of Dr. Agostinho Neto general teaching hospital in Guantánamo province in the period of May through November 2011. The universe of study was 1 295 patients who were under treatment. RESULTS: Ceftraxione and Ciprofloxacine prescriptions were predominant. The services which used them the most were emergencies and surgery. Seventeen percent of the prescriptions were wrong. Nine percent of treatments were suspended, 6 por ciento was replaced by another antibiotic therapy and the dosage was changed in 2 por ciento of cases. It managed that all the patients in the observation service used this type of medication once the admission criteria to hospital was proven. CONCLUSIONS: the implemented method allowed reaching adequate pharmacotherapeutic benefits for the patients and considerably lowering the costs for use of controlled antibiotics(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Prospective Studies , Cuba
17.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 34(3): 176-182, Sep. 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-690806

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To examine the costs of implementing kangaroo mother care (KMC) in a referral hospital in Nicaragua, including training, implementation, and ongoing operating costs, and to estimate the economic impact on the Nicaraguan health system if KMC were implemented in other maternity hospitals in the country. METHODS: After receiving clinical training in KMC, the implementation team trained their colleagues, wrote guidelines for clinicians and education material for parents, and ensured adherence to the new guidelines. The intervention began September 2010 The study compared data on infant weight, medication use, formula consumption, incubator use, and hospitalization for six months before and after implementation. Cost data were collected from accounting records of the implementers and health ministry formularies. RESULTS: A total of 46 randomly selected infants before implementation were compared to 52 after implementation. Controlling for confounders, neonates after implementation had lower lengths of hospitalization by 4.64 days (P = 0.017) and 71% were exclusively breastfed (P < 0.001). The intervention cost US$ 23 113 but the money saved with shorter hospitalization, elimination of incubator use, and lower antibiotic and infant formula costs made up for this expense in 1 - 2 months. Extending KMC to 12 other facilities in Nicaragua is projected to save approximately US$ 166 000 (based on the referral hospital incubator use estimate) or US$ 233 000 after one year (based on the more conservative incubator use estimate). CONCLUSIONS: Treating premature and low-birth-weight infants in Nicaragua with KMC implemented as a quality improvement program saves money within a short period even without considering the beneficial health effects of KMC. Implementation in more facilities is strongly recommended.


OBJETIVO: Analizar los costos de la implantación del método madre canguro en un hospital de referencia de Nicaragua, incluidos los costos de capacitación, implantación y funcionamiento, y calcular la repercusión económica en el sistema de salud nicaragüense si se aplicara el método en otras maternidades del país. MÉTODOS: Tras recibir capacitación clínica en el método, los miembros del equipo encargado de su implantación capacitaron a sus colegas, elaboraron directrices para los médicos y material educativo para los padres, y garantizaron la adhesión a las nuevas directrices. La intervención empezó en septiembre del 2010. El estudio comparó los siguientes datos: peso de los lactantes, empleo de medicamentos, consumo de leches maternizadas, uso de incubadoras, y hospitalizaciones durante los seis meses previos y posteriores a la implantación. Los datos relativos a los costos se recopilaron a partir de los registros contables de los ejecutores y los formularios del Ministerio de Salud. RESULTADOS: Los datos de 46 lactantes seleccionados aleatoriamente antes de la implantación se compararon con los de 52 lactantes del período posterior a la intervención. Mediante el control de los factores de confusión, después de la intervención, el tiempo medio de hospitalización de los recién nacidos fue inferior en 4,64 días (P = 0,017), y el 71% (P < 0,001) de los lactantes recibieron lactancia materna exclusiva. La intervención tuvo un costo de US$ 23 113 pero el dinero ahorrado gracias a la menor duración de las hospitalizaciones, la eliminación del uso de incubadoras, y la reducción de los costos en antibióticos y leches maternizadas compensó estos gastos en uno a dos meses. Se proyecta extender el método a otros 12 establecimientos sanitarios de Nicaragua para ahorrar aproximadamente US$ 233 000 (con base en el cálculo del uso de incubadoras en el hospital de referencia) o US$ 166 000 (con base en un cálculo más conservador del uso de incubadoras) al cabo de un año. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento de los neonatos prematuros y con bajo peso al nacer mediante el método madre canguro, implantado como un programa de mejora de la calidad en Nicaragua, ahorra dinero en un período corto, incluso sin tener en cuenta los efectos beneficiosos del método sobre la salud. Se recomienda su implantación en otros establecimientos sanitarios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Kangaroo-Mother Care Method/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Body Weight , Breast Feeding/economics , Cost Savings , Drug Utilization , Hospitalization/economics , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Maternity/economics , Hospitals, Teaching/economics , Incubators, Infant/economics , Incubators, Infant , Infant Formula/economics , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Premature , Length of Stay/economics , Manuals as Topic , Nicaragua , Patient Education as Topic/economics , Personnel, Hospital/education , Program Evaluation , Sampling Studies , Tertiary Care Centers/economics
18.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 30(4): 426-434, ago. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-690531

ABSTRACT

Background: Childrens hospitalization for intravenous antibiotic treatment has been replaced in developed countries and in some Chilean centers to outpatient intravenous therapy (OPAT). Aim: To compare the effectiveness, safety and cost of OPAT versus inpatient care. Patients andMethods: Prospective cohort study in children (2 months-5 years) with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) attended at two public Chilean hospitals: outpatient cohort and inpatient cohort. Between November of 2009-2010, 111 children were enrolled in OPAT and between January 2010-June 2011, 81 children were hospitalized. Demographic data, costs and parental care, response to treatment, adverse events and complications were registered. Results: There was no difference in the effectiveness of both treatments (100% in OPAT and 98.6% in inpatient cohort, p: 0.41). Adherence to OPAT was 100%. Prevalence of adverse events was higher in inpatient cohort (76.3% versus 16.2%, p < 0.01). The average direct cost was four times higher in inpatients, mainly due to bed-day cost. Indirect cost was similar in both groups. There were more days of absence from work and care centers in inpatients (p: 0.017, p: 0.045 respectively). Conclusion: OPAT for febrile UTI was equally effective, safer and significantly less expensive than inpatient care. OPAT represents a recommended intervention for pediatric services of Chilean public hospitals.


Introducción: La hospitalización de niños para tratamiento antimicrobiano intravenoso, ha sido reemplazada en países desarrollados y en algunos centros chilenos por el tratamiento antimicrobiano intravenoso ambulatorio (TAIA). Objetivo: Comparar efectividad, seguridad y costos de TAIA versus hospitalizado. Pacientes y Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de cohorte prospectiva en niños (2 meses-5 años) con infección urinaria (ITU) febril atendidos en dos hospitales públicos chilenos: una cohorte ambulatoria y otra hospitalizada. Entre noviembre 2009 y 2010, se enrolaron 111 niños en TAIA y entre enero 2010-junio 2011, 81 niños hospitalizados. Se registraron datos demográficos, gastos de atención y de los padres, respuesta al tratamiento, eventos adversos y complicaciones. Resultados: No hubo diferencia en la efectividad de ambos tratamientos (100% en TAIA y 98,6% en hospitalizado; p: 0,41). La adherencia a TAIA fue 100%. La prevalencia de eventos adversos fue mayor en los hospitalizados (76,3 versus16,2%, p < 0,01). El costo directo promedio fue cuatro veces superior en hospitalizados, principalmente por costo día-cama. El costo indirecto fue similar. Hubo más días de ausentismo laboral y a centros de cuidado en hospitalizados (p: 0,017, p: 0,045, respectivamente). Conclusión: El tratamiento de ITU febril con TAIA en niños fue igualmente efectivo, más seguro y significativamente menos costoso que el hospitalizado y representa una intervención recomendable para los servicios pediátricos de hospitales públicos chilenos.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Ambulatory Care/economics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Hospitalization/economics , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Cohort Studies , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Infusions, Intravenous
19.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(5): 492-498, oct. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-660020

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was analyze the use of restricted antibiotics by patients hospitalized between 2004 and 2008 in Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepcion. Also we attempted to identify possible correlations between antibiotic consumption and patterns of bacterial susceptibility. We performed a retrospective observational study that quantified the use of restricted antibiotics using DDD/100-bed-days, and cumulative susceptibility reports informed by the hospital's microbiology laboratory for bacterial susceptibility. The consumption of restricted antibiotics significantly increased between 2004 and 2008 (35%, p = 0.005). The groups with largest use were glycopeptides (37%) and carbapenems (30 %). These results can be explained by the emergence of endemic Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Gram negative bacilli. Results showed a decrease in susceptibility of P. aeruginosa to imipenem (p = 0.038) and K. pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin (p = 0.021). The total consumption of restricted antibiotic has significantly increased, especially among complex medical services. A significant decrease in bacterial susceptibility has been observed mainly in gram-negative bacilli. The monitoring of antimicrobial prescribing practices and local susceptibility patterns are essential to promote the rational use of antibiotics.


En Chile no existen estudios para cuantificar el consumo de antimicrobianos de uso restringido al interior de los hospitales. Objetivo: Analizar el consumo de antimicrobianos de uso restringido en pacientes hospitalizados durante los años 2004-2008 en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción. Además, se analizaron las correlaciones entre este consumo y el patrón de susceptibilidad in vitro. Material y Método: Se diseñó un estudio observacional retrospectivo empleando las DDD/100-días-cama para evaluar el consumo de antimicrobianos, y el informe acumulado de susceptibilidad in vitro entregado por el laboratorio local, para analizar la evolución de la susceptibilidad. Resultados: El consumo de antimicrobianos se incrementó en 35% (p = 0,005) durante los años 2004-2008, donde los más consumidos fueron glicopéptidos (37%) y carbapenémicos (30%). Estos resultados se pueden explicar por la aparición de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y bacilos gramnegativos productores de Q-lactamasas de espectro extendido. Además, se observó una disminución de la susceptibilidad de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a imipenem (p = 0,038) y de Klebsiella pneumoniae a ciprofloxacina (p = 0,021). Conclusiones: El consumo total de antimicrobianos de uso restringido se incrementó significativamente en los servicios clínicos más complejos, observándose una disminución de la susceptibilidad de algunos bacilos gramnegativos. El monitoreo de la prescripción de antimicrobianos así como de la susceptibilidad in vitro local constituyen medidas esenciales para promover el uso racional de antimicrobianos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Chile , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Retrospective Studies
20.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(6): 586-591, Dec. 2011.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-612954

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Describir el estado de la aplicación de la norma relacionada con la prohibición dela venta de antibióticos sin prescripción médica en farmacias de Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal, en el cual se utilizó la técnica de simulación de compra en farmacias (droguerías) de Bogotá. La muestra de 263 farmacias se calculó con una precisión de 5% y un factor de corrección de 2% mediante estratificación (farmacias de cadenae independientes) y asignación aleatoria simple en cada estrato. Resultados. Del total de farmacias estudiadas, 80,3% no cumplen la norma que establecela venta de antibióticos con receta. En 20,1% de los casos, el expendedor indagó la edad del paciente o sus síntomas o ambos, con el fin de ofrecer otros medicamentos o para cambiar elantibiótico. En ninguna oportunidad se preguntó por antecedentes personales de alergia a los antibióticos. En los casos en los cuales hubo intención de venta del antibiótico, la presentación genérica fue la más comúnmente ofrecida (81,2%). Algunos expendedores de medicamentos hicieronrecomendaciones inapropiadas. Las localidades con mayor incumplimiento de la norma coinciden con aquellas que tienen altas tasas de necesidades básicas insatisfechas. Conclusiones. A cinco años de adopción de la norma orientada a contrarrestar la ventalibre de antibióticos, su cumplimiento es mínimo y la entrega no se realiza de acuerdo a los parámetros establecidos. El personal de farmacia no suministra la información requerida de acuerdo con sus competencias.


Objective. Describe the implementation status of a regulation prohibiting antibiotic sales without a medical prescription in pharmacies of Bogotá, Colombia. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using the simulated purchase technique in Bogotá pharmacies (drugstores). The sample of 263 pharmacies was calculated by stratification (chain pharmacies and independent pharmacies) with 5% accuracy and a 2% correction factor. Simple randomization was assigned in eachstratum. Results. Out of the total pharmacies studied, 80.3% did not comply with the regulation established for prescription sales of antibiotics. In 20.1% of the cases, the dispenser asked about the patient’s age, symptoms, or both age and symptoms in order to offer other drugs or change the antibiotic. There were no inquiries about amedical history of allergy to antibiotics. In cases in which there was the intention to sell antibiotics, the generic format was most commonly offered (81.2%). Some drug dispensers made inappropriate recommendations. The locations with the highest levels of noncompliance with the regulation were also those with high rates of unmetbasic needs. Conclusions. Five years after passage of a regulation to halt the unrestricted sales of antibiotics, there is minimal compliance, and dispensing does not conform to the established parameters. Pharmacy personnel do not provide the required information according to their responsibilities.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/economics , Commerce/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation & jurisprudence , Pharmacies/legislation & jurisprudence , Colombia , Commerce/statistics & numerical data , Directive Counseling , Drug Prescriptions , Drug and Narcotic Control/economics , Drug and Narcotic Control/statistics & numerical data , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Patient Education as Topic , Patient Simulation , Pharmacies/economics , Pharmacies/statistics & numerical data , Pharmacists/legislation & jurisprudence , Pharmacists/psychology , Pharmacists/statistics & numerical data , Pilot Projects , Sampling Studies , Truth Disclosure , Urban Health
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