ABSTRACT
Select herbicides with different mechanism of action is a satisfactory option for resistant weed control. Then, the present work aimed to study the efficiency of different herbicides and their mixtures on Bidens pilosa (blackjack) and Euphorbia heterophylla (wild poinsettia) biotypes, resistant to ALS herbicides in two development stages. The trials we arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments tested were (g a.i/a.e ha-1): imazethapyr at 70 and 140 (WG formulation) + 1.0% Assist; imazethapyr at 57.6 and 72 (SL formulation) + 1.0% Assist; imazapic + imazethapyr at 56 and 70 + 1.0% Assist; glyphosate + imazethapyr (596); saflufenacil + glyphosate at 35 + 720 + 0.5% Dash in tank mix, glyphosate at 720 and, a control without herbicide application. Control efficiency was evaluated, as well as dry matter accumulation at the end of the studies. Plants of both species were more susceptible to herbicides at the early stage of development (2 to 4 leaves). The treatments with saflufenacil + glyphosate, (imazethapyr + glyphosate) and glyphosate promoted the best controls, regardless of the species studied and the application stage. The mixture with saflufenacil provided the highest control speed, and the mixture (imazethapyr + glyphosate) was less efficient among three excellent treatments when applied to plants in the 4-6 leaf stage. The treatments (imazethapyr, in both formulations) and (imazethapyr + imazapic) were ineffective in controlling the studied biotypes, regardless of dose and developmental stage studied.
Subject(s)
Acetolactate Synthase , Euphorbia , Bidens , Herbicide Resistance , Weed Control , HerbicidesABSTRACT
To explore the protective effect and mechanism of ethyl acetate extract from Bidens bipinnata on hepatocyte damage induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Tunicamycin was used to establish the damage model in L02 cells. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) colorimetric assay was used to investigate the survival rate of ethyl acetate extract from B. bipinnata in L02 cells injury induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress; the protein expressions of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related molecule glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78), PKR-like ER kinase(PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor-2(eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4(ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP), B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2(Bcl-2), Bal-2 associated X apoptosis regulator(Bax) were examined by Wes-tern blot. The expressions of the above proteins were also detected after endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor(4-phenyl butyric acid) and CHOP shRNA-mediated knockdowns were added. The expressions of GRP78, PERK, CHOP in L02 cells were observed by immunofluorescence method. The results showed that ethyl acetate extract from B. bipinnata could significantly increase the survival rate of L02 cell injury caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress in a dose and time-dependent manner(P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression levels of GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP and Bax in the drug treatment groups were significantly down-regulated(P<0.05 or P<0.01), while Bcl-2 was significantly up-regulated(P<0.01). After endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor and CHOP shRNA-mediated knockdowns were added, the expression levels of GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP, Bax in the drug treatment groups were significantly down-regulated(P<0.01), whereas Bcl-2 was significantly up-regulated(P<0.01). Immunofluorescence results showed that the expressions of GRP78, PERK, CHOP were consistent with the Western blot method. In conclusion, ethyl acetate extract from B. bipinnata has a significant protective effect on the damage of L02 cells caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the down-regulation of apoptosis in cells through the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway.
Subject(s)
Acetates , Apoptosis , Bidens , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Hepatocytes , Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics , eIF-2 Kinase/geneticsABSTRACT
Os mosquitos da ordem Diptera e família Culicidae, configuram um grupo expressivo dentre os insetos. O gênero Culex é composto por 768 espécies divididas em 26 subgêneros. A estratificação vertical das espécies do gênero Culex varia de acordo com as tendências alimentares e sua oferta, entretanto, as fêmeas necessitam de aporte sanguíneo para a maturação dos ovos. Essa hematofagia faz com que os culicídeos sejam importantes vetores de arboviroses e outras doenças transmitidas pela picada destes insetos. Estudos demonstram que o gênero Culex é de extrema importância epidemiológica, sendo necessária a identificação correta dos insetos em regiões endêmicas como uma ferramenta vital de vigilância. A Morfometria Geométrica Alar (WGM) entra como um reforço, ou mesmo como alternativa, uma vez que tem obtido êxito em identificar corretamente espécies de mosquitos, provando ser uma técnica tão eficiente quanto a taxonomia clássica e a biologia molecular. A Simetria Bilateral usando WGM nos fornece a Assimetria Flutuante como um importante dado derivado, que pode ser definida por pequenos desvios de uma simetria bilateral perfeita para uma determinada característica morfológica. Neste estudo foram utilizadas asas de mosquitos culicídeos do gênero Culex, subgênero Culex previamente armazenadas de coletas realizadas na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Parques Municipais de São Paulo no Brasil e Patagônia, Argentina, entre os anos de 2015 a 2020. Após a identificação taxonômica, ambas as asas foram coletadas e posteriormente fixadas em lâmina e lamínula com Bálsamo do Canadá. Imagens foram capturadas através de lupa estereoscópica Leica com câmera acoplada. Nos resultados observamos que Culex habilitator e Culex coronator apresentaram maior simetria entre as duas asas, enquanto as asas de Culex acharistus e Culex habilitator apresentaram assimetrias mais acentuadas. A árvore fenética agrupou os pares de asas como o esperado, com excessão das asas de Culex habilitator coletadas no ano de 2015. Comparativamente, os Culex habilitator coletados em 2020 apresentaram mais simetria alar do que os coletados em 2015, e valores de reclassificação superiores. Esses resultados indicam que a técnica de WGM aplicada a simetria bilateral se mostra uma ferramenta versátil, permitindo a realização de diferentes testes estatísticos e morfológicos baseado nos mesmos 18 pontos já utilizados para identificação de mosquitos, porém evidenciando de forma mais sensível a influência sofrida por cada população amostrada pelo seu ambiente. Tendo as amostras de Culex bidens e Culex coronator como referências de Assimetria Flutuante mais próximas do ideal, observamos nas amostragens de Culex acharistus variações importantes, porem esperadas, por se tratar de uma população coletada em ambiente menos favorável para o desenvolvimento do mosquito. Também observamos variações importantes dentro das amostragens de Culex habilitator, que podem ter sido causadas por erro de identificação taxonômica ou ação de herbicida, porém essas duas possibilidades precisam ser melhor investigadas.
Subject(s)
Classification , Culex , BidensABSTRACT
Abstract: FITOPROT, which contains curcuminoids and Bidens pilosa L. extract, is an innovative mucoadhesive formulation indicated for the topical treatment of chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis (OM) in patients with advanced and visible oral squamous cell carcinoma. The formulation is used as a mouthwash directly on tumor tissue of patients with advanced neoplasms, without triggering cancer cell proliferation or tumor invasiveness. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of FITOPROT on an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-4). The viability of SCC-4 cells was assessed after exposure to FITOPROT using MTT reduction assay. The effects of the mucoadhesive formulation on cell cycle progression and cell death parameters were evaluated using flow cytometry. In addition, the inflammatory profile of the tumor cells was evaluated using the cytometric bead array (CBA) assay. FITOPROT promoted a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase (p < 0.05). Mitochondrial membrane potential was also altered after exposure to the formulation (p < 0.05), in parallel with a reduction in VEGF and IL-8 production (p = 0.01 and p = 0.05, respectively). In summary, the results indicate that FITOPROT reduces SCC-4 cell viability, promotes cell cycle arrest, modulates mitochondrial membrane potential, and exhibits antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties, thus indicating its potential for topical use in patients with OM and visible tumors in the mouth.
Subject(s)
Humans , Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy , Bidens , Cell Line , Apoptosis , Diarylheptanoids , Cell ProliferationABSTRACT
Cicatrização de ferida é um processo dinâmico, que tem por objetivo restaurar a continuidade do tecido lesionado. No entanto, em alguns casos, é necessário favorecer condições adequadas para viabilizar o processo fisiológico. Neste estudo foram utilizados ratos Wistar, divididos aleatoriamente entre cinco grupos, com 12 animais cada, sendo eles: grupo P (Bidens pilosa L.), grupo mel, grupo Co1 (pomada comercial alopática), grupo Co2 (pomada comercial homeopática) e grupo CT (controle). As lesões foram geradas por incisão com punch de 8mm, sendo tratadas diariamente de forma tópica. Foram eutanasiados quatro animais por grupo, no terceiro, sétimo e 14º dias do experimento, e o material coletado foi armazenado em formalina 10% e encaminhado para processamento histológico. Posteriormente, realizou-se a contagem de leucócitos mononucleares, fibroblastos e neovasos e avaliou-se a arquitetura de fibras colágenas. Os resultados da contagem foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). O modelo experimental proposto neste estudo demonstrou que todos os tratamentos apresentaram potencial cicatrizante, com exceção do mel. A aplicação tópica do creme do extrato de Bidens pilosa L. a 10% apresentou melhor perfil anti-inflamatório; a pomada alopática apresentou boa aderência à superfície da lesão e a pomada homeopática, grande potencial angiogênico, com menor tempo de cicatrização.(AU)
Wound healing is a dynamic process that aims to restore the continuity of injured tissue. However, in some cases it is necessary to favor adequate conditions to enable the physiological process. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with 12 animals each, namely: group P (Bidens pilosa L.), group honey, group Co1 (commercial allopathic ointment), group Co2 (commercial homeopathic ointment) and group CT (control). The lesions were generated by an 8mm punch incision and were treated topically daily. Four animals per group were euthanized on the 3rd, 7th and 14th day of the experiment and the collected material was stored in 10% formalin and sent for histological processing, after which mononuclear, fibroblasts and neovascular leukocytes were counted and collagen fiber architecture was evaluated. Counting results were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey test (p <0.05). The experimental model proposed in this study showed that all treatments had healing potential, except honey. The topical application of 10% Bidens pilosa L. extract cream showed the best anti-inflammatory profile; Allopathic ointment showed good adhesion to the surface of the lesion and homeopathic ointment showed great angiogenic potential with shorter healing time.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Ointments/therapeutic use , Skin/injuries , Bidens/chemistry , Honey , Wound Healing/drug effects , Wounds and Injuries/therapy , Homeopathic Remedy , Collagen , Rats, Wistar/physiology , Phytotherapeutic Drugs , FibroblastsABSTRACT
Bidens pilosa L. is a medicinal plant popularly used for treatment of liver diseases. In this study, the dry extract of aerial parts of Bidens pilosa and Silymarin, a phytocomplex obtained from the Silybum marianum fruits and marketed as hepatoprotective, were tested in dogs experimentally acutely intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. The liver activity was evaluated by hematological and biochemical profiles, and histological and ultrasound analyzes. It was observed that the lowest serum activities of ALT and serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the groups treated with the dry extract of Bidens pilosa, while only decreased serum concentrations of total bilirubin occurred in the group treated with Silymarin. Best liver recovery was also observed for the dry extract of B. pilosa at a 400mg/Kg dose by ultrasonography. This study showed that the dry extract of Bidens pilosa acted more efficiently in the treatment of acute toxic hepatitis induced in dogs than Silymarin.(AU)
Bidens pilosa L. é uma planta medicinal utilizada popularmente para tratamento de doenças hepáticas. Neste trabalho, o extrato seco das partes aéreas da Bidens pilosa e a silimarina, um fitocomplexo obtido dos frutos da Silybum marianum e comercializado como hepatoprotetor, foram testados em cães intoxicados experimentalmente de forma aguda com tetracloreto de carbono. A atividade hepática foi avaliada por meio dos perfis hematológico e bioquímico, análises histológica e ultrassonográfica. Observou-se que, nos grupos tratados com o extrato seco da Bidens pilosa, ocorreram as menores atividades séricas da ALT e de concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total, enquanto no grupo tratado com silimarina, ocorreu apenas diminuição de concentrações séricas de bilirrubina total. Melhor recuperação hepática também foi verificada para o extrato seco de B. pilosa na dose de 400mg/kg por ultrassonografia. Este estudo evidenciou que o extrato seco da Bidens pilosa atuou de forma mais eficiente no tratamento da hepatite aguda tóxica induzida em cães do que a silimarina.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/therapy , Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/veterinary , Bidens/chemistry , Hepatitis, Animal/therapy , Plants, Medicinal , Silymarin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
This study aimed to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of Bidens pilosa decoction on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) induced by high fat and high glucose in mice. Bald/c mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, metformin(200 mg·kg~(-1)) treatment group, Bidens pilosa decoction(10 g·kg~(-1)) treatment group, metformin and B. pilosa decoction(100 mg·kg~(-1)+5 g·kg~(-1)) treatment group. Except for the normal group, mice in the other four groups were fed with high-fat and high-glucose diet for 8 weeks to establish the non-alcoholic fatty liver model. After 4 weeks of treatment, blood was collected from the eyeballs, the mice were sacrificed, and relevant indicators were detected. The results showed that compared with the model group, blood lipid and blood glucose levels of each treatment group were significantly lower(P<0.05); HE staining results showed that liver pathological damage in each treatment group was significantly improved; oil red O staining results showed fat distribution in each treatment group significantly reduced(P<0.01); immunohistochemical staining showed that glucose regulated the protein expression of protein 78(GRP78) in liver tissues of each treatment group was also significantly reduced(P<0.01); Western blot results showed that endoplasmic reticulum stress signal pathway-related factors GRP78, phosphorylated-protein kinase R-like ER kinase(p-PERK), eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2α(eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4(ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein(Chop), inositol requiring 1α(IRE1α), and cleaved-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 12(cleaved-caspase-12) were significantly reduced(P<0.01). The results of the combined drug treatment group were better than those of the single drug treatment group. These results showed that B. pilosa decoction had the effect in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver, and its mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)-related factors, and the reduction of the apoptosis of hepatocytes caused by ERS and the down-regulation of blood lipid and blood glucose levels.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Apoptosis , Bidens , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Endoribonucleases , Glucose , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Protein Serine-Threonine KinasesABSTRACT
This study aimed to identify the main groups of secondary compounds from Crambe abyssinica and evaluate the bioactivity of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts on the seed germination and seedling development of tomato, wild poinsettia, hairy beggartick and soybean. The phytochemical screening considered the presence or absence of total saponins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, phenols and alkaloids. In the seeds it was evaluated: germination percentage, germination velocity index, average germination time, index of allelopathic effects, shoot and root length and seedlings dry matter. In the phytochemical screening it was observed that each solvent extracted different compounds. Flavonoids were found only in the ethyl acetate extract and saponin only in the methanol extract. A high allelopathic effect of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of crambe on the bio-indicator species tomato was observed. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts also showed inhibitory effect on the weed hairy beggartick and did not present negative effects on soybean. There is the possibility of isolating the bio-active compounds of crambe and use them as a bio-herbicide to the alternative control of the weed hairy beggartick.
Este trabalho objetivouidentificar grupos de compostos do metabolismo secundário de Crambe abyssinica e avaliar a bioatividade dos extratos hexânico, acetato etílico e metanólico 1% sobre a germinação de sementes e o crescimento de plântulas de tomate, leiteiro, picão-preto e soja. O screeningfitoquímico considerou a presença ou ausência de saponinas totais, triterpenóides, esteroides, flavonoides, cumarinas, taninos, fenóis e alcaloides. Nas sementes avaliou-se a porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, índice de resposta do efeito alelopático, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz e massa seca das plântulas.No screening fitoquímico observou-se que cada solvente extraiu compostos diferentes. Flavonóides foram encontrados somente no extrato acetato etílico e saponina apenas no extrato metanólico. Verificou-se elevado efeito alelopático dos extratos hexânico, acetato de etila e metanólico de crambe sobre a espécie bio-indicadora tomate. Os extratos hexânico e acetato etílico também apresentaram efeito inibitório sobre a planta invasora picão-preto e não tiveram efeitos negativos sobre a soja. Existe a possibilidade de isolamento de compostos bioativos de crambe para utilização como possível bio-herbicida para controle alternativo da planta invasora picão-preto.
Subject(s)
Mass Screening , Crambe Plant , Toxicity , Phytochemicals , Glycine max , Solanum lycopersicum , Bidens , HerbicidesABSTRACT
Abstract Bidens pilosa L. is a heterocarpic weed species with two cypselae types that present morpho-physiological differences, being the peripheral type smaller and slower to germinate than the central one. We aimed to verify how the germination mechanism varied between types. We focused on two mechanisms: (1) pericarp constraints (physical and chemical) and (2) hormonal stimulation (Abcisic acid [ABA] and Gibberellin [GA]). Both cypselae types are physically constrained by the pericarp, for when it is excised both seed types increase their germination, but behavioral differences still remain. The pericarp of the peripheral type also has chemical inhibitors that effectively inhibited germination of the intact central cypsela. To test the hormonal effects, we focused on the ABA:GA control. Both cypselae responded to an exogenous ABA concentration gradient, however there is no variation between types on the sensitivity to it. Also, both cypselae types were indifferent to Fluridone (ABA inhibitor), which indicates that the dormancy is not maintained by de novo ABA synthesis. Cypselae types had different sensitivity to an exogenous GA3 gradient, the central type being more sensitive to the treatment than the peripheral one. But when the endogenous GA synthesis was blocked by Paclobutrazol, both types responded equally to same GA3 concentrations. This indicates that endogenous GA synthesis may be related to differences observed on germination of cypselae types. To conclude, seed types differ on their growth potential to overcome the pericarp resistance: while the inhibitor in the peripheral pericarp reduces growth potential, GA increases it.
Resumo Bidens pilosa L. é uma espécie de planta daninha heterocarpica com dois tipos de cipselas que possuem diferenças morfofisiológicas, sendo o tipo periférico de menor tamanho e com germinação lenta se comparado com o central. Nosso objetivo foi verificar como o mecanismo de germinação varia entre os tipos. Focamos em dois mecanismos: (1) restrição causada pelo pericarpo (física e química) e (2) estímulo hormonal (Ácido abscísico [ABA] e Giberelina [GA]). Os tipos de cipselas são fisicamente limitados pelo pericarpo, pois quando ambos os tipos de sementes são excisados há um aumento na germinação, contudo as diferenças no processo se mantém. O pericarpo do tipo periférico ainda possui inibidores que efetivamente retardam a germinação das cipselas centrais intactas. Para testar os efeitos hormonais, nós focamos no controle pelo ABA:GA. Ambas cipselas responderam ao gradiente de concentração de ABA exógeno, contudo não houve variação na sensibilidade entre os tipos. Ainda, ambos tipos de cipselas foram indiferentes à Fluoridona (inibidor de ABA), que indica que a dormência não é mantida pela nova síntese de ABA. Tipos de cipselas apresentam diferentes sensibilidades ao gradiente exógeno de GA3, com o tipo central sendo mais sensível ao tratamento que o periférico. Mas quando a síntese endógena de GA foi bloqueada pelo Paclobutrazol, ambos os tipos responderam de forma similar às concentrações de GA 3. Isso indica que a síntese de GA endógena pode estar relacionada com a diferença observada na germinação dos dois tipos de cipselas. Para concluir, os tipos de sementes diferem no potencial para superar a resistência do pericarpo, sendo o inibidor no pericarpo da cipsela periférica o redutor do potencial de crescimento, enquanto a GA aumenta esse potencial.
Subject(s)
Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Pyridones/pharmacology , Abscisic Acid/pharmacology , Germination/physiology , Bidens/physiology , Herbicides/pharmacology , Seeds/growth & development , Seeds/drug effects , Germination/drug effects , Bidens/drug effectsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the protective effect and mechanism of total flavones of Bidens pilosa L. (TFB) on IgA1 induced injury of venous endothelial cells in Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) children patients. METHODS Human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) were taken as subject. They were intervened by normal IgA1 and HSP children patients' serum IgA1, and added with different concentrations TFB at the same time. Then they were divided into the blank control group, the normal control group, the HSP IgA1 group, and HSP IgA1 plus TFB (1.0, 0.5, 0.25 mg/mL) groups. Levels of TNF-α and IL-8 in supernate were detected by ELISA. The NO level was detected by nitrate reductase method. mRNA and protein expressions of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in HUVECs were detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group and the blank control group, levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and NO all significantly increased in the HSP group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HSP group, levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and NO significantly decreased after intervention of TFB (1.0 and 0.5 mg/mL; P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Results of fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blot showed, as compared with the blank control group and the normal control group, mRNA and protein expressions of NF-κB and ICAM-1 in HSP children patients' serum IgA1 induced venous endothelial cells significantly increased with statistical difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the HSP group, mRNA and protein expressions of NF-KB and ICAM-1 were obviously down-regulated after intervention of TFB (1.0, 0.5, 0.25 mg/mL), with statistical difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TFB could protect vascular damage by inhibiting in vivo high expression of NF-κB, reducing the production of IL-8, TNF-α, and NO in vascular endothelial cells of HSP children patients.</p>
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Bidens , Chemistry , Flavones , Pharmacology , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Immunoglobulin A , Blood , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 , Metabolism , Interleukin-8 , Metabolism , NF-kappa B , Metabolism , Nitric Oxide , Metabolism , IgA Vasculitis , Blood , RNA, Messenger , Metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , MetabolismABSTRACT
Abstract Indigenous plants have been grown naturally and vigorously in copper contaminated soils. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation ability of two indigenous plants naturally grown in two vineyard soils copper contaminated, and in a copper mining waste. However, it was evaluated the macro and micronutrient uptake and the potential of phytoremediation. So, a greenhouse study was carried out with Bidens pilosa and Plantago lanceolata in samples of vineyard soils (Inceptisol and Mollisol) copper contaminated, and in a copper mining waste. Plant growth, macro and micronutrient up take, tolerance index (TI), translocation factor (TF), metal extraction ratio (MER), bioaccumulation factor (BCF), plant effective number of the shoots (PENs), and plant effective number of the total plant (PENt) were analyzed. Both plants grown in vineyard soils showed high phytomass production and TI. P. lanceolata plants cultivated in the Inceptisol showed the highest copper concentrations in the shoots (142 mg kg–1), roots (964 mg kg–1) and entire plants (1,106 mg kg–1). High levels of copper were phytoaccumulated from the Inceptisol by B. pilosa and P. lanceolata with 3,500 and 2,200 g ha–1 respectively. Both B. pilosa and P. lanceolata plants showed characteristics of high copper hyperaccumulator. Results showed that both species play an important role in the natural copper phytoaccumulation in both vineyard soils contaminated with copper, being important to its phytoremediation.
Resumo Plantas nativas crescem naturalmente e vigorosamente em solos contaminados com cobre. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de fitorremediação de duas plantas nativas, naturalmente encontradas em dois solos de vitivinicultura contaminados com cobre, e em rejeito de mineração de cobre. Foram avaliados os teores de macro e micronutrientes nos tecidos das plantas, e o potencial de fitorremediação. Assim, um estudo em casa de vegetação foi realizado com plantas de Bidens pilosa e Plantago lanceolata, com amostras de dois solos de vitivinicultura (Neossolos e Cambissolos) contaminados com cobre, e com rejeito de mineração de cobre. O crescimento das plantas, teores de macro e micronutrientes nos tecidos, índice de tolerância (TI), fator de translocação (TF), taxa de extração do metal (MER), fator de bioacumulação (BCF), número efetivo dos plantas da parte aérea (PENs) e número efetivo de plantas inteiras (PENt) foram analisados. Ambas as espécies cultivadas em solos vitivinicultura mostraram elevada produção de fitomassa e os TI. P. lanceolata cultivadas no Neossolo mostraram as concentrações de cobre mais elevados na parte aérea (142 mg kg–1), nas raízes (964 mg kg–1) e nas plantas inteiras (1.106 mg kg–1). Altos níveis de cobre foram fitoacumulados pelas plantas B. pilosa e P. lanceolata com 3.500 e 2.200 g ha–1, respectivamente, quando cultivadas em Neossolo. Ambas as espécies apresentaram características hiperacumuladoras de cobre. Os resultados mostraram que estas espécies desempenham um papel importante na fitoacumulação de cobre naturalmente em ambos os solos de vitivinicultura contaminados com cobre, sendo importantes para a fitorremediação.
Subject(s)
Bidens/metabolism , Copper/metabolism , Environmental Restoration and Remediation , Plantago/metabolism , Soil Pollutants/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , Brazil , Bidens/drug effects , Bidens/growth & development , Plantago/drug effects , Plantago/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Foram realizados dois ensaios com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. , Amaranthus hybridus L. e Bidens pilosa L., bem como, a interferência do feijoeiro sobre o crescimento dessas plantas daninhas, além do efeito da mistura herbicida, fomesafen+fluazifop-p-butyl, sobre o desenvolvimento do feijoeiro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 15 dm³, utilizandose o delineamento em blocos casualizados. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se a interferência das plantas daninhas e o efeito da mistura herbicida sobre a cultura, já no segundo avaliou o efeito da interferência do feijoeiro no desenvolvimento das três espécies de plantas daninhas. A competição do feijoeiro com as plantas daninhas ocasionou efeitos negativos no crescimento da cultura, assim como, reduziu o crescimento das plantas infestantes. B. plantaginea e B. pilosa foram às espécies daninhas que mais acarretaram efeito negativo no crescimento da cultura. Todas as plantas infestantes tiveram o seu crescimento afetado negativamente quando em convivência com a cultura. A mistura herbicida ocasionou redução no crescimento radicular da cultura, podendo se refletir em futuras perdas de rendimento em condição de déficit hídrico ou escassez de nutrientes.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of interference Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa and Amaranthus hybridus in the growth of bean plants, as well as the interference of bean on the growth of these weeds, plus the effect of the herbicide mixture, fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl, on the development of bean. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse in pots of 15 dm ³, using a randomized block design. The first experiment evaluated the effect of weed and the effect of the herbicide mixture on the culture, in the second evaluated the effect of interference of bean in the development of three weed species. The bean competition with weeds caused negative effects on crop growth as well as reduced the growth of weeds. B. plantaginea and B. pilosa were the weeds that have resulted in more negative effect on crop growth. All weeds had negative affected growth of the culture. The herbicide mixture caused reduction in root growth of culture; this fact may be reflected in future income losses in water stress conditions or lack of nutrients.
Subject(s)
Amaranthus , Phaseolus , Bidens , Brachiaria , Plant Weeds , Fabaceae , Crop ProductionABSTRACT
Os sistemas agrosilvipastoris estão ampliando os espaços ocupados e ganhando novos adeptos, tendo em vista ampliações produtivas nas mesmas áreas. Porém algumas questões, como efeitos alelopáticos de algumas culturas, nesse caso o pinus, ainda são pouco conhecidas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar o efeito alelopático do extrato aquoso de acículas de Pinus taeda na germinação e no desenvolvimento de plântulas de alface, picão-preto e milho. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em um bifatorial (2x5), onde: condições das acículas (verdes e secas) x concentrações dos extratos (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%), em quatro repetições sob condições de temperatura, umidade e luminosidade controladas. As avaliações foram realizadas no tempo em intervalos regulares de 24 horas, de 0 a 144 horas. Avaliou-se a germinação, velocidade média da germinação, comprimento das radículas e epicótilos da alface, picão-preto e milho. Extratos a base de acícula verde afetou significativamente as variáveis, onde o efeito aumentava conforme aumentava a concentração, sendo o efeito mais perceptível no picão-preto. Já no extrato a base de acículas seca de pínus, houve resultados mínimos quando comparados a testemunha.
Agrosilvipastoris systems are expanding the spaces occupied and gaining new adherents in order expansions productive in the same areas. But some issues, such as allelopathic effects of some cultures, in which case the pine, are still poorly known. This research aimed to evaluate the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract from the pine needles on the germination and development of lettuce, corn and beggarticks seedlings. The experiment was carried in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a factorial (2x5), where: conditions of the needles (green and dry) x extracts concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) in four replications, under temperature, humidity and light controlled. Evaluations were carried out time intervals of 24 hours, from 0 to 144 hours. It was evaluated the germination, average speed of germination, the length of the primary roots of lettuce and the length from the seedlings roots of lettuce, beggarticks and corn. Extracts the base of green needles affected the variables, where the effect increased with increase in concentration, the effect being more marked in beggarticks. In the statement the basis of dry pine needles, there were minimal results when compared to control.
Subject(s)
Lactuca , Germination , Zea mays , Bidens , Pinus taeda , Allelopathy , SeedlingsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Allelochemical compounds are present in tissues of different plants` parts and also in other organisms, being released into the environment and thus affecting plants development. There is evidence that secondary metabolites produced by weeds may exhibit several allelopathic effects. This study aimed to evaluate allelopathic activity based on the interaction of aqueous extracts preparations and their concentrations obtained from Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch. Bip. leaves on germination and seedlings development of Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand rapids (lettuce). The extracts were obtained from fresh leaves and prepared by infusion, decoction, leaching and grinding methods, at concentrations of 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30%, with four replications with 25 lettuce seeds. Seven days after the percentages of abnormal seedlings and germination, shoot and root length (cm) were evaluated, while germination speed index (GSI) was daily determined and calculated. The experiment was completely randomized in a 4x5 factorial design, with four extract preparation methods and 5 concentrations. It was found out that the B. sulphurea aqueous extracts did not affect the germination and abnormal seedling development percentages in lettuce seeds. The aqueous extracts and their concentrations showed allelopathic effect for GSI, shoot and root length variables, despite their methods of preparation. This effect is not only inhibitory, but in some cases it was also stimulatory.
RESUMO Os aleloquímicos são compostos que estão presentes nos tecidos de diferentes partes das plantas e outros organismos, são liberados no ambiente e atuam no desenvolvimento das mesmas. Existem evidências de que os metabólitos secundários produzidos por plantas invasoras podem apresentar uma variedade de efeitos alelopáticos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a atividade alelopática através de interação das formas de preparo dos extratos aquosos e suas concentrações obtidas de folhas de Bidens sulphurea (Cav.) Sch. Bip. sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento de plântulas de Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand rapids (alface). Os extratos foram obtidos de folhas frescas e preparados sob a forma de infusão, decocção, maceração estática e trituração, nas concentrações de 0; 7,5; 15; 22,5 e 30%, com quatro repetições com 25 sementes de alface. Após sete dias foi avaliado a porcentagem de germinação e plântulas anormais, comprimento da parte aérea e raiz (cm), sendo diariamente as sementes avaliadas para o calculo do índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, organizado em esquema fatorial 4x5, com 4 formas de preparo dos extratos e 5 concentrações. Foi possível constatar que os extratos aquosos de B. sulphurea não influenciaram o percentual de germinação e formação de plântulas anormais em sementes de alface. As diferentes formas de obtenção dos extratos aquosos e suas concentrações apresentaram efeito alelopático para as variáveis IVG, crescimento da parte aérea e comprimento da raiz não sendo o efeito somente inibitório, mas em alguns casos também de estímulo.
Subject(s)
Lactuca , Bidens/metabolism , Allelopathy , Germination/physiology , Introduced SpeciesABSTRACT
A avaliação dos efeitos da competição das plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento de culturas como milho e soja é efetuada por meio de ensaios em ambientes protegidos para maior precisão experimental e segurança nos resultados obtidos. Esses ensaios geralmente são feitos em recipientes (vasos) onde se testam os efeitos desejados em épocas após plantio. O tamanho do vaso quando pequeno pode limitar o desenvolvimento da planta pelo volume de substrato neles contido. No entanto, essa limitação está diretamente relacionada às espécies em desenvolvimento e ao tempo de avaliação. Assim objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito do volume de vasos na capacidade competitiva das plantas de picão-preto, milho e soja em diferentes épocas de avaliação. O milho apresentou-se mais competitivo com o picão-preto que a soja tanto nos diferentes tamanhos de vaso quanto nas diferentes épocas. Dentro do intervalo testado, recomenda-se o uso de vasos com volume de 16 dm3, devido à baixa tendência de estabilização das curvas do modelo proposto. Por este motivo também, pode-se afirmar que intervalos iguais ou inferiores a 60 dias são inadequados para os ensaios de competição das plantas de picão-preto com milho ou soja.
The evaluation of the effects of weed competition on growth from crops like corn and soybeans is done by testing in protected environments for increased accuracy and confidence in experimental results. These tests are usually done in containers (pots) where they test their desired times after planting. The small size of the vessel when could limit development of the plant the volume of the substrate contained therein. However, this limitation is directly related to the species in the development and evaluation time. Thus the objective of this work is to verify the effect of the volume of vessels in the competitive ability of plants black jack, corn and soybean at different sampling times. The corn had become more competitive with black jack soybean so that the vessel in different sizes and at different times. Within the range tested, it is recommended the use of vessels with a volume of 16 dm 3, due to the low tendency to stabilize model curves. For this reason, too, can say what intervals not exceeding 60 days are inadequate for field trials of plants black jack with corn or soybeans.
Subject(s)
Glycine max , Zea mays , Bidens , Plant Weeds , AgricultureABSTRACT
Currently multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus is one common cause of infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide, which directs scientific endeavors in search for novel antimicrobials. In this study, nine extracts from Bidens pilosa (root, stem, flower and leaves) and Annona crassiflora (rind fruit, stem, leaves, seed and pulp) were obtained with ethanol: water (7:3, v/v) and their in vitro antibacterial activity evaluated through both the agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods against 60 Oxacillin Resistant S. aureus (ORSA) strains and against S. aureus ATCC6538. The extracts from B. pilosa and A. crassiflora inhibited the growth of the ORSA isolates in both methods. Leaves of B. pilosa presented mean of the inhibition zone diameters significantly higher than chlorexidine 0.12% against ORSA, and the extracts were more active against S. aureus ATCC (p < 0.05). Parallel, toxicity testing by using MTT method and phytochemical screening were assessed, and three extracts (B. pilosa, root and leaf, and A. crassiflora, seed) did not evidence toxicity. On the other hand, the cytotoxic concentrations (CC50 and CC90) for other extracts ranged from 2.06 to 10.77 mg/mL. The presence of variable alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins was observed, even though there was a total absence of anthraquinones. Thus, the extracts from the leaves of B. pilosa revealed good anti-ORSA activity and did not exhibit toxicity.
Atualmente Staphylococcus aureus multirresistente é causa comum de infecções com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade mundialmente, o que direciona esforços científicos na busca de novos antimicrobianos. Neste estudo, nove extratos de Bidens pilosa (raiz, caule, flor e folhas) e de Annona crassiflora (casca do fruto, caule, folha, semente e polpa) foram obtidos com etanol:água (7:3, v/v) e suas atividades antibacteriana in vitro avaliadas através de difusão em agar e microdiluição em caldo contra 60 cepas de Oxacillin Resistant S. aureus (ORSA) e contra S. aureus ATCC 6538. Os extratos de B. pilosa e A. crassiflora inibiram o crescimento dos isolados ORSA em ambos os métodos. O extrato da folha de B. pilosa apresentou média dos diâmetros dos halos de inibição significativamente maior que a clorexidina 0,12%, contra os isolados ORSA, e os extratos foram mais ativos contra S. aureus ATCC (p < 0,05). Paralelamente, teste de toxicidade pelo método MTT e triagem fitoquímica foram avaliadas, e três extratos (raiz e folha de B. pilosa e semente de A. crassiflora) não apresentaram toxicidade. Por outro lado, as concentrações citotóxicas (CC50 e CC90) para os outros extratos variaram de 2,06 a 10,77 mg/mL. Observou-se variável presença de alcalóides, flavonóides, taninos e saponinas, apesar de total ausência de antraquinonas. Portanto, os extratos das folhas de B. pilosa revelaram boa atividade anti-ORSA e não exibiram toxicidade.
Subject(s)
Annona/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bidens/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , beta-Lactam Resistance/drug effects , Dental Clinics , Environmental Microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
is a continental island in the Pacific of Colombia. Two subspecies of arboreal mammals inhabit the island: the White-throated Capuchin (Cebus capucinus curtus) and the Brown-throated Sloth (Bradypus variegatus gorgon). These organisms are important for conservation since they are endemic and perform an essential role as seed dispersers in the National Park. This paper presents information on the population ecology of these two subspecies by using the transects-of-variable-width method, based on perpendicular detection distance, to establish density and age structure. The density of C. capucinus curtus in Gorgona Island was 170.6ind/km2 (95% CI=122-238.4), while that of B. variegatus gorgon was 2.6ind/km² (IC 95%= 1.3 to 4.9ind/km²). The density of C. capucinus curtus in Isla Gorgona is the highest recorded for this species throughout its geographic range, while that of B. variegatus gorgon is the lowest reported for the species. The high density of C. curtus capucinus could be related to a synergistic effect between low predation and continuous availability of food, while the low density of B. variegates gorgon could be related to past hunting pressure, to the low reproductive rate of the species, and to a pandemic occurred in 2005. We recommend constant monitoring of populations of both subspecies, and population health studies for B. variegatus gorgon. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 447-456. Epub 2014 February 01.
En Isla Gorgona se registran dos subespecies endémicas de mamíferos arbóreos, el Mono capuchino de pecho blanco (Cebus capucinus curtus) y el Perezoso de tres dedos de garganta marrón (Bradypus variegatus gorgon), especies importante para la conservación debido a su carácter endémico y papel ecológico como dispersores de semillas en el PNN Gorgona. En este trabajo se presenta información sobre la ecología poblacional de estas dos subespecies, utilizando el método de muestreo por distancia con transectos lineales para establecer la densidad, además se describió la estructura etaria general de cada población con base en los muestreos y observaciones directas. La densidad de C. capucinus curtus en isla Gorgona fue de 170,6 ind/km² (IC 95%=122,0-238,4 ind/km²) mientras que para B. variegatus gorgon fue de 2,6 ind/km² (IC 95%=1,3-4,9 ind/km²). El registro de densidad de C. capucinus curtus en isla Gorgona es el más alto para la especie en todo su rango de distribución geográfica, mientras que el de B. variegatus gorgon es el más bajo reportado para la especie. La alta densidad de C. capucinus curtus estaría relacionada con un efecto sinérgico entre la baja depredación natural y la continua disponibilidad de alimento, mientras que la baja densidad de B. variegatus gorgon estaría relacionada con la presión de caza realizada en el pasado, la baja tasa reproductiva de la especie y una pandemia ocurrida en el año 2005. Se recomienda el monitoreo constante de las poblaciones y estudios de salud poblacional para B. variegatus gorgon.
Subject(s)
Cebidae , Population Density , Ecosystem , Cebus capucinus , Primates , Colombia , BidensABSTRACT
To investigate the chemical constituents of the whole plants of Bidens bipinnata, the separation and purification of constituents were performed by chromatography on macroporous resin, silica gel, MCI and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data as quercetin (1), quercetin-3-0-alpha-L-rhamnoside (2), keampferol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), keampferol-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (4), 3', 5-dyhydroxy-3, 6, 4'-trimethoxyl -7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside flavonoid (5), 7, 8, 3', 4'-tetraflavanone(6), (2S)- and (2R)-isookanin-7-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside (7a/7b), (2S)- and (2R)-3'-methoxy-isookanin-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8a/8b), 6, 7, 3', 4'-tetrahydroxyaurone(9), maritimetin (10), esculetin (11), 3-O-caffeoyl-2-methyl-d-erythrono-1, 4-lactone (12), (7S, 8R) balanophonin-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (13), eugenyl-O-beta-apiofuranosyl-( 1"-6') -O-beta-glucopyranoside (14), and (+)-syringaresinol-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (15). Compounds 8, 13, 14, and 15 were isolated from this genus for the first time. Compounds 1 and 6 were potent inhibitors against HSC-T6 cells in vitro and compounds 1, 2, 6, and 7 were capable of decreasing the inflammatory cytokine production of macrophage cells in vitro.
Subject(s)
Bidens , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
La investigación del efecto toxicológico de "mishico" (Bidens andicola), "diente de león" (Taraxacum officinale), "huira huira" (Pseduogmaphalium spicatum), "jincho jincho" (Hieracium neoherrerae) y "altamisa" (Ambrosia arborescens) de la familia Asterácea en ratas wistar, se realizó en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno, durante 3 meses evaluando la toxicidad subcrónica con 5 mg del substrato en polvo de cada planta en las ratas. Los objetivos fueron: identificar los metabolitos secundarios de las plantas en estudio, determinar las manifestaciones tóxicas, aplicando una dosis fija en función del tiempo y determinar la toxicidad mediante pruebas hematológicas (hematocrito, hemoglobina y leucograma) en las ratas. Métodos se colectaron las plantas de la zona de Ilave y Puno, durante los meses de diciembre, enero y febrero del año 2013, para el material biológico se usaron 24 ratas (4 ratas por planta) y un grupo control de 4 ratas. Se realizó la identificación de los metabolitos secundarios de las plantas en el Laboratorio de Facultad Ciencias Biológicas usando las hojas y tallos, por el método de Screening Fitoquímico en pruebas cualitativas donde el color era la reacción resultante, en los extractos. Se realizó un estudio de toxicidad subcrónica en el Bioterio de la Facultad de Veterinaria y Zootécnia por vía oral en ratas Wistar. Se conformaron un grupo control y 5 grupos tratados donde se aplicó 5mg/kg/d/3 meses por vía oral, se realizaron observaciones clínicas diarias y el peso corporal. Cada 30 días se realizaron exámenes hematológicos. Al concluir los 3 meses se sacrificaron todos los animales por dislocación cervical. Resultados: durante el estudio se sacrificó a una rata administrada con el extracto de "altamisa" debido al prolapso uterino que presentó, con las dosis fijas aplicadas (5 mg), el resto de los animales alcanzó el final del estudio con buen estado. Los signos clínicos descritos estuvieron distribuidos por todos los grupos resultando lo siguiente: las ratas tratadas con "altamisa" ocasionó prolapso uterino, orquitis deficiencia en los peso, con "mishico" ocasionó somnolencia, con "huira huira" irritación del ojo, "diente de león" irritación nasal, "jincho jincho" edema en la zona del cuello. El consumo de agua se incrementó en los animales tratados con más síntomas, el consumo de alimento no se vio afectado. En los parámetros hematológicos las lecturas del leucograma, como resultado hubo diferencia significativa, en la hemoglobina que fue menor en las ratas tratadas con "altamisa" (Ambrosia arborescens). Conclusión: la administración oral de los tres meses por los extractos de las plantas medicinales produjo toxicidad solo por la planta "altamisa" (Ambrosia arborescens) calificándose tóxica
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Ambrosia , Bidens , Peru , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
We determined the inhibitory allelopathic effects of the volatile extracts of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, Lippia sidoides Cham. and Cymbopogum nardus L. on seed germination and root growth of seedlings of Bidens pilosa. The experiment was conducted at the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Ceará. For this end, we used oils at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08% (v/v). Five treatments were used for each of the oils arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 25 seeds. The seeds were sown in Petri dishes lined with filter paper moistened with distilled water and, aiming at the indirect contact with each oil, two sheets of filter paper were placed on top of the lid, in which three (3) mL of each oil solution were added. Then, the dishes were incubated in a germination chamber at 25°C. The pH did not contribute to alter the results; the volatile extracts of essential oils of C. zeylanicum, L. sidoides and C. nardus inhibited seed germination and root growth of seedlings of B. pilosa, which shows allelopathic potential; and the concentration of 0.08% of oils caused the overall deterioration of the roots and death of seedlings of B. pilosa.
Determinou-se o efeito alelopático inibitório dos extratos voláteis de Cinnamomum zeylanicum Ness, Lippia sidoides Cham. e Cymbopogum nardus L., sobre a germinação de sementes e o crescimento de raiz de plântulas de Bidens pilosa. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Análises de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará. Para isso, utilizaram-se óleos essenciais nas concentrações 0,01, 0,02, 0,04 e 0,08%. (v/v). Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos para cada óleo dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. As sementes foram semeadas em placas de Petri forradas com papel de filtro umedecido com água destilada e, visando o contato indireto com cada óleo, foram colocadas duas folhas de papel de filtro na parte superior interna da tampa, onde foi adicionado 3(três) mL da solução de cada óleo. Em seguida, as placas foram incubadas em câmara de germinação a 25ºC. O pH não contribuiu para alterar os resultados; os extratos voláteis de óleos essenciais de C. zeylanicum, L. sidoides and C. nardus inibiram a germinação de sementes e o crescimento da raiz de plântulas de B. pilosa, evidenciando potencial alelopático; a concentração de 0,08% dos óleos causaram a deterioração total das raízes e morte das plântulas de B. pilosa.