ABSTRACT
RESUMEN: El estudio fue realizado en 40 estudiantes de ambos sexos, que cursaban 2° año el año 2017 de la carrera de Odontología, en estudiantes de la Universidad de La Frontera. El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de la técnica de Lavado de Manos Clínico (LMC) demostrando el grado de eficiencia, mediante Bioluminiscencia. La técnica que permite una medición cuantitativa rápida de los residuos orgánicos de superficie, por la cuantificación de cantidad de Adenosín Trifosfato (ATP). Empleándose un Luminómetro, 3M™ Clean-Trace™, se programó la medición de contaminación en dos puntos claves, región interdigital e hiponiquio, en ambas manos, por medio de la lectura de Unidades Relativas de Luz (URL). Se analizó la contaminación previa a la técnica de LMC y posterior al desarrollo de la técnica, en las regiones indicadas, por medio de Hisopado v/s aprobación/rechazo considerando como Aprobado <250 URL y Rechazado >251 URL., nivel de contaminación v/s sexo, y distribución de aprobación/rechazo tanto antes y después de realizada la técnica de LMC. El muestreo previo al LMC determinó en todas las localizaciones muestreadas existen rangos de aprobación/ rechazo entre 35-42,5 % / 57,5-65 %, encontrándose la mayor contaminación en ambas manos en hiponiquio. Posteriormente de realizada la técnica de LMC el rango de corte de aprobación/rechazo fue de 80-90 % / 10-20 %, el porcentaje más alto se pesquisó en mano izquierda hiponiquio. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS Statistics for Windows, análisis descriptivo, prueba t- test, prueba de Levene. Un valor de p < 0,05 para significancia. Obteniéndose diferencias significativas en análisis del valor la media, según zonas de muestreo y rangos de aprobación/rechazo en URL, que varían entre p=0,000 y p=0,015, que se presentó en mano izquierda zona interdigital posterior al LMC. Según la media concluimos que las regiones hisopadas tanto previas y posteriores a la ejecución del LMC en hiponiquio la piel está más contaminada, que es paradojal ya que la técnica incorpora un acento en esta localización, tiene un mejor acceso y contacto con jabón y agua.
SUMMARY: The study was conducted in 40 undergraduate students of both sexes, who were in the 2nd year of the 2017 year enrolled in the Undergraduate Dentistry Program of the Universidad de La Frontera. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Clinical Hand Washing technique (CML), demonstrating the degree of efficiency and implementing improvement behaviors of the technique using Bioluminescence. This technique allows a rapid quantitative measurement of organic residues on a surface by quantifying the amount of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). For that purpose, a Luminometer, 3M™ Clean-Trace™, was used to obtain the contamination level in two key points, Interdigital Region and Hyponychium, of both hands by quantification of Relative Light Units (URL). Hand contamination prior to CML and after the development of the technique was tested in the Interdigital and Hyponychium regions of both hands, through surface ATP swab considering as Approved <250 URL and Rejected > 251 URL. Also, the level of contamination v/s sex, and approval/rejection distribution before and after the CML were tested. The approval/rejection range for pre-CML sampling at all selected locations was 35-42.5 % / 57.5-65 %, fin ding the highest contamination rate in Hyponychium in both hands. After performing the CML we obtained 90 % of approval in all sites, with a 10 % rejection rate; the highest percentage was surveyed on left hand Hyponychium. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, a descriptive analysis, test t-test for independent samples, test of homogeneity of Levene variances. A p value <0.05 was established for statistical significance. There were significant differences in analysis of the mean value, according to sampling zones and URL approval / rejection ranges, ranging from p = 0.000 to p = 0.015 (Interdigital region of left hand, post-LA TÉCNICA DE LMC). The left hand presented greater contamination in both swab areas both before and after the execution of CML. The most contaminated region was the Hyponychium, which was paradoxical, because the technique emphasizes the hygiene of this location and has better access and contact with soap and water.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dentistry/methods , Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques , Adenosine Triphosphate , Hand Disinfection , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Resumen:Justificación: Las infecciones nosocomiales producen un impacto negativo para los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes. Se ha reconocido la influencia de múltiples factores hospitalarios en el desarrollo de las mismas, sin embargo, el papel del ambiente anestésico no ha sido claramente descrito. En Costa Rica, al igual que en muchos países del Mundo, no se cuenta con políticas y guías de limpieza del equipo anestésico.Métodos: El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la presencia de contaminación en los equipos anestésicos de sala de operaciones del Hospital México. Se analizaron nueve superficies de la máquina de anestesia, equipo de monitoreo y laringoscopios, durante la mañana y la tarde. Cada superficie fue sometida a cuatro pruebas, detección de contaminación visible, detección de contaminación sanguínea, conteo de adenosina trifosfato (ATP) y cultivo por Staphylococcus spp.Resultados: Las pruebas evidenciaron poca correlación entre la contaminación visible y por sangre con los cultivos por Staphylococcus sppy el conteo de unidades relativas de luz (URL). Se obtuvieron altos porcentajes de cultivos positivos por Staphylococcus spptanto en la mañana como en la tarde, 52% versus 67% respectivamente. Las mediciones de URL presentaron un valor promedio en la mañana de 5208,3 y en la tarde de 5514,8, 14 veces mayores a los considerados limpios, el estándar es 350 URL. Conclusión: El equipo anestésico no está siendo correctamente manipulado, es necesario crear políticas de limpieza del mismo ya que se expone a los pacientes a riesgos de salud innecesarios. Es pertinente más que el desarrollo de una herramienta de prevención, la sensibilización sobre el tema, la modificación de conductas y la educación.
Abstract:Background: nosocomial infections have a negative impact on healthcare professionals and patients. The influence of multiple hospital-related factors has been recognized as playing a role in these infections' development, nevertheless, the part of the anesthetic environment has not been clearly stated. In Costa Rica, like in many other countries in the world, there are no policies or guidelines related to the cleaning of anaesthetic equipment.Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of contamination on the anaesthetic equipment in the operating theatre of Hospital México. Analysis was carried out on nine surfaces of the anaesthesia machine, monitoring equipment and laryngoscopes, in both the morning and the afternoon of one day. Each surface had four tests: detection of visible contamination, detection of blood contamination, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) count and a bacterial culture test for Staphylococcus spp.Results: The tests showed a poor correlation between the visible and blood contamination and Staphylococcus sppcultures along with the count for relative units of light (RUL). High positive percentage of Staphylococcus sppcultures were recorded during both the morning and the afternoon, with respective values of 52% and 67%. The RUL measurements presented an average value during the morning of 5208.3 and during the afternoon of 5514.18, which is 14 times greater than the value considered clean, the permitted limit is of 350 RUL.Conclusion: Anesthetic equipment is not being correctly handled, and that it is necessary to create cleaning policies.
Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphate , Cross Infection , Costa Rica , Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques , Anesthesia Department, Hospital , Equipment and Supplies , Hospitals, StateABSTRACT
Aims: This study describes the potential of real-time bioluminescence imaging in evaluating the antibiotic efficiency of two cylinder-shaped bioabsorbable antibiotic-releasing composites by in vitro inhibition zone tests. The bacterial infections of bone tissue can cause extensive hard and soft tissue damage and decrease the efficiency of oral antibiotic therapy due to the poor blood circulation in the infected area. To overcome this problem, new, locally antibiotic-releasing biodegradable composites have been developed. Study Design & Methodology: The two composites evaluated in this study were composed of poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) matrix, β-tricalcium phosphate ceramic and either ciprofloxacin or rifampicin antibiotic. The composites were tested with genetically modified model pathogens of osteomyelitis (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis) in vitro in inhibition zone tests using a method of real-time bioluminescence. Results: The first signs of the effect of the released ciprofloxacin or rifampicin became visible after four hours of incubation and were seen as changed bioluminescence around the composite pellet on a culture dish. Both of the composite types showed excellent effects against the sensor bacteria within the diffusion area. Bioluminescence measurements suggested that no survivor bacteria capable of evolving resistant strains were left inside the inhibition zones. The S. epidermidis bacterial strain was an inhibition sensor and P. aeruginosa was a stress sensor. Conclusion: These results highlight the potential of the composite materials against the pathogens of osteomyelitis. The approach allows continuous visual inspection of the efficacy of the antibiotics against the bacteria
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Techniques , Ciprofloxacin/administration & dosage , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Drug Resistance, Microbial , In Vitro Techniques , Luminescence/methods , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Rifampin/administration & dosage , Rifampin/pharmacology , Staphylococcus epidermidis/drug effectsABSTRACT
Strict regulation of HIV-1 PR function is critical for efficient production of mature viral particles. During viral protein expression and viral assembly, HIV-1 PR located within Gag-Pol precursor must be inactive to prevent premature cytoplasmic processing of the viral Gag and Gag-Pol precursors. Premature activation of HIV-1 precursors leads to major defects in viral assembly and production of viral particles. A cell-level premature activation of HIV-1 precursors assay using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) was established. Three thousand compounds were screened to evaluate this assay. The results showed that the assay is sensitive, specific and stable (Z' factor is 0.905).