ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DC), heart failure (HF), and worsening left atrial function (LAF). Patients with DC and FMR may present left atrial dysfunction resulting from both ventricular dysfunction and valve disease, but it is unknown whether the presence of valve disease will lead to greater LAF impairment. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between LAF parameters and FMR degree in patients with DC. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included 214 patients with DC, 46 without FMR (control group) and 168 with mild, moderate or severe FMR. An LAF analysis was performed by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and atrial volumetric variation. RESULTS: LAF analyzed by STE by means of reservoir strain, conduit strain and active contraction strain was reduced in the sample, with values of 14.3%, 8.49% and 5.92%, respectively. FMR degree was significantly associated with reservoir strain (0.27 ± 0.16 versus 0.15 ± 0.09; p < 0.001) and contraction strain (19.2 ± 7.3 versus 11.2 ± 2.7; p < 0.001). FMR was also associated with a reduced LAF assessed by volumetric analysis: total atrial emptying fraction of 0.51 ± 0.13 versus 0.34 ± 0.11 and active atrial emptying fraction of 0 .27 ± 0.16 versus 0.15 ± 0.09 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In a population with DC, FMR was associated with reduced LAF assessed by STE and atrial volume variation.
FUNDAMENTO: A insuficiência mitral funcional (IMF) está associada à miocardiopatia dilatada (MD), à insuficiência cardíaca (IC) e à piora da função atrial esquerda (FAE). A FAE pode decair tanto pela disfunção ventricular quanto pela valvopatia, mas não se sabe se esta leva a um prejuízo maior da FAE. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre a piora de parâmetros de FAE com o grau de IMF, em pacientes com MD. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal, que incluiu 214 pacientes com MD, sendo 46 sem IMF (controle) e 168 com IMF discreta, moderada ou grave. A análise da FAE foi realizada por ecocardiografia por speckle tracking (STE) e por variação volumétrica atrial. RESULTADOS: A FAE, analisada por STE por meio do strain de reservatório, conduto e contração ativa encontrou-se reduzida na amostra, com valores respectivos de 14,3%, 8,49% e 5,92%. O grau de IMF associou-se significativamente com os valores do strain de reservatório (0,27±0,16 versus 0,15±0,09; p <0,001. CONCLUSÃO: Em uma população com MD, a presença de IMF associa-se à redução da FAE de reservatório e de contração, avaliada por STE e pela variação volumétrica atrial.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Echocardiography/methods , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/complications , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/physiopathology , Electrocardiography, Ambulatory/methods , Ventricular Dysfunction/complications , Ventricular Dysfunction/diagnostic imaging , Aortic Valve Disease/complications , Heart Failure/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Background: Four-dimensional echocardiography technique results in marked improvements in terms of quality and accuracy in assessing the size and function of heart chambers, especially the left atrium as its geometric variation has a notable impact on the results when using traditional echocardiographic techniques alone. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the probability of significant functional and morphological changes in the left atrium with advancing age using Four-dimension echocardiography. Method: Four-dimensional technique derived left atrial phasic volumes and functions were assessed in (30) healthy subjects with mean age of 73.6 (±3.6) years and (30) young subjects with mean age of 23.17 (±3.5) years. Results: Old age group showed a significant increase in maximum left atrial volume index, minimum left atrial volume index and pre-atrial contraction left atrial volume index compared to young age group (31.52±1.09 vs. 26.44±1.03, P < 0.001), (17.93±0.43 vs. 15.89±0.44, P < 0.00) and (25.73±1.003 vs. 22.34±0.77, P < 0.01), respectively. In the old age group, the passive left atrial emptying function (LAEF) significantly decreased (20.43±0.25% vs. 24.96±0.93%, p<0.00), while the active LAEF significantly increased (37.36±1.33% vs. 32.65±1.13%, P< 0.009) in comparison to the values of the young subjects. Conclusions: These results suggest that left atrial structural as well as functional changes occur with advancing age in absence of evident pathological causes and 4-dimentional echocardiography can be used to evaluate these changes
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged/physiology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Echocardiography, Four-DimensionalABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background Left atrial (LA) enlargement is a reliable predictor of adverse cardiovascular events, and reduced atrial function is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with amyloidosis. The objective of this study was to characterize the LA function in Mexican patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (amyloid transthyretin [ATTR]) Methods All consecutive patients with diagnosis of hereditary ATTR who underwent a cardiac magnetic resonance study in the period from March 2016 to June 2017 were included in the study; the volumes and function of the left atrium were evaluated Results Patients were divided into two groups, one with and one without cardiac amyloidosis. Statistically significant differences were observed between both groups in terms of indexed maximal LA volume, 26 mL versus 35.9mL, p = 0.03; indexed minimal LA volume, 10.7 mL versus 13.6mL, p = 0.03; and indexed LA pre-contraction volume, 17 mL versus 22.4mL, p = 0.03. No statistically significant differences were observed between both groups when comparing neither different ejection volumes nor the different ejection fractions Conclusions Patients with hereditary ATTR with cardiac involvement have remodeling of the left atrium, with increased atrial volumes, without diminishing its function.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial/complications , Atrial Remodeling/physiology , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a standard procedure for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) not responsive to previous treatments, that has been increasingly considered as a first-line therapy. In this context, perioperative screening for risk factors has become important. A previous study showed that a high left atrial (LA) pressure is associated with AF recurrence after ablation, which may be secondary to a stiff left atrium. Objective: To investigate, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, if LA stiffness could be a predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA, and to discuss its clinical use. Methods: The meta-analysis followed the MOOSE recommendations. The search was performed in MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, until March 2018. Two authors performed screening, data extraction and quality assessment of the studies. Results: All studies were graded with good quality. A funnel plot was constructed, which did not show any publication bias. Four prospective observational studies were included in the systematic review and 3 of them in the meta-analysis. Statistical significance was defined at p value < 0.05. LA stiffness was a strong independent predictor of AF recurrence after RFCA (HR = 3.55, 95% CI 1.75-4.73, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: A non-invasive assessment of LA stiffness prior to ablation can be used as a potential screening factor to select or to closely follow patients with higher risks of AF recurrence and development of the stiff LA syndrome.
Resumo Fundamento: A ablação por cateter de radiofrequência (ACRF) é um procedimento padrão para pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA) não responsivos a tratamentos prévios, que tem sido cada vez mais considerada como terapia de primeira linha. Nesse contexto, o screening para fatores de risco perioperatório tornou-se importante. Um estudo prévio mostrou que uma pressão do átrio esquerdo (AE) elevada está associada a recorrência de FA após a ablação, podendo ser secundária a um AE rígido. Objetivo: Investigar, por meio de revisão sistemática e metanálise, se a rigidez do AE é um preditor de recorrência de FA após ACRF, e discutir seu uso na prática clínica. Métodos: A metanálise foi realizada seguindo-se as recomendações do MOOSE. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, até março de 2018. Dois autores realizaram triagem, extração de dados e avaliação da qualidade dos estudos. Resultados: Todos os estudos obtiveram boa qualidade. Um gráfico de funil foi construído, não identificando viés de publicação. Quatro estudos prospectivos observacionais foram incluídos na revisão sistemática e 3 deles na metanálise. Foi adotado o nível de significância estatística de p < 0,05. Rigidez do AE foi um forte preditor independente da recorrência de FA após ACRF (HR = 3,55, IC 95% 1,75-4,73, p = 0,0002). Conclusão: A avaliação não invasiva da rigidez do AE antes da ablação pode ser utilizada como um potencial fator de rastreamento para a seleção ou acompanhamento de pacientes com maiores riscos de recorrência de FA e desenvolvimento da síndrome do AE rígido.
Subject(s)
Humans , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Catheter Ablation , Atrial Remodeling/physiology , Prognosis , Recurrence , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Predictive Value of TestsABSTRACT
Atualmente, a avaliação da função atrial esquerda é um método emergente que pode ter relação com o prognóstico dos pacientes. Classicamente, as medidas estáticas de diâmetro, área e volume são as mais usadas com esta finalidade. A técnica conhecida como speckle tracking é capaz de fornecer informações dinâmicas do átrio esquerdo ao longo do ciclo cardíaco, assim como detectar alterações na função atrial esquerda em fases subclínicas, antes de ocorrerem aumentos volumétricos ou disfunções diastólicas. Valores de normalidade para o speckle tracking estão sendo propostos, mas as diferenças metodológicas e de técnicas empregadas dificultam sua padronização. Esta revisão da literatura se propõe a discutir os avanços na análise da função atrial esquerda, em especial via speckle tracking
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Atrial Fibrillation , Echocardiography/methods , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Cardiomyopathies/complications , Cardiomyopathies/diagnosis , Prognosis , Stroke Volume/physiology , Echocardiography, Doppler/methods , Risk Factors , Atrial Function/physiology , Stroke , Electrocardiography/methods , Heart Atria , Heart Failure , Myocardial InfarctionABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation frequently affects patients with valvular heart disease. Ablation of atrial fibrillation during valvular surgery is an alternative for restoring sinus rhythm. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate mid-term results of successful atrial fibrillation surgical ablation during valvular heart disease surgery, to explore left atrium post-ablation mechanics and to identify predictors of recurrence. Methods: Fifty-three consecutive candidates were included. Eligibility criteria for ablation included persistent atrial fibrillation <10 years and left atrium diameter < 6.0 cm. Three months after surgery, echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring and electrocardiograms were performed in all candidates who maintained sinus rhythm (44 patients). Echo-study included left atrial deformation parameters (strain and strain rate), using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Simultaneously, 30 healthy individuals (controls) were analyzed with the same protocol for left atrial performance. Significance was considered with a P value of < 0.05. Results: After a mean follow up of 17 ± 2 months, 13 new post-operative cases of recurrent atrial fibrillation were identified. A total of 1,245 left atrial segments were analysed. Left atrium was severely dilated in the post-surgery group and, mechanical properties of left atrium did not recover after surgery when compared with normal values. Left atrial volume (≥ 64 mL/m2) was the only independent predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Left atrial volume was larger in patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence and emerges as the main predictor of recurrences, thereby improving the selection of candidates for this therapy; however, no differences were found regarding myocardial deformation parameters. Despite electrical maintenance of sinus rhythm, left atrium mechanics did not recover after atrial fibrillation ablation performed during valvular heart disease surgery.
Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial frequentemente afeta pacientes com doenças das valvas cardíacas. A ablação da fibrilação atrial durante a cirurgia das válvulas é uma alternativa para restaurar o ritmo sinusal. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar resultados em médio prazo da ablação cirúrgica bem sucedida da FA durante cirurgia para doença valvar, para explorar a mecânica do AE após a ablação e identificar preditores de recorrência. Métodos: Foram incluídos 53 candidatos consecutivos. Os critérios de elegibilidade para ablação foram fibrilação atrial persistente <10 anos e diâmetro do átrio esquerdo < 6 cm. Três meses após a cirurgia, foram realizados ecocardiografia, Holter por 24 horas, e eletrocardiografias em todos os candidatos que mantiveram o ritmo sinusal (44 pacientes). O estudo eco incluiu parâmetros de deformação ao átrio esquerdo (strain e taxa de strain) usando ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle tracking. Simultaneamente, 30 indivíduos sadios (controles) foram analisados com o mesmo protocolo para o desempenho do átrio esquerdo. Um valor de P < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Após um período médio de acompanhamento de 17 ± 2 meses, 13 novos casos de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório foram identificados. Um total de 1245 segmentos do átrio esquerdo foi analisado. O grupo pós-cirúrgico apresentou dilatação grave do átrio esquerdo, e as propriedades mecânicas do átrio esquerdo não se recuperaram após a cirurgia quando comparadas com valores normais. O volume do átrio esquerdo (≥ 64 mL/m2) foi o único preditor independente de recorrência de fibrilação atrial (p = 0,03). Conclusões: O volume do átrio esquerdo foi maior nos pacientes com fibrilação atrial recorrente, e desponta como o principal preditor de recorrência, melhorando, assim, a seleção de candidatos para essa terapia. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças em relação aos parâmetros de deformação do miocárdio. Apesar da manutenção elétrica do ritmo sinusal, a função mecânica do átrio esquerdo não se recuperou após a ablação da fibrilação atrial realizada durante a cirurgia para doença da valva cardíaca.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/surgery , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnostic imaging , Cryosurgery/methods , Heart Valve Diseases/surgery , Heart Valve Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Recurrence , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Time Factors , Echocardiography/methods , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Treatment Outcome , Statistics, Nonparametric , Electrocardiography , Heart Atria/surgery , Heart Atria/physiopathology , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Heart Rate/physiology , Heart Valve Diseases/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Prognostic factors are extensively studied in heart failure; however, their role in severe Chagasic heart failure have not been established. Objectives: To identify the association of clinical and laboratory factors with the prognosis of severe Chagasic heart failure, as well as the association of these factors with mortality and survival in a 7.5-year follow-up. Methods: 60 patients with severe Chagasic heart failure were evaluated regarding the following variables: age, blood pressure, ejection fraction, serum sodium, creatinine, 6-minute walk test, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, QRS width, indexed left atrial volume, and functional class. Results: 53 (88.3%) patients died during follow-up, and 7 (11.7%) remained alive. Cumulative overall survival probability was approximately 11%. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (HR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.04 - 4.31; p<0.05) and indexed left atrial volume ≥ 72 mL/m2 (HR = 3.51; 95% CI: 1.63 - 7.52; p<0.05) were the only variables that remained as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: The presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter and indexed left atrial volume > 72 mL/m2 are independent predictors of mortality in severe Chagasic heart failure, with cumulative survival probability of only 11% in 7.5 years.
Resumo Fundamento: Fatores prognósticos são bastante estudados na insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas ainda não possuem um papel estabelecido na IC grave de etiologia chagásica. Objetivo: Identificar a associação de fatores clínicos e laboratoriais com o prognóstico da IC grave de etiologia chagásica, bem como a associação desses fatores com a taxa de mortalidade e a sobrevida em um seguimento de 7,5 anos. Métodos: 60 pacientes portadores de IC grave de etiologia chagásica foram avaliados com relação às seguintes variáveis: idade, pressão arterial, fração de ejeção, sódio plasmático, creatinina, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos, taquicardia ventricular não sustentada, largura do QRS, volume do átrio esquerdo indexado e classe funcional. Resultados: 53 (88,3%) pacientes foram a óbito durante o período de seguimento e 7 (11,7%) permaneceram vivos. A probabilidade de sobrevida geral acumulada foi de aproximadamente 11%. Taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (HR = 2,11; IC 95%: 1,04 - 4,31; p<0,05) e volume do átrio esquerdo indexado ≥ 72 ml/m2 (HR = 3,51; IC 95%: 1,63 - 7,52; p<0,05) foram as únicas variáveis que permaneceram como preditores independentes de mortalidade. Conclusão: A presença de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada ao Holter e o volume do átrio esquerdo indexado > 72 ml/m2 são preditores independentes de mortalidade na IC chagásica grave, com probabilidade de sobrevida acumulada de apenas 11% em 7,5 anos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/complications , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/mortality , Heart Failure/etiology , Heart Failure/mortality , Prognosis , Sodium/blood , Stroke Volume/physiology , Time Factors , Blood Pressure/physiology , Cardiac Volume/physiology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/physiopathology , Epidemiologic Methods , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Age Factors , Tachycardia, Ventricular/physiopathology , Tachycardia, Ventricular/mortality , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/mortality , Creatinine/blood , Walk Test , Heart Failure/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A adaptação à sobrecarga crônica de volume na insuficiência mitral (IM) tende a aumentar o átrioesquerdo (AE), predispondo a disfunção atrial e arritmias. Embora as dimensões do AE tragam importante informação prognóstica, a função contrátil atrial não tem sido estudada consistentemente na IM. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a função atrial em pacientes com IM por cardiopatia reumática (CR) eprolapso valvar mitral (PVM). Métodos: Foram estudados 54 pacientes com IM importante, com área do orifício regorgitante efetivo (ERO) ≥ 0,40 cm2,sendo 23 com CR e 31 com PVM, em ritmo sinusal, com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) > 60%. Foram medidos diâmetros e massa do VE, volumes do VE e AE (máximo, mínimo e pré-A), fração de esvaziamento total (FEsv.TAE), passiva (FEsv.P AE) e ativa (FEsv.A AE) do AE, para avaliar função. Medidas de Doppler transmitral e tecidual foram obtidas. Resultados: Comparados ao PVM, pacientes com CR eram mais jovens (35 ± 11 versus 55 ± 13 anos; p < 0,05) e do sexo feminino (17 versus 7 mulheres; p < 0,05); o índice de massa do VE foi maior no grupo PVM. O volume atrial máximo foiigual para os grupos, com maior volume mínimo (56,9 ± 30 versus 41,6 ± 17 mL; p = 0,02) e consequentemente menor FEsv.A AE (0,41 ± 0,11 versus 0,47 ± 0,07; p = 0,03) e FEsv.A AE (0,20 ± 0,08 versus 0,27 ± 0,07; p < 0,001) para o grupo CR. Conclusão: Embora mais jovens, pacientes com IM de etiologia reumática apresentam maior comprometimento da função atrial comparados a pacientes com PVM, possivelmente refletindo o acometimento do miocárdio atrial peladoença...
Adaptation to chronic volume overload in patients with mitral insufficiency (MI) tends to increase left atrium (LA), leading to LA dysfunction and arrhythmias. Though LA dimension is a well-known cardiovascular risk predictor, LA contractile function has not been thoroughly assessed in patients with MI of distinct etiologies. Objective: We aimed to assess LA structure and function in patients with MI due to rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Methods: We assessed 54 patients with severe MI, defined by an effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) ≥ 0.40 cm2, 23 with RHD and 31 with MVP, all in sinus rhythm and with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction > 60%. We measured LV diameters and mass, and also volumes (Simpson) to assess function, including maximal, minimal and pre-atrial contraction volumes, and total (TLAEF), passive (PLAEF) and active (ALAEF) LAemptying fraction. Transmitral and tissue Doppler measurements were obtained. Results: Compared to MVP, patients with RHD were younger (35 ± 11 versus 55 ± 13 years) and mainly female (17 versus 7 female; p < 0.05);LV mass index was higher for MVP patients. Although LA maximal volume was similar for both groups, patients with RHD had higher minimal LA volumes (56.9 ± 30 versus 41.6 ± 17 ml; p = 0.02), resulting in lower TLAEF (0.41 ± 0.11versus 0.47 ± 0.07; p = 0.03) and ALAEF (0.20 ± 0.08versus 0.27 ± 0.07; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although younger, patients with MI due to RHD present with more severe LA dysfunction compared to MVP, possibly reflecting direct atrial impairment from rheumatic heart disease...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Rheumatic Heart Disease/diagnosis , Rheumatic Heart Disease/therapy , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Mitral Valve Prolapse/etiology , Chronic Disease/therapy , Echocardiography, Doppler, Color/methods , Echocardiography/methods , Heart Atria , Mitral Valve , Prospective Studies , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Stroke Volume/physiologyABSTRACT
Abstract The assessment of left atrial (LA) function is used in various cardiovascular diseases. LA plays a complementary role in cardiac performance by modulating left ventricular (LV) function. Transthoracic two-dimensional (2D) phasic volumes and Doppler echocardiography can measure LA function non‑invasively. However, evaluation of LA deformation derived from 2D speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a new feasible and promising approach for assessment of LA mechanics. These parameters are able to detect subclinical LA dysfunction in different pathological condition. Normal ranges for LA deformation and cut-off values to diagnose LA dysfunction with different diseases have been reported, but data are still conflicting, probably because of some methodological and technical issues. This review highlights the importance of an unique standardized technique to assess the LA phasic functions by STE, and discusses recent studies on the most important clinical applications of this technique.
Resumo A avaliação da função do átrio esquerdo (AE) é utilizada em várias doenças cardiovasculares. O AE tem um papel complementar no desempenho cardíaco através da modulação da função do ventrículo esquerdo (VE).A ecocardiografia com Doppler e a ecocardiografia transtorácica bidimensional (2D) de volumes de fase podem medir a função do AE de forma não-invasiva. No entanto, a avaliação da deformação do AE derivada da ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle tracking (EST) é uma abordagem nova, promissora e factível para avaliar a mecânica do AE. Estes parâmetros são capazes de detectar disfunção do AE subclínica em diferentes patologias. Há relatos da variação normal da deformação do AE e dos valores de corte para o diagnóstico de disfunção do AE em diferentes doenças, mas os dados ainda são conflitantes, provavelmente devido a alguns problemas técnicos e metodológicos. Esta revisão destaca a importância de uma técnica única padronizada para a avaliação das funções fásicas do AE por EST, e discute estudos recentes sobre as aplicações clínicas mais importantes desta técnica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Echocardiography/methods , Echocardiography/standards , Heart Atria/pathology , Heart Atria , Heart Diseases/physiopathology , Heart Diseases , Reference Values , Ventricular Function, Left/physiologyABSTRACT
Chagas disease is a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, and information about left atrial (LA) function in this disease still lacks. To assess the different LA functions (reservoir, conduit and pump functions) and their correlation with the echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions. 10 control subjects (CG), and patients with Chagas disease as follows: 26 with the indeterminate form (GI); 30 with ECG alterations (GII); and 19 with LV dysfunction (GIII). All patients underwent M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, pulsed-wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging. Reservoir function (Total Emptying Fraction: TEF): (p <0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.003), GI (p <0.001) and GII (p <0.001). Conduit function (Passive Emptying Fraction: PEF): (p = 0.004), lower in GIII (GIII and CG, p = 0.06; GI and GII, p = 0.06; and GII and GIII, p = 0.07). Pump function (Active Emptying Fraction: AEF): (p = 0.0001), lower in GIII as compared to CG (p = 0.05), GI (p<0.0001) and GII (p = 0.002). There was a negative correlation of E/e’ An impairment of LA functions in Chagas cardiomyopathy was observed.
A doença de Chagas é uma causa de miocardiopatia dilatada, sendo ainda pouco conhecida a função do átrio esquerdo (AE) nessa doença. Avaliar as diferenças nas funções do AE (reservatório, conduto e bomba) e sua correlação com os parâmetros ecocardiográficos das funções sistólica e diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). 10 controles (GC) e os seguintes pacientes com doença de Chagas: 26 com a forma indeterminada (GI); 30 com alterações eletrocardiográficas (GII); e 19 com disfunção de VE (GIII). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia bidimensional e em modo M, Doppler pulsado e Doppler tecidual. Função de reservatório (fração de esvaziamento total: FET) (p < 0,0001), mais baixa no GIII do que no GC (p = 0,003), GI (p < 0,001) e GII (p < 0,001). Função de conduto (fração de esvaziamento passivo: FEP) (p = 0,004), mais baixa no GIII (GIII e GC, p = 0.06; GI e GII, p = 0.06; e GII e GIII, p = 0,07). Função de bomba (fração de esvaziamento ativo: FEA) (p = 0,0001), mais baixa no GIII do que no CG (p = 0,05), GI (p<0,0001) e GII (p = 0,002). Observou-se uma correlação negativa entre E/e’média e as funções de reservatório e de bomba (FET e FEA), e uma correlação positiva entre as ondas e’média e s’ (paredes septal e lateral) e as funções de reservatório, conduto e bomba. Observou-se comprometimento das funções do AE na miocardiopatia chagásica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Chagas Cardiomyopathy/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology , Case-Control Studies , Chagas Cardiomyopathy , Echocardiography, Doppler , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Reference Values , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stroke Volume/physiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, LeftABSTRACT
Left atrial volume (LAV) is a predictor of prognosis in patients with heart failure. We aimed to evaluate the determinants of LAV in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Ninety patients with DCM and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction ≤ 0.50 were included. LAV was measured with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (eco3D). The variables evaluated were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, LV end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume and ejection fraction (eco3D), mitral inflow E wave, tissue Doppler e´ wave, E/e´ ratio, intraventricular dyssynchrony, 3D dyssynchrony index and mitral regurgitation vena contracta. Pearson´s coefficient was used to identify the correlation of the LAV with the assessed variables. A multiple linear regression model was developed that included LAV as the dependent variable and the variables correlated with it as the predictive variables. Mean age was 52 ± 11 years-old, LV ejection fraction: 31.5 ± 8.0% (16-50%) and LAV: 39.2±15.7 ml/m2. The variables that correlated with the LAV were LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.38; p < 0.01), LV end-systolic volume (r = 0.43; p < 0.001), LV ejection fraction (r = -0.36; p < 0.01), E wave (r = 0.50; p < 0.01), E/e´ ratio (r = 0.51; p < 0.01) and mitral regurgitation (r = 0.53; p < 0.01). A multivariate analysis identified the E/e´ ratio (p = 0.02) and mitral regurgitation (p = 0.02) as the only independent variables associated with LAV increase. The LAV is independently determined by LV filling pressures (E/e´ ratio) and mitral regurgitation in DCM.
O Volume do Átrio Esquerdo (VAE) é preditor prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os determinantes do VAE em pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Dilatada (CMD). Incluídos 90 pacientes com CMD e fração de ejeção do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE) ≤ 0,50. O VAE foi medido pela ecocardiografia tridimensional (eco3D). Foram avaliados frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica, volume diastólico e sistólico final do VE, fração de ejeção do VE, onda E mitral, onda e´ do anel mitral (Doppler tecidual), relação E/e´, dissincronia intraventricular, índice de dissincronia tridimensional e insuficiência mitral. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson analisou a correlação do VAE com as variáveis avaliadas e a regressão linear múltipla as variáveis independentes associadas ao VAE. A idade média foi 53 ± 11 anos, fração de ejeção do VE: 31,5 ± 8,0% e VAE: 39,2 ± 15,7 ml/m2. As variáveis que se correlacionaram com o VAE foram: volume diastólico final do VE (r = 0,38; p < 0,01), volume sistólico final do VE (r = 0,43; p < 0,001), fração de ejeção do VE (r = -0,36; p v 0,01), onda E (r = 0,50; p < 0,01), relação E/e´ (r = 0,51; p < 0,01) e insuficiência mitral (r = 0,53; p < 0,01). A análise multivariada identificou relação E/e´ (p = 0,02) e insuficiência mitral (p = 0,02) como os únicos preditores independentes do aumento do VAE. O VAE na CMD é determinado independentemente pelas pressões de enchimento do VE (relação E/e´) e insuficiência mitral.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Cardiac Volume/physiology , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/physiopathology , Cardiomyopathy, Dilated , Blood Pressure/physiology , Echocardiography, Doppler , Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional , Heart Atria/physiopathology , Heart Atria , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stroke Volume/physiology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, LeftABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The Maze procedure has shown excellent efficacy in the elimination of atrial fibrillation (AF); however, little is known about the quality of functional recovery in the left atrium (LA) following successful sinus rhythm conversion by the Maze procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 12 patients (aged 52.5+/-10.1 years, 1 female) with valvular AF undergoing mitral valve surgery combined with the Maze procedure. Parameters of LA function in three anatomic compartments [anterior, posterior, and LA appendage (LAA)] were evaluated using electrocardiography-gated dual-source cardiac CT at one month and at six months after surgery. Twelve subjects matched by age, gender, and body surface area served as controls. RESULTS: At one month after surgery, ejection fraction (EF) and emptying volume (EV) of the LA were 14.9+/-7.4% and 21.3+/-9.7 mL, respectively, and they were significantly lower than those of the control group (EF, 47.9+/-11.2%; EV, 46.0+/-10.7%; p<0001). These values did not significantly change throughout late periods (p=0.22 and 0.21, respectively). Functional contributions of the anterior, posterior, and appendage compartments (EV of each compartment/overall EV) were 80.4%, -0.9%, and 20.5%, respectively, for those with LAA preservation (n=6); 100.1%, -0.1%, and 0% for those with LAA resection (n=6; p<0.05); and 62.2%, 28.2%, and 9.7% in the control subjects (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Contractile functions of the LA significantly decreased after the Maze procedure. Functional contributions of three compartments of the LA were also altered. The influence of LAA preservation on postoperative LA functions needs to be evaluated through studies of larger populations.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Ablation Techniques , Atrial Appendage/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Electrocardiography/methods , Heart Atria , Prospective Studies , Recovery of Function , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Background: According to some international studies, patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and increased left atrial volume index (LAVI) have worse long-term prognosis. However, national Brazilian studies confirming this prediction are still lacking. Objective: To evaluate LAVI as a predictor of major cardiovascular events (MCE) in patients with ACS during a 365-day follow-up. Methods: Prospective cohort of 171 patients diagnosed with ACS whose LAVI was calculated within 48 hours after hospital admission. According to LAVI, two groups were categorized: normal LAVI (≤ 32 mL/m2) and increased LAVI (> 32 mL/m2). Both groups were compared regarding clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, in- and out-of-hospital outcomes, and occurrence of ECM in up to 365 days. Results: Increased LAVI was observed in 78 patients (45%), and was associated with older age, higher body mass index, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction and previous angioplasty, and lower creatinine clearance and ejection fraction. During hospitalization, acute pulmonary edema was more frequent in patients with increased LAVI (14.1% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.024). After discharge, the occurrence of combined outcome for MCE was higher (p = 0.001) in the group with increased LAVI (26%) as compared to the normal LAVI group (7%) [RR (95% CI) = 3.46 (1.54-7.73) vs. 0.80 (0.69-0.92)]. After Cox regression, increased LAVI increased the probability of MCE (HR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.28-7.40, p = 0.012). Conclusion: Increased LAVI is an important predictor of MCE in a one-year follow-up. .
Fundamento: Portadores de síndrome coronária aguda (SCA) com aumento do índice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE) apresentam pior prognóstico em longo prazo segundo alguns estudos internacionais. Todavia, há carência de estudos nacionais ratificando esta predição. Objetivo: Avaliar o IVAE como preditor de evento cardiovascular maior (ECM) em seguimento tardio de pacientes com SCA. Métodos: Coorte prospectiva de 171 pacientes com diagnóstico de SCA e com IVAE calculado dentro de 48 horas após evento índice. Portadores de IVAE normal (≤ 32 ml/m2) e de IVAE aumentado (> 32 ml/m2) foram comparados quanto às características clínicas e ecocardiográficas, evolução intra e extra-hospitalar e ocorrência, em até 365 dias, de ECM. Resultados: Um total de 78 pacientes (45%) apresentaram IVAE > 32 ml/m2. Ocorreu associação entre IVAE aumentado e maior idade, índice de massa corpórea, hipertensão arterial, história de infarto agudo do miocárdio e angioplastia prévia, assim como menor clearance de creatinina e fração de ejeção. Na evolução hospitalar, o edema agudo de pulmão foi mais frequente em pacientes com IVAE aumentado (14,1% vs. 4,3%, p = 0,024). Após a alta hospitalar, a ocorrência do desfecho composto para ECM foi significativamente superior (p = 0,001) no grupo com IVAE aumentado (26%) quando comparado ao grupo de IVAE normal (7%) [RR (IC 95%) = 3,46 (1,54-7,73) vs. 0,80 (0,69-0,92)]. Na regressão de Cox, IVAE aumentado elevou a probabilidade de ECM (HR = 3,08; IC 95% = 1,28-7,40; p = 0,012). Conclusão: O aumento do IVAE é importante preditor de ECM em um ano de seguimento. .
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acute Coronary Syndrome/physiopathology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Cardiac Volume/physiology , Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality , Acute Coronary Syndrome/therapy , Echocardiography , Follow-Up Studies , Heart Atria/physiopathology , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Registries , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A avaliação da função atrial esquerda pode proporcionar informações importantes relacionadas à fisiopatologia de muitas cardiopatias, principalmente quando o envolvimento é das cavidades esquerdas. Entretanto, ao contrário das funções sistólica e diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo, amplamente exploradas em muitas condições clínicas, a função do átrio esquerdo é, ainda, pouco estudada.Conceitos básicos das funções de reservatório, de conduto e de bomba do átrio esquerdo são discutidos, destacando as relações com enchimento ventricular. Métodos de investigação dessas funções são apresentados de forma resumida.
La evaluación de la función atrial izquierda puede proporcionar informaciones importantes relacionadas a la fisiopatología de muchas cardiopatías, principalmente cuando el envolvimiento es de las cavidades izquierdas. Mientras tanto, al contrario de las funciones sistólica y diastólica del ventrículo izquierdo, ampliamente exploradas en muchas condiciones clínicas, la función del atrio izquierdo es, aun, poco estudiada.Conceptos básicos de las funciones de depósito, de conducto y de bomba del atrio izquierdo son discutidos, destacando las relaciones con llenado ventricular. Métodos de investigación de esas funciones son presentados de forma resumida...
The evaluation of left atrial function may provide important information regarding the pathophysiology of many heart diseases, especially when the left chambers are involved. However, as opposed to the left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, widely exploited in many clinical conditions, the left atrial function is still poorly studied. Basic concepts of the functions of left atrial reservoir, conduit and booster pump are discussed, highlighting the connections with ventricular filling. The methods of investigation of these functions are presented in summary form...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Echocardiography/methods , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Ventricular Function, Left/physiology , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Pulmonary Veins/physiologyABSTRACT
Fundamento: A hipertensão arterial é o fator de risco mais prevalente e modificável para a fibrilação atrial. A sobrecarga de pressão no átrio esquerdo induz alterações fisiopatológicas que ocasionam alterações na função contrátil e nas propriedades elétricas. Objetivo: Nesse estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar a função do átrio esquerdo em pacientes hipertensos para determinar a associação entre a função atrial esquerda e a fibrilação atrial paroxística (FAP). Método: Foram estudados 57 pacientes hipertensos (idade: 53 ± 4 anos, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo: 76 ± 6,7%), incluindo 30 pacientes consecutivos com FAP e 30 indivíduos de controle pareados por idade. Os volumes do átrio esquerdo (AE) foram medidos através do método biplano de Simpson modificado. Foram determinados três tipos de volume do AE: volume máximo do AE (AEVmax), contração atrial prematura do AE (AEVpreA) e volume mínimo do AE (AEVmin). Foram calculadas as funções de esvaziamento do AE. Volume total de esvaziamento do AE = AEVmax - AEVmin e a FEtotal do AE = (AEVmax - AEVmin)/AEVmax, volume de esvaziamento passivo do AE = AEVmax-AEVpreA, e a FE do AE = (AEVmax - AEVpreA)/AEVmax, o volume de esvaziamento ativo do AE = AEVpreA- AEVmin e a FE ativa do AE = (AEVpreA - AEVmin)/AEVpreA. Resultados: O período hipertenso é maior no grupo de hipertensos com FAP. O AEVmax aumentou significativamente no grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado ao grupo de hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,010). A FEAE diminuiu significativamente no grupo de hipertensos com FAP em comparação com o grupo de hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,020). A' diminuiu no grupo de hipertensos com FAP quando comparado com hipertensos sem FAP (p = 0,044). ...
Background: Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for atrial fibrillation. The pressure overload in the left atrium induces pathophysiological changes leading to alterations in contractile function and electrical properties. Objective: In this study our aim was to assess left atrial function in hypertensive patients to determine the association between left atrial function with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). Method: We studied 57 hypertensive patients (age: 53±4 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 76±6.7%), including 30 consecutive patients with PAF and 30 age-matched control subjects. Left atrial (LA) volumes were measured using the modified Simpson's biplane method. Three types of LA volume were determined: maximal LA(LAVmax), preatrial contraction LA(LAVpreA) and minimal LA volume(LAVmin). LA emptying functions were calculated. LA total emptying volume = LAVmax−LAVmin and the LA total EF = (LAVmax-LAVmin )/LAVmax, LA passive emptying volume = LAVmax− LAVpreA and the LA passive EF = (LAVmax-LAVpreA)/LAVmax, LA active emptying volume = LAVpreA−LAVmin and LA active EF = (LAVpreA-LAVmin )/LAVpreA. Results: The hypertensive period is longer in hypertensive group with PAF. LAVmax significantly increased in hypertensive group with PAF when compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.010). LAAEF was significantly decreased in hypertensive group with PAF as compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.020). A' was decreased in the hypertensive group with PAF when compared to those without PAF (p = 0.044). Conclusion: Increased LA volume and impaired LA active emptying function was associated with PAF in untreated hypertensive patients. Longer hypertensive period is associated with PAF. .
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Atrial Fibrillation/etiology , Atrial Fibrillation , Hypertension/complications , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stroke Volume/physiology , Time Factors , Ventricular Function, Left/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Children with ventricular septal defects (VSD) can have chronic volume overload, which can result in changes of left heart echocardiographic parameters. To evaluate the changes before and after surgical closure, the children were divided into three groups according to the degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), and their echocardiographic characteristics were reviewed at serial follow-up after surgical closure. METHODS: The preoperative, and one-, three-, and 12-month postoperative echocardiographic data of 40 children who underwent surgical closure of VSD were retrospectively reviewed. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD), mitral valvular characteristics, including degree of MR and mitral valve annulus, and left atrial (LA) characteristics, including volume and dimensions, were observed. RESULTS: Preoperative LVEDV, LVEDD, LVESD, mitral valvular annulus, LA volume, and LA dimensions were significantly larger in children with MR. Additionally, there were significant decreases in LVEDV, LVEDD, LA volume, and LA dimensions at one, three, and 12 months postoperatively. The degree of MR also improved to a lower grade after surgical closure of the VSD without additional mitral valve repair. CONCLUSION: The echocardiographic parameters of left heart dilation and MR in children with VSD improved within the first year after surgical closure without additional mitral valve repair. Furthermore, in all of the patients with VSD, regardless of MR, LA dilation was reduced within three months after surgical closure of the VSD; however, LV and mitral valve annular dilatation decreased within 12 months. .
OBJETIVO: Crianças com defeito do septo ventricular (DSV) podem apresentar sobrecarga devolume crônica, que pode resultar em mudanças nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos do curacao esquerdo. Para avaliar as mudanças antes e depois do fechamento cirúrgico, as crianças foram divididas em 3 grupos segundo o grau de regurgitação mitral (RM) e suas características eco-cardiográficas foram analisadas com acompanhamento em série após o fechamento cirúrgico. MÉTODO: Revisamos retrospectivamente os dados ecocardiográficos de 40 crianças submetidas afechamento cirúrgico de DSV antes da cirurgia e nos meses 1, 3 e 12 após a cirurgia. Observamos o volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (VDFVE), dimensão diastólica final do ventrículo esquerdo (DDFVE) e dimensão sistólica final do ventrículo esquerdo (DSFVE), características da válvula mitral, incluindo grau de RM e o anel da válvula mitral, e características do átrio esquerdo (AE), incluindo volume e dimensões. RESULTADOS: Os resultados para VDFVE, DDFVE, DSFVE, anel da válvula mitral, volume do AE e dimensões do AE foram significativamente maiores em crianças com RM. Além disso, não houveredução significativa no VDFVE, DDFVE, volume do AE e nas dimensões do AE nos meses 1, 3e 12 após a cirurgia. O grau de RM também apresentou melhoria para um grau menor após o fechamento cirúrgico do DSV sem reparo adicional da válvula mitral. CONCLUSÃO: Os parâmetros ecocardiográficos de dilatação do coração esquerdo e a RM em crianças com DSV haviam apresentado melhora no primeiro ano após o fechamento cirúrgicos em reparo adicional da válvula mitral. Além disso, em todos os pacientes com DSV, independentemente ...
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular/surgery , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/physiopathology , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/surgery , Atrial Function, Left/physiology , Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery , Mitral Valve Insufficiency , Retrospective Studies , Remission Induction/methods , Time Factors , Ventricular Dysfunction, Left , Ventricular Function, Left/physiologyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) on left atrial (LA) volume and function in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) has not been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term impact of RFCA on LA volume and function in patients with PAF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 patients with drug-refractory PAF who had sinus rhythm on the initial echocardiogram were examined at baseline, 3 months and 1 year after ablation. We measured LA volume index, LA ejection fraction (LAEF; maximal-minimal LA volume/maximal LA volume), and LA active emptying fraction (LAAEF; mid-diastolic-minimal LA volume/mid-diastolic LA volume). RESULTS: After 12+/-1 months, 78 patients returned, and 61 patients (78%) had sinus rhythm. After 3 months, the LA maximal volume indices decreased (from 33+/-13 to 28+/-12 mL/m2; p<0.001). But, LAEF and LAAEF also decreased (from 48+/-13 to 39+/-12; p<0.001, from 27+/-13 to 19+/-11; p<0.001). After 1 year, LA volumes, LAEF, and LAAEF remained similar at 3 months. In patients without atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence, LAEF and LAAEF decreased after 3 months (from 50+/-12 to 40+/-11; p<0.001, from 29+/-13 to 22+/-11; p<0.001) and did not change after 1 year. However, in patients with AF recurrence, those who did not have decreased levels after 3 months had significantly decreased after 1 year (from 43+/-14 to 34+/-11; p=0.026, from 22+/-12 to 15+/-10; p=0.012). CONCLUSION: Successful RFCA of PAF decreased LA volume and function at 3 months. At one year, LA volume and function was remained unchanged in successfully ablated patients whereas LA function in patients with AF recurrence worsened.