Analytic Hierarchy Process Algorithm Applied to Battery Energy Storage System Selection for Grid Applications

Abstract The Brazilian Power Sector is preparing the introduction of battery energy storage in its distribution lines for energy quality control. The technical and financial viability of this new technology depends on several factors: battery technologies, geographical locations, environmental restrictions and the local regulation. One of the objectives of the present project was to create a methodology for helping technicians to choose the best battery technology for each particular application. The Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP algorithm was selected to take into account all the above-mentioned factors. This methodology was applied to a case study considering four different commercially available battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the methodology was able to recommend the best choice by taking into account all the criteria and subcriteria considered. The second objective of the present project is to evaluate a real hybrid BESS operation composed of two different battery technologies. Up to the moment when this paper was submitted the BESS has not been installed yet. The installation place has already been selected, a feeder-line with 1,360 kW peak power, and monitored for energy quality. The BESS has been sized, a 250 kW/1 MWh flow battery together with a 250 kW/500 kWh lithium-ion battery and the purchase process has been initiated. Both battery technologies will work in separate and joint operations for power quality in on-grid and island cases.

Optimal Operation of an Urban Microgrid Using Model Predictive Control Considering Power Quality Improvements

Abstract Microgrids have been widely applied to improve the energy quality parameters of a distribution system locally, in addition to ensuring the operation of the system in an isolated manner. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a great solution to guarantee the operation of the system considering forecasting models and also physical restrictions of the system, which ensure the optimal operation of the Microgrid. However, the construction of a control scheme following the objectives established in order to meet the connected and isolated operation of a Microgrid is still a challenge. This paper proposes the development of an MPC control scheme that assures optimal system operation in connected and islanded mode, improving power quality indexes, ensuring network requirements, and extending battery life cycle. The proposed control operation in the connected mode can attend to the needs of the Microgrid, reducing the impacts of peak demand and the intermittent variations in renewable generation, where a linear objective function is developed for this purpose. In the islanded mode, grid requirements are guaranteed through load shedding, considering improvements in continuity indicators. Forecasting models are implemented considering the MPC approach and a detailed network model is developed. Simulation results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Cuerpos extraños radiopacos con doble contorno en la vía digestiva: ¿son siempre pilas de botón? / Are strange radiopaque bodies with double contours in the digestive tract always button cell batteries?

Resumen La ingesta accidental de cuerpos extraños constituye una emergencia en los servicios de atención pediátrica y el grupo más frecuentemente afectado se encuentra en los pacientes entre los 6 meses y los 3 años. Asimismo, la ingesta de pilas de botón es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de complicaciones tempranas severas como la perforación esofágica y mediastinitis, y a largo plazo, la aparición de estenosis. Por este motivo, su identificación temprana y la extracción constituyen las estrategias más importantes de manejo. Se ha descrito como característico el hallazgo del doble contorno en la radiografía frontal cérvico-toracoabdominal en estos pacientes. Sin embargo, se ha reportado el mismo signo radiológico en cuerpos extraños diferentes. En el presente artículo se presentan dos casos con estas características.

Abstract Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies constitutes an emergency for pediatric care services especially since the group most frequently affected consists of children between 6 months and 3 years of age. Ingestion of button cell batteries has high risks for severe early complications such as esophageal perforations and mediastinitis, as well as the long term risk of stenosis. Early identification and extraction are the most important management strategies. A double contour on a frontal cervical, thoracic, or abdominal x-ray is characteristic, but this same radiological sign has been reported for other foreign bodies. We present two cases with these characteristics.

Diagnóstico tardío de ingesta de bateria de botón y sintomatología respiratoria / Delayed diagnostic button battery ingestion with respiratory symptomatology

Young children tend to explore the environment and not infrequently swallow objects. Foreign body ingestion is a frequent cause of urgency consultation. Ingestion of button cells can produce mild to severe complications, even death if it lodges in the esophagus. Aspiration of foreign body should be considered as a differential diagnosis in children with persistent respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. X-ray is a very useful diagnostic tool. Button cell ingestion causes respiratory or digestive epithelium damage and the severity is proportional to lenght of stage in contact with the mucosa before its extraction. Therefore the early detection is vital. We present a clinical case and review of the literature.

Los niños pequeños tienden a explorar el medio ambiente y no es infrecuente que ingieran objetos. La ingesta de cuerpo extraño es una causa frecuente de visitas al Servicio de Urgencia. Las baterías de botón pueden producir complicaciones desde leves hasta severas, incluso la muerte cuando la batería se aloja en el esófago por mayor tiempo. Esta se debe considerar como diagnóstico diferencial cuando un niño presenta síntomas respiratorios o gastrointestinales persistentes. La radiografía es una herramienta muy útil para su diagnóstico. Esta puede producir daño del epitelio respiratorio o digestivo. La severidad es proporcional a la duración del contacto de la batería con la mucosa previo a su extracción, por lo tanto el reconocimiento temprano es vital. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un caso clínico y revisar la literatura.

Exposición a la contaminación con plomo en taller de ensamble de baterías / Exposure to lead contamination in battery assembly workshop

Introducción: Las consecuencias perjudiciales del plomo (Pb) en la salud de las personas, y los trabajadores en particular, han sido suficientemente demostradas desde hace mucho tiempo. No obstante ser un problema de tan larga data, llega hasta la actualidad; y los talleres de baterías constituyen una de las fuentes de contaminación. Objetivo General: Conocer el nivel de exposición al Pb de la totalidad de trabajadores directos de un taller de ensamble de baterías de la localidad de Boulogne, Buenos Aires. Objetivos Específicos: -Evaluar los registros sobre el nivel de Pb en sangre de los trabajadores entre 2007 y 2013. -Describir las condiciones de trabajo y las prácticas higiénicas de los empleados. -Medir la cantidad de Pb existente en el aire del establecimiento. Material y métodos: Es un estudio observacional descriptivo. El relevamiento general de riesgos se realizó mediante observación directa. Se analizaron las plombemias de los trabajadores. Las prácticas higiénico-laborales se estudiaron mediante un cuestionario semi-estructurado. Se llevó a cabo un estudio del aire. Resultados: El cumplimiento de las normas de seguridad e higiene laboral es parcial. Es una planta pequeña y mal ventilada, sin un adecuado sistema de extracción ni ventilación. No utiliza proceso húmedo o con aspiradores para la limpieza. No es sistemático el recambio de filtros de la campana de extracción ni de los respiradores personales. Las plombemias realizadas entre diciembre de 2007 y marzo de 2013 muestran valores superiores a los límites aceptables, alcanzando el promedio 19,23 ug/100ml (rango: 3 ug/100ml - 48,8 ug/100ml). Existen debilidades en cuanto a la utilización de la máscara de protección con filtros, a su higienización y a la forma en que esto se realiza. Resultados de las muestras del aire: en crisol: concentración de plomo (resultado analítico): 0,06 mg/m³; en intercelda: 0,92 mg/m3; en el sector de etiquetado: 0,03 mg/m³. Conclusiones principales: Se requiere el mejoramiento de las normas de seguridad e higiene laborales.

Introduction: The harmful effects of lead (Pb) on the health of people and workers in particular have long been sufficiently demonstrated. However being a problem as longstanding, arrives to present workshops and batteries are one of the sources of pollution. General Objective: To determine the level of exposure to Pb of all direct workers of a battery assembly workshop in the town of Boulogne, Buenos Aires. Specific Objectives: -Evaluate the records on the level of Pb in blood of workers between 2007 and 2013. -Describe the working conditions and hygiene practices of employees. -Measure the amount of Pb in the air existing in the establishment. Material and Methods: It is an observational descriptive study. The general risk survey-stage was conducted by direct observation. The lead levels of workers were analyzed. Hygiene and work practices were studied using a semi-structured questionnaire. It was made an air study. Results: Compliance with safety and hygiene is partial. It is a small and stuffy plant without adequate ventilation or exhaust system. It does not use wet or vacuum for cleaning process. No systematic replacement filters range hood or personal respirators. The lead levels between December 2007 and March 2013 show above acceptable limits values, reaching 19,23 ug/100ml average (range: 3 ug/100ml - 48,8 ug/100ml). There are weaknesses with regard to the use of the protective mask filters, to sanitize and the way this is done. Results of air samples: in pot: lead concentration (analytical result): 0,06 mg/ m3, in intercell 0,92 mg/m3; labeling sector: 0,03 mg/m3. Main conclusions: improving the safety and health at work is required.

Cardiodesfibriladores implantables. Diecinueve años de experienciaen un centro de nuestro país.Estudio retrospectivo en el seno de una cohorte prospectiva. Supervivencia de pacientes, dispositivos y tiempo libre de eventos en 182 pacientes portadores de cardiodesfibrilador implantable / Implantable defibrillators. Nineteen years of experience a center of our country. A retrospective study within a prospective cohort. Survival of patients, devices and event-free time in 182 patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

Introducción: el desfibrilador automático implantable (DAI) mejora la supervivencia en pacientes con riesgo de muerte súbita cardíaca (MSC). Aunque en nuestro país se utiliza desde hace 19 años, existen escasos datos de seguimiento acerca de su eficacia. Material y método: cohorte prospectiva observacional de 182 pacientes con primoimplante de DAI reclutada en el período2/1993 - 6/2011, que se cerró el 31/6/2012. Edad media: 57 ± 14 años, 83% hombres, 37% fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI)<30%, 51% portadores de cardiopatía isquémica y 73% indicación en prevención secundariade MSC. Eventos incidentes considerados: muerte, recambio y primer evento. La probabilidad acumulada de supervivencia se estimó a través de un modelo de Kaplan-Meier (KM), utilizando el SPSS V17.0. Se calcularon las tasas de incidenciaen personas-año-1(IC95%) del primer evento según las respuestas del DAI. Resultados: supervivencia de pacientes: luego de un seguimiento de 988 años-paciente, (mediana: 4 años), la probabilidad de supervivencia (KM, IC95%) al cierre fue de 30% (5%-55%). Vida útil del dispositivo: luego de 619 años-paciente de seguimiento (mediana: 3,7 años), la probabilidad de recambio (KM, IC95%) fue de 2,4% (2%-7%). Supervivencia libre deeventos: luego de 428 años-paciente de seguimiento (mediana: 1,3 años), la probabilidad acumulada libre de primer evento (KM, IC95%) fue de 10% (1%-19%). Tasas de incidencia de choques y terapias antitaquicardia apropiadas 0,20(0,16-0,24) e inapropiados 0,07 (0,04-0,10). Conclusión: el seguimiento prolongado de pacientes portadores de DAI mostró probabilidades de supervivencia de pacientes, vida útil de los dispositivos y tiempo libre de eventos aceptables.

Introduction: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has been reported to improve survival in patients at risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD). There is little follow up data in patients with ICD implant in Uruguay, although it has been used for 19 years already.Methods: A prospective observational cohort of 182 patients with first ICD implant was enrolled between February/1993 and June/2011. The follow up period was closed on 31/06/2012. Clinical characteristics: average age 57 ± 14 years, 83% men, 37% with left ventricular ejection fraction < 30%, coronary artery disease: 51% and secondary prevention ICD implant: 73%. Death, device replacement and first event were considered as end points. Survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method (KM), using the SPSS V17.0. Incidence rates of first events were calculated in person-year-1 (IC95%) according to the ICD recorded therapies.Results: Overall survival: after a follow up of 988 years-patient (median: 4 years), the cumulative probability of survival (KM, IC95%) was 30% (% 5-55%). Device’s life time: after a follow up of 619 years-patient (median: 3,7 years) the cumulative probability of replacement (KM, IC95%) was 2,4% (2-7%). Events free survival: after a follow up of 428 years-patient (median: 1,3 years), the cumulative probability of events free survival (KM, IC95%) was 10% (1-19%). The incidence rate of appropriate shocks and antitachycardia therapy was 0,20 (0,16-0,24) and the inappropriate one was 0,07 (0,04-0,10).Conclusion: An acceptable probability of patients survival and device’s life time as well as an acceptable events free survival were observed in this cohort over a long follow up period.

Estudio del manejo del plomo en establecimientos de tipografía, reconstrucción de baterías y recicladores de chatarra en el departamento del Quindío, Colombia / Study of lead management in typography establishments, battery reconstruction and scrap cecyclers in Quindio (Colombia)

En el 2011, existían en el departamento del Quindío aproximadamente 95 establecimientos comerciales, dedicados a tipografías, reciclaje de chatarra, y reconstrucción de baterías en donde los trabajadores tenían contacto con metales pesados como el plomo (Pb) sin protección alguna. De estos 95 establecimientos, participaron en el estudio el 55% y de estas empresas se encontró que el 80.65% era economía informal, es decir, independientes, unifamiliares y sin afiliación a la Seguridad Social Integral (Salud, Pensión y Riesgos laborales). El riesgo más importante en estos trabajadores es la manipulación consciente o inconsciente del plomo. El Pb se utiliza en su forma metálica y en aleaciones, siendo de los pocos metales que es tóxico por sí mismo. El Pb no tiene una función biológica útil en el hombre, por lo que es preocupante que se hable de cifras normales de este metal en la sangre. La exposición no controlada del Pb genera graves daños a nivel sistémico del organismo, tales como: disminución de la capacidad física, fatiga, trastornos del sueño, cefalea, dolores de huesos y músculos, dolores abdominales, disminución del apetito y en casos muy graves se produce daño en riñones e incluso la muerte.

In 2011, about 95 commercial establishments existed in the department of Quindio, they worked in typography, scrap recycling, and battery reconstruction where workers had contact with heavy metals such as lead (Pb), without any protection. 55 % of these 95 establishments participated in the study, and 80,65% of them worked informally, that is to say people who were independent, single-family, and without Integral Social Security affiliation (health, pension and occupational hazards). The Major risk in these workers is conscious or unconscious manipulation of lead. The Pb is used in metallic form and alloys, being one of the few metals that are toxic by itself. The Pb has no useful biological function in humans, so it is worrying to talk about normal levels of lead in the blood. Uncontrolled exposure of Pb causes serious damage to the body in a systemical level, such as decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disorders, headache, muscle and bone pain, abdominal pain, decreased appetite and, in severe cases, produces kidney damage and even death.

Revisión sistemática sobre las baterías de evaluación usadas en el examen de la condición física: [revisión] / Systematic revision of the evaluation batteries used in physical fitness testing: [review]

Se realizó una revisión sistemática, en la cual se determinaron las baterías de medición que se usan para examinar la Condición Física por medio de la valoración de las diferentes Cualidades Físicas que hacen parte de la misma. En este artículo también se determinaron los principales usos de las baterías de medición mayormente utilizadas, teniendo en cuenta variables tales como: genero, edad y grupos etéreos, en los cuales son empleadas. También se tuvieron en cuenta los países en los que se han realizado investigaciones haciendo aplicación de alguna de las baterías de examen de la condición física. Todos los artículos tenidos en cuenta en esta revisión sistemática tuvieron en cuenta investigaciones realizadas en Latinoamérica, Norteamérica y Europa en los últimos 20 años, con la participación de investigaciones que tuvieran diseños descriptivos.

We conducted a systematic review of the measuring batteries used to evaluate fitness through the assessment of its different physical qualities. In this paper we determined the main applications of the most used measurement batteries, considering variables such a gender, and age groups to whom they are applied. We considered too the countries where some research in Latin America. North America and Europe during the last 20 years, with longitudinal and transversal descriptive design as well as experimental design. It can be concluded that currently exists a limited range of batteries that are commonly used for the measuring and evaluation of Physical Fitness, among them prevailing the use of the EUROFIT battery. We concluded too that more research is needed to identify the uses and applications of the previously mentioned assessment battery, bearing in mind that this tool is one of the most appropriate to examine Physical Fitness with enough validity and reliability.

Hábitos relacionados ao descarte pós-consumo de aparelhos e baterias de telefones celulares em uma comunidade acadêmica / Habits related to the post-consumption discard of mobile phones and their batteries within an academic community

Cada vez mais a sociedade contemporânea incorpora em seu cotidiano equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos, muitos deles contendo substâncias perigosas, que representam ameaças ao meio ambiente e riscos à saúde humana. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa exploratória com o objetivo de relacionar comportamento de descarte pós-consumo de aparelhos e baterias de celulares, em um grupo de consumidores de telefonia móvel, que tem proximidade em seu cotidiano de trabalho e de estudo com informações sobre saúde pública e ambiental. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que informação pode aproximar as pessoas do problema, porém não levam por si só à produção de alterações significativas sobre o que e como fazer com o descarte pós-consumo. Os participantes do estudo possibilitaram identificar, que além da informação e acesso a coletores específicos, outros aspectos e critérios pessoais ou coletivos interferem no procedimento de descarte: percepção sobre risco, valor econômico disponibilizado na compra do aparelho e vínculos afetivos, entre outros. Esses fatores podem produzir diferentes respostas dos usuários sobre como lidar com as inovações tecnológicas de uso pessoal.

The contemporary society increasingly incorporates electric and electronic equipments (EEE) in its everyday life, many of them containing dangerous substances that represent threats to the environment and risks to human health. This article presents the results of an exploratory research with the objective of investigating the behavior of post-consumption discard of mobile phones and their batteries in a group of consumers of mobile phones who are in contact, in their work and study, with information about public and environmental health. The results of the research indicate that information can approximate the people to the problem; however, it does not lead, by itself, to the production of significant alterations on how to perform the post-consumption discard. The study's participants enabled to identify that besides information and access to specific collectors, other personal or collective aspects and criteria interfere in the discard procedure: risk perception, economic value available in the purchase of the mobile phone and affective bonds, among others. Those factors can produce different responses of users concerning how to deal with the technological innovations of personal use.

Plumbemia em trabalhadores da indústria de reciclagem de baterias automotivas da Grande Porto Alegre, RS / Blood lead levels in the battery recycling industry of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, RS

A reciclagem de baterias pode contaminar o ar, o solo e a água, não só no lugar de processamento, mas também nas regiões circunvizinhas, sendo que os resíduos permanecem no local mesmo após o término da atividade. No presente artigo descrevemos os resultados da avaliação da plumbemia em 53 operários que trabalhavam com reciclagem de baterias automotivas e em 53 indivíduos sem história de exposição. Os dados obtidos foram comparados e discutidos em relação às normas do Ministério do Trabalho (MT) e da Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). A plumbemia no sangue do grupo controle foi de 2,44±1,15 µg/dl e, no grupo exposto, de 59,43±28,34 µg/dl, sendo que 79,2 por cento dos indivíduos mostraram níveis acima do valor de referência (até 40 µg/dl). Estudos recentes recomendam estratégias para prevenir a intoxicação com chumbo: identificação, eliminação ou controle da fonte, monitoração da exposição e respectivos danos e um programa de recompra de baterias usadas das por parte da indústria de origem.

Battery recycling may contaminate soil, air and water not only at the processing site but also in the neighboring areas, inasmuch as the residues remain at the site even after the end of the activity. In the present article, we describe the results of plumbism evaluation in 53 individuals that work with car battery recycling and 53 individuals without history of lead exposure. The obtained data were compared and discussed according to the regulations of Brazilian Ministry of Labor and OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). Blood lead levels in the control group were 2.44 ± 1.15 µg/dl and 59.43 ± 28.34 µg/dl in the exposed group. 79.2 percent of the individuals presented levels above the reference value (40 µg/dl). Recent studies recommend strategies to prevent lead intoxication: source identification, control or elimination, monitoring of environmental exposure and hazards and a buy-back program of used batteries by the industry of origin.

Exposición a plomo en trabajadores de fábricas informales de baterías / WorkersÆ lead exposure in informal batteries factories

Introducción: El problema del trabajo industrial con plomo es universal, sobretodo cuando se trabaja sin criterios de higiene ocupacional. En el Perú la industria minero metalúrgica del plomo mantiene programas de gestión en salud ocupacional de buena calidad, pero no sucede lo mismo en la industria informal del plomo. Objetivos: Investigar el estado de salud de trabajadores de fábricas artesanales e informales de baterías, usando como indicador de exposición nivel de plomo en sangre. Diseño: Estudio de tipo observacional y transversal. Lugar de estudio: Fábricas de baterías del sector informal en el sur del Perú y en el Servicio de Salud Ocupacional Hospital Ilo, Perú. Participantes: Trabajadores de cuatro fábricas de baterías del sector informal. Intervenciones: La información se obtuvo mediante entrevista directa a 41 trabajadores. El estudio fue realizado entre agosto 1999 y enero 2000. Para medir plomo sanguíneo, se utilizó espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito y para hemoglobina, microhematocrito. Se obtuvo datos en porcentajes, promedios, rangos y desviaciones estándar. Se comparó los resultados de niveles de plomo sanguíneo con variables de salud e higiene ocupacional. Principales medidas de los resultados: Asociación entre plomo sanguíneo y síntomas de saturnismo. Resultados: La edad promedio del grupo fue 35 años (rango: 16 a 52), media de tiempo de trabajo, 6,5 años. El promedio de plomo sanguíneo fue 37,7 ug/dL (rango: 13,5 a 72,3, desviación estándar: 15,7), hemoglobina media 11,2 g/dL (rango: 8,9 û 13,2, desviación estándar 1,1). Se halló asociación estadística significativa entre plomo sanguíneo elevado y síntomas de saturnismo (p<0,05), trabajo como soldador-fundidor (p<0,001) y malos hábitos de higiene ocupacional (p<0,05). Conclusiones: La salud del trabajador en este grupo ocupacional se encontró afectada. El valor medio de plomo sanguíneo encontrado fue 37,7 ug/dL y la hemoglobina hallada en dicha población...

Introduction: Work with lead is a universal industrial problem, especially when done without labor hygiene approach. Lead PeruvianÆs mining and metallurgy maintains good quality programs for management of occupational health, but informal Peruvian industry does not. Objectives: To determine the actual heath status of handicraft and informal batteries factories workers using blood lead levels as exposition indicators. Design: Observational and transversal study. Setting: Ilo, PeruÆs Occupational Health Service Hospital. Participants: Workers at four handicraft informal batteries factories. Interventions: Information was obtained from 41 workers by direct interview, from August 1999 through January 2000. For blood lead levels determination we used atomic absorption spectrophotometry with graphite oven, and for hemoglobin, microhematocrit. We obtained percentages, averages, ranges, and standard deviations. We compared blood lead levels with health and occupational hygiene variables. Main outcome measures: Blood lead and saturnism symptoms association. Results: Group average age was 35 years (range. 16 to 52), work time average, 6,5 years. Blood lead level: 37,7 [± 17,7] ug/dL (range: 13.5 to 72,3). Mean hemoglobin: 11,2 [± 1,1] g/dL (range: 8,9 to 13,2). We found significant statistical association between blood lead level >30 ug/dL and occupational lead poisoning, work as welder-caster and worse habits of occupational hygiene. Conclusions: WorkerÆs health is affected in this occupational group. Blood lead levels exceeded permissible levels for exposed workers and they showed anemia.