Hallazgos neuropsicológicos de una muestra de niños con epilepsias focales de etiología genética y desconocida / Neuropsychological Discoveries in a Sample of Children with Focal Epilepsies of Genetic and Unkown Etiologies / Descobertas neuropsicológicas de uma amostra de crianças com epilepsias focais de etiologia genética e desconhecida

Resumen Objetivo. Caracterizar el perfil cognitivo de un grupo de niños con epilepsias focales de etiología genética y desconocida y control de crisis epilépticas. Método. Se realizó una evaluación neuropsicológica con subpruebas de la batería Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI), a 35 niños entre los 7 y los 15 años de edad, con diagnóstico de epilepsias focales de etiología genética o desconocida, tratamiento farmacológico y coeficiente intelectual ≥ 80. Resultados. El grupo de pacientes evidenció déficit significativo en atención auditiva, al comparar su desempeño con los datos normativos de la ENI para población colombiana. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el desempeño de pacientes con o sin crisis epilépticas durante el último año, etiología genética o desconocida, foco epiléptico en región cerebral frontal o centro-temporal, con o sin diagnóstico previo de trastorno por déficit con o sin hiperactividad (TDAH/TDA). Conclusión. La dificultad atencional observada puede requerir mayor manejo terapéutico, al plantearles una mayor susceptibilidad para desatender a los contenidos de clase que requieren una focalización rápida y efectiva, implicando también tareas de conteo numérico auditivo (como dictados y operaciones matemáticas sencillas), que dependen del adecuado funcionamiento de la atención auditiva.

Abstract Objective. Characterize the cognitive profile of a group of children with focal epilepsies of genetic and unknown etiologies and control of epileptic seizures. Method. This study carried out a neuropsychological assessment using tests from the Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (Neurspsychological Infantile Assessment) (ENI) battery to 35 children between 7 and 15 years old, diagnosed with focal epilepsies of genetic or unknown etiology, pharmacological treatment, and intelligence quotient ≥ 80. Results. Comparing their performance to normative ENI values for the Colombian population and using the percentiles assessment parameters of the test, the group of patients showed a significant deficit in auditory selective attention. No relevant differences were found in the performance of patients with or without seizures during the last year, genetic or unknown etiology, epileptic activity on frontal or centro-temporal brain regions, and the presence or absence of a previous diagnosis of Attention Deficit with or without Hyperactivity (ADHD/ADD). Conclusion. It is possible that this deficit requires more therapeutic management and has negative effects over scholar performance for the assessed children, who demonstrate a greater susceptibility to neglect class contents that require fast and effective attentional focalization, including auditory numeric counting tasks (like dictation and simple mathematic operations).

Resumo Escopo. Caracterizar o perfil cognitivo de um grupo de crianças com epilepsias focais de etiologia genética e desconhecida e controle de crises epilépticas. Metodologia. Foi feita uma avaliação neuropsicológica com sub provas da bateria Avaliação Neuropsicológica Infantil (ANI), a 35 crianças entre os 7 e os 15 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de epilepsias focais de etiologia genética ou desconhecida, tratamento farmacológico e coeficiente intelectual ≥ 80. Resultados. O grupo de pacientes evidenciou déficit significativo em atenção auditiva, ao comparar seu desempenho com os dados normativos da ANI para população colombiana. Não foram achadas diferencias significativas no desempenho de pacientes com ou sem crises epilépticas durante o último ano, etiologia genética ou desconhecida, foco epiléptico em região cerebral frontal ou centro-temporal, com ou sem diagnóstico prévio de Transtorno por Déficit com ou sem Hiperatividade (TDAH/TDA). Conclusão. A dificuldade de atenção observada pode requerer maior gestão terapêutica, ao abordar uma maior susceptibilidade para desatender aos conteúdos de classe que requerem uma focalização rápida e efetiva, implicando também tarefas de contar números de forma auditiva (como ditados e operações matemáticas simples), que dependem do adequado funcionamento da atenção auditiva.

No evidence of attentional bias toward angry faces in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Objective: Although attentional bias (AB) toward angry faces is well established in patients with anxiety disorders, it is still poorly studied in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We investigated whether OCD patients present AB toward angry faces, whether AB is related to symptom severity and whether AB scores are associated with specific OCD symptom dimensions. Method: Forty-eight OCD patients were assessed in clinical evaluations, intelligence testing and a dot-probe AB paradigm that used neutral and angry faces as stimuli. Analyses were performed with a one-sample t-test, Pearson correlations and linear regression. Results: No evidence of AB was observed in OCD patients, nor was there any association between AB and symptom severity or dimension. Psychiatric comorbidity did not affect our results. Conclusion: In accordance with previous studies, we were unable to detect AB in OCD patients. To investigate whether OCD patients have different brain activation patterns from anxiety disorder patients, future studies using a transdiagnostic approach should evaluate AB in OCD and anxiety disorder patients as they perform AB tasks under functional neuroimaging protocols.

Attentional bias processing mechanism of emotional faces: anger and happiness superiority effects / 生理学报

Emotional information is critical for our social life, in which attentional bias is now a focus in the study on attention. However, the attentional bias processing mechanism of emotional faces still arouses huge controversy. Using similar experimental paradigms and stimuli, the published studies have yielded contradictory results. Some studies suggest that angry faces could automatically stimulate attention, that is, there is an anger superiority effect. On the contrary, lines of growing evidence support the existence of a happiness superiority effect, suggesting that the superiority effect is shown in happy faces rather than angry faces. In the present paper, the behavioral and neuroscience studies of anger and happiness superiority effects are combined. It is found that there are three major reasons for the debate over the two types of effects, which include the choice of stimulus materials, the difference of paradigm setting, and the different stages of emotional processing. By comparatively integrating the previous published results, we highlight that the future studies should further control the experimental materials and procedures, and investigate the processing mechanism of anger and happiness superiority effects by combining cognitive neurobiology means to resolve the disputes.

Overcoming obstacles to creativity in science / Superando obstáculos à criatividade na ciência

Creativity is a crucial issue in science. Scientific research should not be restricted to the logical development and application of known ideas, but should promote new ideas to expand knowledge beyond the existing frontiers. Stimulating scientific creativity means not only giving a boost to creative thinking, but also taking into account the factors that put a brake on creativity. This article is devoted to factors that keep scientific creativity in check and how we could address them. We analyze several obstacles lying inside and outside the researcher's mind. The most important obstacles inside the researcher's mind are epistemological obstacles and cognitive bias (confirmation bias). While the most important obstacle outside are the social norms, i.e. the pressure for the scientific community and, sometimes, the whole society, to conform to the dominant scientific model. We conclude with some proposals to overcome these obstacles.

A criatividade é uma questão crucial na ciência. Sua pesquisa científica não deve se restringir ao desenvolvimento e aplicação lógica de ideias já conhecidas, mas deve promover novas ideias para expandir o conhecimento além das fronteiras existentes. Estimular a criatividade científica significa não apenas estimular o pensamento criativo, mas também levar em conta os fatores que dificultam a criatividade. Este artigo é dedicado aos fatores que mantêm a criatividade científica sob controle e como podemos resolvê-los. Analisamos diversos obstáculos dentro e fora da mente do pesquisador. Os obstáculos mais importantes dentro da mente do pesquisador são os obstáculos epistemológicos e o viés cognitivo (viés de confirmação). Enquanto o obstáculo externo mais importante é composto pelas normas sociais, ou seja, a pressão por parte da comunidade científica e, por vezes, por parte de toda a sociedade, para se adequar ao modelo científico dominante. Concluímos com algumas propostas sobre como superar esses obstáculos.

Tiene género la creatividad? Obstáculos a la excelencia en mujeres / Does creativity have a gender? Obstacles to excellence in women

Es un reto social para la cultura de comienzo del milenio conseguir cuanto antes la presencia, en condiciones de igualdad,de mujeres en actividades de producción creativa. Sin embargo, hasta ahora han sido pocos los trabajos que han abordado la cuestión de la reducida presencia de mujeres en actividades relacionadas con la llamada "big-creativity". En el artículo se analizan los condicionantes sociales que dificultan a las mujeres alcanzar el nivel de excelencia en el desarrollo de sus carreras creativas. Desde el constructo "locus de la creatividad" de Csikszentmihalyi, se argumenta sobre las razones de la dificultad de las mujeres para estar en ese "locus" por la dificultad de acceder a los campos o disciplinas y por la ausencia de reconocimiento de sus aportaciones por parte de los ámbitos, es decir, los responsables de admitir en los campos los nuevas aportaciones, al estar ausentes generalmente las mujeres de los mismos. Se analizan también las formas que toma la discriminación como "el techo de cristal o el efecto tijera". Finalmente se argumenta sobre las dificultades de alcanzar la excelencia debido también a la incorporación que las propias mujeres hacen de los prejuicios que las limitan desde la infancia donde comienza la socialización diferencial entre niños y niñas.

It is a social challenge for the culture of the beginning of the millennium to get as soon as possible the presence, under conditions of equality, of women in activities of creative production. However, until now there have been few works that have addressed the issue of the reduced presence of women in activities related to the so-called "big-creativity". The article analyzes the social constraints that make it difficult for women to reach the level of excellence in the development of their creative careers. From the construct "locus of creativity" of Csikszentmihalyi, it is argued about the reasons for the difficulty of women to be in that "locus" due to the difficulty of accessing domains or disciplines and the lack of recognition of their contributions by the fields, that is, those people responsible for admitting the new contributions in the domain, since women are usually absent from them. The forms taken by discrimination such as the "glass roof" or the "scissors effect" are also analyzed. Finally, it is argued about the difficulties of achieving excellence due also to the incorporation that women themselves make of the prejudices that limit them from childhood, where the differential socialization between boys and girls begins.

Atención Selectiva y sostenida de trabajadores en dos jornadas del día / Selective and sustained attention of workers of two different shifts in the day

Resumen Aun cuando se ha reconocido la importancia del proceso psicológico de la atención por contribuir a la capacidad productiva y la consecución de resultados eficientes y eficaces durante el desarrollo de diversas tareas cotidianas, no ha sido suficientemente estudiado en trabajadores de empresas u organizaciones. Esta investigación buscó identificar cómo es la atención selectiva y sostenida de los trabajadores en dos jornadas diferentes del día (mañana y tarde); adicionalmente, se exploró si variables como la edad, escolaridad y género afectan el desempeño. Se aplicó el programa computarizado Vienna Test System subprueba cognitron forma S1 a 184 trabajadores de una universidad. Los datos fueron analizados mediante un modelo de regresión y prueba t para muestras independientes. Los hallazgos mostraron que la atención selectiva es mayor en horas de la mañana, mientras que la atención sostenida se mantiene a lo largo del día. En cuanto a las otras variables analizadas, se evidenció que la edad fue la única predictora del rendimiento, por cuanto a menor edad mejores desempeños. Estos resultados aportan para la planeación de actividades en el ámbito laboral y complementa los estudios en el área de los procesos psicológicos básicos.

Abstract Although the importance of the psychological process of attention and how it to contributes productive capacity and achieving efficient and effective results during the development of daily tasks has been recognized, it has not been sufficiently studied in workers of companies or organizations. This research sought to identify what selective and sustained attention is like in the workers to two different shifts in the day (morning and afternoon); Additional variables such as age, schooling and gender were investigated to see if they affected performance. We applied the computer program Vienna Test System sub-test cognition form S1 to 184 university workers. Data was analyzed using a regression model and t-test for independent samples. The findings showed that selective attention is greater in the morning, while sustained attention is maintained throughout the day. As for the other variables analyzed, it was evidenced that age was the only predictor of performance, as workers of a younger age performed better. These results contribute to the planning of activities in the workplace and complements the studies in the area of the basic psychological processes.