Effect of chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, and ozone on microorganisms in dental aerosols: Randomized double-blind clinical trial.

Objective: Dental handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, air polishers, air abrasion units produce the most visible aerosols. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX), povidone iodine (PI), and ozone (OZ) on the microorganisms in dental aerosols. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients were included in this study, they were randomly assigned into three groups and were subjected to scaling before and after rinsing with 0.2% CHX, 1% PI or irrigation with OZ. Blood agar plates were used to collect the gravitometric settling of aerosols and were sent for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Results: The results demonstrated high percentage reduction of aerobic and anaerobic colony forming units (CFUs) in all three groups. In aerobic CFUs, CHX showed the highest reduction (57%) at mask position whereas at chest position and at 9 ft, PI showed higher CFU reductions (37% and 47%, respectively). In anaerobic CFUs, CHX showed the highest percentage of reduction at chest level (43%) and at 9 ft (44%). Conclusion: CHX, PI and OZ showed similar effects in reducing aerobic and anaerobic CFU's at the chest mask and at 9 ft. OZ can be used as a preprocedural agent, considering its beneficial effects.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of aerobic microbial isolates in a clinical laboratory in Karachi - Pakistan

Resistance to multiple antimicrobials is the major cause of debility and death due to infectious diseases around the world. Our objective was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of aerobic microbial isolates in a clinical laboratory. All culture specimens of tissue, pus, urine, bone, blood, fluid, stool, sputum, and high vaginal swab received in the Microbiology Department of Clinical and Research Laboratory, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology from May 2010 to January 2011 were included in the present study. Bacterial isolates were identified and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined. Out of 312 cultured specimens, 272 [87.17%] were found infected with 437 microbial organisms [412 bacteria and 25 Candida isolates]. A total of 90 [20.59%] multi-drug resistant [MDR] isolates were found. MDR Escherichia coli was isolated in 40 [34.19%] out of 117 culture specimens which showed the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 17 [22.08%], Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 13 [11.50%], Klebsiella pneumoniae in 7 [22.58%], Proteus species in 6 [31.58%], Acinetobacter species in 3 [33.33%], Enterobacter species in 2 [28.57%], Coliform [Escherichia coli] in 1 [16.67%] and Enterococcus species were isolated in 1 [50%] culture specimen. High prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria was found in the present study. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance has become a major challenge in infectious disease medicine. Antimicrobial resistance may be due to misuse of antimicrobials by physicians and self medication in Pakistan. Further large scale studies are needed to validate our findings

Antimicrobial resistance of aerobes and facultative anaerobes isolated from the oral cavity

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the resistance to antimicrobials of aerobes and facultative anaerobes isolated from patients wearing complete dentures, patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, and periodontally health subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three hundred and four isolates were tested. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the drugs were evaluated through the agar dilution method using Mueller-Hinton agar. RESULTS: The most active antimicrobial drugs were the carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem), and resistance to these drugs was restrict to 1.6-2.3 percent of the isolates, as well as ciprofloxacin and rifampin. Microbial resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, cephalothin, amikacin, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid was particularly high. In most cases, the resistance to β-lactams was mediated by the production of hydrolytic enzymes, especially in gram-negative enteric rods, while enterococci did not evidence production of these enzymes. The association amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was not effective in 28.3 percent of the tested isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation confirmed that the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis and gingivitis, and particularly edentulous patients wearing complete dentures could harbor microorganisms with several antimicrobial resistance markers, and these microorganisms are frequently implicated in multiresistant, systemic, oral or nosocomial infections.

Antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils of Ocimum Bacilicum L. and Ocimum Gratissimum l. [lamiaceae] against some aerobic dental isolates

Essential or volatile oils of plants have been variously reported to have many medicinal applications. Their probable uses against oral microbes have received little attention. Oral swabs obtained from eighteen dental patients at the University of Benin teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, led to the isolation of twenty nine bacteria. Using standard methods, the microorganisms were identified as Streptococcus viridians [16, representing 55.17%], Staphylococcus albus [9, 31.04%], Klebisiella pneumonia [2, 6.90%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [1, 3.45%] and Proteus vulgaris [1, 3.45%]. The antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils of Ocimum basilicum L. and O. gratissimum L. were evaluated on the twenty nine organisms using agar diffusion and agar dilution methods. In the susceptibility tests, the volatile oils of O. basilicum and O. gratissimum independently inhibited the growth of Klebisiella pneumonia at a concentration of 0.51% in the agar, Streptococcus viridians and Staphylococcus albus at 1.10% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10.0%. Proteus vulgaris was inhibited at 0.53% by the volatile oil of O. gratissimum and 0.67% by O. basilicum. Separate incorporation of the volatile oils into tooth pastes [2 and 5%], the volatiles oils showed antibacterial activities comparable to a commercial tooth paste [which contains O. basilicum 0.01% among others] against most resistant organisms. As components of mouth washes, the volatile oils completely inhibited the growth of organisms at a concentration of 0.5%

Microbiology of diabetic foot infection and antimicrobial choice in Libyan patients

The paucity of information regarding antimicrobial sensitivity of microorganisms in diabetic foot infections in Libyan patients prompted undertaking the present study in 100 diabetic persons. Out of the total 100 samples, 212 bacteria were grown on different media for aerobic and anaerobic microbes. The poly-microbial cultures were significantly [63%] more common than mono-microbial [35%] with no growth in two samples. Out of all 212 bacteria grown, 148 aerobics were more than anaerobics [64] [p<0.05]. The anti-microbial sensitivity testing reveals that staphylococci were sensitive to Augmentin [38%] and Gentamycin [40%]; all of the Gram-negative bacilli were highly sensitive to Gentamycin with the exception of Kleibseilla. Proteus showed moderate sensitivity to Augmentin while this drug was highly effective [83%] against F. coli; Erythromycin [59%] was second to Gentamycin [76%] against Pseudomonas. Kleibseilla showed high sensitivity [67%] to tetracycline and Sulfamethoxazole. Enterobacter was highly sensitive [70%] to both Clindamycin and Trimethoprim. Citrobacter was the only sensitive bacterium [70%] to Gentamycin. Serratia showed some sensitivity [25%] to Gentamycin and Amoxicillin. In case of anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium perfringens were sensitive to Metronidazole [63%] and Cloxacitlin [30%]; Bacteriodes showed moderate [50%] to Metronidazole and lower [30%] sensitivity to Cloxacillin. Pepto-streptococcus was resistant to all antimicrobials except Augmentin, Tetracycline and Metronidazole with 100% sensitivity to all

Pattern of bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility isolated from inanimate objects and hospital personnel.

Different inanimate samples collected from surgery wards and general operation theatre (GOT) as well as animate samples from surgery personnel were subjected to aerobic culture with the aim of identifying source of infections in surgical cases. The pattern of aerobic bacteria with antibiotic susceptibility isolated from those samples were reported in the present study. Out of 91 such samples, 53 and 26 were from different locations in general wards and OT respectively and 12 were comprising of hand swabs, throat swabs and nasal swabs from surgery personnel. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 34 samples having Pseudomonas spp. (18/34) in the top of the list followed by Esch. coli (14). Among the Esch.coli isolates resistance to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and doxycycline were 78.7%, 71.4% and 57.1% respectively, whereas sensitivity to aztreonam, ceftazidime, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were 100%, 85.8%, 78.7% and 71.4% respectively. Ceftriaxone yielded intermediate sensitive results in 21.4% strains. Isolates of Pseudomonas spp. also showed very high sensitive results to aztreonam, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone (94.7%, 94.7% and 84.2% respectively). Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were sensitive in 68.4% and 57.9% respectively. Susceptibility pattern showed well correlation with clinical response in infected cases.

Pattern of aerobic bacteria with their drug susceptibility of surgical inpatients.

The pattern of aerobic bacteria with their antibiotic susceptibility isolated from infected patients in one of the surgical units at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during the period from September to November' 2000 were reported in the present study. Out of 74 clinical samples, 52 were wound swabs, 18 were pus and 4 were urine. Bacterial growth was yielded in 43 samples and the distribution of isolates was as follows: Pseudomonas spp 16, Esch.coli 13, Staphylococcus aureus 08, Klebsiella spp. 03 and others 03. Majority (61.5 %) of culture positive results were found in wound swabs. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern showed considerable variation within Gram negative bacterial isolates. All the Esch.coli and Klebsiella isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. Ceftriaxone (65.6% and 100% respectively) and ciprofloxacin (71.4% and 100%) still appeared to be highly sensitive for both species. Over 93% strains of Pseudomonas were sensitive to Ceftazidime and aztreonam. Whereas, over 43% of same strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Over 87% strains of Staph.aureus were resistant to penicillin but sensitive to erythromycin. Whereas, 100% of those strains were sensitive to cloxacillin. Over 50% of all isolates were sensitive to gentamicin but resistant to cefalexin and cotrimoxazole. It was suggested to be careful regarding selection of antibiotic regime in surgical cases to minimize incoming higher magnitude of drug resistance among bacteria in near future.

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates in gingivitis and periodontitis.

The present study was conducted to isolate aerobic as well as anaerobic microbes from patients of gingivitis and adult periodontitis and to study the susceptibility patterns of these isolates to different antibiotics. In our study all the samples belonging to the control as well as the study groups yielded microbes. Aerobes and facultative anaerobes were isolated from 100 percent and 96 percent cases of normal gingiva and orodental infections respectively. Anaerobes were isolated from 80 percent of the normal gingival samples and 97 percent of the cases of orodental infections. Metronidazole was found to be the best for the anaerobes while the aerobes and facultative anaerobes showed good susceptibility to cefazolin and cefotaxime.

Contamination of toothbrush at different time intervals and effectiveness of various disinfecting solutions in reducing the contamination of toothbrush.

The common devices used for oral hygiene measures are toothbrush, dentifrice and oral rinses. Present study was carried out to know the level of contamination of toothbrush after brushing and at the same time, to know the efficacy of various disinfecting solution in reducing their contamination. Thirty two children in the age group of 12-14, residing in Government Hostel were selected. They were divided into four groups of 8 each, and were supplied with toothbrushes. Toothbrushes were cultured to assess the contamination at different time intervals. Control group had shown the highest percentage of contamination. It was concluded that cleaning of the oral cavity is not the only procedure in maintaining the oral hygiene, the oral hygiene devices should also be kept clean.

Study of fungal and bacterial infections of the diabetic foot.

Microbiological study for aerobic organisms, anaerobic organisms and fungi from 105 cases of diabetic foot ulcers was carried out to determine the aetiological agents and their antibiograms. Out of 265 microbial isolates obtained, 160 were aerobes, 50 anaerobes and 55 fungal strains. Polymicrobial infection was observed in 73 (69.5%) cases. The most frequently isolated aerobic microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the anaerobes Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bacteroides fragilis were most common. Candida species were preponderant among the fungal isolates. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolates is discussed in detail.

Antibiogram of aerobic pyogenic isolates from wounds and abscesses of patients at Rawalpindi

During the years 1996-1998 pus specimens from wounds and abscesses of patients were cultured on to MacConkey and blood agar plates in microbiology section, pathology laboratory of Rawalpindi Medical College. Organisms were isolated from 220 samples. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Pathogen [49%] followed by E.coli [25.9%] Klebsiella [9.5%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [8.6%], Proteus sp [4%] and acinetobactor sp [2.7%]. Quinolones, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins were found to be the most effective antimicrobial in vitro while amoxicillin, minocycline and trimethoprim-Sulphamethaxazole were least effective

Qué antibióticos prescribimos los dentistas? / Which antibiotics do dentists prescribe?

Las infecciones odontogénicas son comunes en la práctica del cirujano dentista, el tratamiento consiste en el establecimiento de un drenaje y en la eliminación de la fuente de infección que en ocasiones puede ser acompañado por la prescripción de antibióticos. Para conocer qué antibióticos prescriben los cirujanos dentistas, se circuló un cuestionario entre 303 dentistas de tres ciudades de la república mexicana. El antibiótico más prescripto fue la ampicilina (23 por ciento), seguido de la eritromicina (11 por ciento) y la penicilina V con un 10 por ciento. La duración del tratamiento también fue variable, siendo el esquema de 7 días (50.87 por ciento) el más frecuente, seguido de menos de 7 días (35.19 por ciento) y de más de 7 días, 13,93 por ciento. Actualmente sabemos que las infecciones odontogénicas son polimicrobianas, con un 65 por ciento de microorganismos anaerobios y que la ampicilina tiene poca actividad contra anaerobios. Los resultaods de la encuesta sugieren, de manera indirecta, que en la mayor parte de los dentistas entrevistados no existe el conocimiento adecuado del tipo de microorganismo invlucrado en las infecciones odontogénicas y de la sensibilidad y resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos necesarios para poder prescribir antimicrobianos

Estudio microbiológico de infecciones bucomaxilofaciales pediátricas / Microbiology study of pediatric oral and maxillofacial infections

Muy pocos trabajos de investigación han sido destinados al estudio de las infecciones buco máxilo faciales en relación con pacientes infantiles, e incluso, es muy común que se apliquen las conclusiones obtenidas de estudios realizados en adultos a niños, existiendo importantes diferencias imposibles de ignorar. Además, según un análisis estadístico del Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, estos cuadros se presentan con alta frecuencia. En el presente estudio se realizó un análisis prospectivo, en una muestra de 64 pacientes odontopediátricos, entre 0 y 14 años de edad, los cuales acudienron al Servicio Dental de Urgencia del Hospital de Niños Roberto del Río, por cuadros infecciosos de la región buco máxilo facial. Debido a esto, se realizaron cultivos microbiológicos, aerobios y anaerobios, con el fin de obtener la microflora comprometida en los procesos infecciosos de los niños. Resultando ser de carácter polimicrobiano mixto, con predominio de formas cocáceas grampositivas. Por otro lado, se concluyó que las penicilinas continúan siendo los antimicrobianos de primera elección en el tratamiento de las infecciones buco máxilo faciales, incluyendo las infantiles

Polymicrobial etiology of dental caries.

The present study was carried out to establish the normal bacterial oral flora and the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora from deep seated dental caries, and to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity of the clinical isolates so obtained Streptococcus mutans (48%) and Streptococcus sanguis (20%) were the main aerobic isolates whereas Lactobacillus spp. (52%), Veillonella spp. (24%) and Actinomyces spp. (12%) were the major anaerobic isolates. Hundred percent of the samples from dental caries yielded polymicrobial isolates while in two samples from healthy individuals S. mutans was the sole isolate. As the flora changed from healthy tooth to dental caries it changed from one predominated by anaerobic gram-positive cocci to anaerobic gram-positive bacilli. All the anaerobes isolated were sensitive to metronidazole and cefotaxime, whereas all the isolated streptococci were sensitive to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Incorporation of the antibiotics in baseline restoration, if technically feasible, has been advocated.

El efecto de los bloqueadores H2 en la flora bacteriana gástrica / Effect of H2 hisamine antagonists on gastric bacterial flora

El objetivo del presente trabajo es indagar, si hay crecimiento bacteriano y qué bacterias se encuentran en el estómago, después de la administración de bloqueadores H2, a diferentes dosis. Se formaron cuatro grupos de 10 pacientes cada uno en forma aleatoria en un estudio prospectivo, experimental, transverasal, comparativo y abierto. Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 50 años, sin antecedentes de enfermedad úlcero-péptica, y que fueron sometidos a cirugía electiva (colecistectomía), el grupo IV se formó con pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, a los cuales se les administró bloqueadores H2 como parte de su terapéutica, y con diagnóstico de sepsis severa. El grupo I se tomó como control, a los grupos II y III se les administró cimetidina a dosis de 200 mg y 40 mg respectivamente, por vía endovenosa, 8 y 2 horas previas a la cirugía. A todos los grupos se les tomó muestra de jugo gástrico. Para determinar pH, y realizar cultivo del mismo para gérmenes aerobios. El grupo I presentó desarrollo en el 20 por ciento de casos con pH medio de 2.1; los grupos II y III desarrollaron gérmenes en el 100 por ciento de casos y pH promedio de 7.1 y 7.2 respectivamente, el grupo IV desarrolló gérmenes en el 70 por ciento de casos y pH promedio 3.4. A partir de un pH de 4 se observa mayor crecimiento bacteriano. El análisis estadístico fue la t de Student la cual mostró r=0.4 y P=< 0.05. Se puede concluir que los bloqueadores H2, a dosis terapéuticas elevan el pH gástrico en el paciente sano, no así en el paciente séptico. Este incremento produce desarrollo bacteriano tanto de gérmenes aerobios como anaerobios. En este estudio, la administración de bloqueadores H2 en pacientes que se operaron en forma electiva, no produjo sepsis postoperatoria. La administración de antibióticos en el paciente grave no reduce el crecimiento bacteriano gástrico aerobio, sí el anaerobio

Avaliaçäo microbiológica de soluçöes desinfetantes e barreiras protetoras, usadas como meio de controle de infecçäo nos procedimentos radiográficos em Odontologia / Microbiologic study of desinfectant solutions and protector barriers, used for infection control in the radiographic procedures in Dentistry

Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, através de testes microbiológicos, a efetividade de soluçöes desinfetantes e barreiras mecânicas usadas para controle de infecçäo durante os procedimentos radiográficos em Odontologia. As soluçöes testadas foram: álcool 70 por cento (p/v); hipoclorito de sódio 1 por cento - liquido de Milton; Germpol Plus - fenóis, as quais foram friccionadas com gazes estéreis durante 30 segundos em ambos os lados dos filmes radiográficos intrabucais Kodak EP-21P e Agfa Dentus M2 Comfort. As barreiras usadas foram: filme de polietileno - LAFRApack; filme de PVC - FACILpack; e sacos plásticos transparentes, pequenos, vendidos a granel. Para os testes microbiológicos foram usados vários meios de cultura, incubaçäo em aerobiose e anaerobiose, e bactérias do tipo Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis e Escherichia coli. Também foi realizado teste com microorganismo menor que as bactérias acima relacionadas, sendo utilizados bacteriófagos (fagos), que têm entre 50 e 70 mm. Com esses vírus de bactéria, testaram-se somente as barreiras...

Bacteriología del aborto séptico en una comunidad suburbana / Bacteriology of septic abortion in a suburbane community

Se presenta la identificación microbiológica de la flora local y sistémica de una población de 100 pacientes con aborto séptico. Este trabajo también compara la eficacia de 2 regímenes de antibióticos (clindamicina más gentamicina versus penicilina más cloramfenicol y gentamicina). El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado de los hemocultivos fue escherichia coli, seguida de streptococcus grupo B y peptostreptococcus spp. Las especies aisladas con mayor frecuencia de las muestras intrauterinas fueron peptostreptococcus spp., escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, bacteroides melaninogenicus, bacteroides fragilis, clostridium perfringens y streptococcus grupo B

Efeito antibacteriano de pastas de hidróxido de cálcio sobre bactérias aeróbicas facultativas / Antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide pastes on facultative aerobic bacteria

Estudo do efeito antibacteriano de duas pastas de hidróxido de cálcio, uma associada ao soro fisiológico, e outra ao paramonoclorofenol canforado, sobre culturas puras de três bactérias aeróbicas facultativas: Pseudomonas aeuginosa, Escherichia coli e Streptococcus faecalis. Os resultados demonstraram que as duas pastas de hidróxido de cálcio foram efetivas sobre as bactérias analisadas, tanto em 24 como 48 horas, proporcionando diferentes halos de inibiçäo de crescimento bacteriano