Epidemiological Characterization of Imported Systemic Mycoses Occurred in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Imported systemic mycoses is a severe fungal infection that can cause diseases in healthy people. However, there is a serious lack of epidemiological data about imported systemic mycoses. Therefore, an epidemiological characterization of imported systemic mycoses in Korea was performed. METHODS: We collected health insurance data between 2008 and 2012 from the Health Insurance Corporation and analyzed the data to determine the prevalence and treatment management of imported systemic mycoses. RESULTS: The prevalence of imported systemic mycoses between 2008 and 2012 increased slowly by 0.49/100,000 to 0.53/100,000 persons. The prevalence of coccidioidomycosis increased from 0.28/100,000 in 2008 to 0.36/100,000 persons in 2012. A mean of 229.6 cases occurred each year. Children and the elderly showed higher prevalence than adults in the 20- to 59-year-old age group. The rate of infection according to region ranged from 0.18/100,000 persons in Ulsan, to 0.59/100,000 persons in Gyeonggi. The prevalence in females was higher than that in males. Inpatient treatment was 3.3% (38 cases), with 96.7% treated as outpatients. Hospitalizations cost 272.7 million won and outpatient treatments cost 111.7 million won. The treatment cost for coccidioidomycosis from 2008 to 2012 was 330.9 million won, with personal charges of 79.2 million won and insurance charges of 251.7 million won. Most of the expenses for the coccidioidomycosis treatment were for inpatient treatment. CONCLUSION: The results in this study may be a useful resource for determining the changes in the trend of imported systemic mycoses.

Doença de Jorge Lobo e a importância de seu estudo para a patologia animal e para a patologia humana / Jorge Lobo's disease and its study importance for human and animal medical conditions

A Doença de Jorge Lobo é uma micose subcutânea que tem como agente etiológico o fungo Paracoccidioides loboi. Este fungo pode infectar tanto humanos quanto golfinhos. O primeiro caso em humanos foi registrado no Brasil em 1931. A história natural da doença se inicia pela instalação do microorganismo nos tecidos subcutâneos e as lesões são nodulares, isoladas, com aspecto queloideano, acometendo principalmente o pavilhão auricular e os membros inferiores e superiores. Geograficamente, esta micose ocorre mais em regiões de florestas densas, quentes e úmidas. O presente artigo teve por objetivo mostrar as características da doença em homens e em golfinhos.

Jorge Lobo's disease is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by the Paracoccidioides loboi, which can infect both humans and dolphins. The first case in humans was described in Brazil, in 1931. The disease´s natural history initiates after the infection by the microorganism. The lesions are solitary nodular keloid-looking that arises, mainly, in the ear and in the upper and lower limbs. Geographically, this mycosis shows itself in dense, hot and humid forest regions. This article aimed the presentation of the disease in humans and dolphins.

Cutaneous blastomycosis: a clue to a systemic disease / Blastomicose cutânea: um sinal de doença sistêmica

A 55-year-old male presented with back pain and slightly tender annular plaques with central ulceration on his face. A skin biopsy revealed scattered yeast with broad based buds. A CT scan of the abdomen revealed a pathologic T12 fracture. Tissue obtained from the spine confirmed budding yeasts. The patient was diagnosed with disseminated blastomycosis. The patient was treated with amphotericin and itraconazole and completely recovered. .

Paciente do sexo masculino, com 55 anos de idade, compareceu ao ambulatório com dores na costa e placas anulares ligeiramente sensíveis, com ulceração central na face. Uma biópsia cutânea revelou levedura disseminada, com brotos de base larga. A tomografia computadorizada do abdômen revelou uma fratura patológica da T12. Amostra de tecido obtido da coluna vertebral confirmou levedura em fase de brotamento. O paciente foi diagnosticado com blastomicose disseminada. Após tratamento com anfotericina e itraconazol, o paciente teve recuperação completa. .

Disseminated blastomycosis in a child with a brief review of the Indian literature.

Disseminated blastomycosis is rare in India, particularly in the pediatric population. We discuss the clinical picture, progress and outcome of disseminated blastomycosis in a 4-year-old child. We also present a brief review of the literature focussing on the scenario of blastomycosis in India.

Doença de Jorge Lobo: relato de caso e revisão de literatura / Jorge Lobo's disease: case report and literature review

Introdução e objetivos: A doença de Jorge Lobo é uma enfermidade crônica rara causada pelo fungo Lacazia loboi, caracterizada por lesões queloideanas na pele. Objetivou-se realizar revisão de literatura referente ao tema e relatar o primeiro caso de doença de Jorge Lobo atendido no Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes (HUCAM). Materiais e métodos: Os dados do estudo foram obtidos retrospectivamente mediante a análise e revisão sistemática do prontuário de paciente com doença de Jorge Lobo identificado no HUCAM. Relato do caso: Paciente masculino, 37 anos, encaminhado ao HUCAM em abril de 2010 apresentando lesões queloideanas e com diagnóstico prévio de lobomicose por exame anátomo-patológico. Em dezembro de 2011, foi realizada exérese parcial das lesões com enxertia; três meses depois, foi observada recidiva da lobomicose no tecido enxertado. Em junho de 2012, instituiu-se tratamento medicamentoso com clofazimina associada a fluconazol. A ausência de resposta clínica satisfatória dois meses após fez com que a doença fosse considerada fora de possibilidades terapêuticas. Discussão e revisão de literatura: A lobomicose é uma afecção endêmica na Amazônia brasileira e em outras zonas tropicais úmidas das Américas Central e do Sul. Sua transmissão ocorre pela inoculação do fungo através de soluções de continuidade na pele. O diagnóstico é feito por meio do exame clínico e do exame histopatológico ou citológico. A escolha do tipo de terapêutica varia de acordo com a extensão das lesões cutâneas. No entanto, nenhuma das terapias descritas na literatura é totalmente eficaz. Conclusão: No presente caso, falharam as duas principais propostas terapêuticas, sendo a doença considerada incurável...

Morfología atípica de Cryptococcus neoformans en tejidos autopsiados / Atypical morphology of Cryptococcus neoformans in post-mortem tissues

Cryptococcus neoformans es el agente de la Blastomicosis Europea, Torulosis o Cryptococcosis. Causa enfermedad en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Estos hongos viven en distintos ambientes, penetran a los pulmones por inhalación y por diseminación hematógena, pueden comprometer el cerebro, meninges y otros órganos. En los tejidos invadidos y en su habitat natural se presenta con igual morfología, como levaduras gemantes globosas a ovales, de 4 a 7 u de diámetro aunque pueden verse células de 2 a 15 u, rodeadas de una gran cápsula de mucopolisacáridos que duplica o triplica el diámetro de las células. Típicamente son células simples o con un brote, en ciertas lesiones pueden encontrarse cadenas cortas de 2 a 3 células. Las levaduras están ampliamente separadas por espacios ocupados por sus cápsulas. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar la morfología atípica de un aislamiento de C. neoformans en tejidos de órganos: hígado, bazo, riñón y cerebro obtenidos por autopsia de una persona de sexo masculino de 33 años de edad. La Identificación de C. neoformans fue realizada por sus caracteres morfológicos, cultivos y fenotípicos. En hígado, bazo y riñón se observaron abundantes levaduras grmantes con gran cápsula. Algunas levaduras estaban unidas a las células madres por una base ancha, lo cual no es característica de la especie. Presentaba marcada asociación entre células formando estructuras caprichosas y muy desarrolladas con escasas formas típicas del hongo y pseudomicelios. En cerebro fue más frecuente la observación de elementos gemantes simples.

C. neoformans is the agent of the Cryptococcosis, European Blastomycosis or Torulosis. This fungus can cause disease in normal individuals and in inmunocompromised patients. Infection follows inhalation, but shows a remarkable propensity to spread hematogenously to the brain and meninges and even other organs. C. neoformans is an encapsulated budding yeasts, globular to oval in shape, 4 to 7 u in diameter not including capsules, but cells from 2 to 15 u may occur. The yeasts are surrounded by a large mucopolysaccharide capsule which duplicates or triplicates the cell diameter. Cells are typically single or with one bud, but may be found in short chains of 2 to 3 cells. The yeasts are clearly separated by spaces occupied by capsules. The aim of this work is to communicate the atypical morphology presented by a C. neoformans strain isolated from liver, spleen, kidney and brain tissue. Tissues were obtained through autopsy of a 33-year-old male patient without accurate cause of death. The identification of C. neoformans was made by its morphological, culture and phenotypical characteristics. In liver, spleen and kidney were observed budding yeast abundant with large capsule and numerous buds. The buds were linked to mather cells by a wide base, which is not characteristic of the species. Showed a strong association between cells, without letting go of the parent cell, were capricious and highly developed structures. Presented few typical forms of the fungus and pseudomycelia rudimentary. In brain was more often observed budding simple elements.

Blastomicosis oral, papilomatosis laríngea y tuberculosis esofágica / Oral blastomycosis, laryngeal papillomatosis and esophageal tuberculosis

El compromiso esofágico es una complicación infrecuente de la tuberculosis incluso en países con alta prevalencia de infección. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 57 años no seropositivo al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con diagnóstico simultáneo de blastomicosis en cavidad oral y papilomatosis laríngea, ambas confirmadas por anatomía patológica. La biopsia de esófago reveló esofagitis granulomatosa con necrosis; la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen mostró bacilos ácido-alcohol resistente, sugerentes de tuberculosis. El antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar en dos oportunidades y abandono de tratamiento determinó el inicio de tratamiento antituberculoso de segunda línea a través de un tubo de gastrostomía, más itraconazol vía oral. La evolución fue favorable.

Esophageal involvement is an extremely rare complication of tuberculosis even in countries with high prevalence of infection. We report the case of a 57 year-old hiv-seronegative patient with simultaneous diagnoses of oral blastomycosis and laryngeal papillomatosis. Both were confirmed by anatomopathological analysis. The esophageal biopsy revealed granulomatous esophagitis with necrosis and ziehl-neelsen stain showed acid-fast alcohol resistant bacilli suggestive of tuberculosis. The patient’s history included pulmonary tuberculosis twice and previous abandonment of therapy. Thus, it was necessary to use oral itraconazole combined with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs administered through a gastrostomy tube. The clinical development was favorable.

A Case of Pulmonary Blastomycosis Mimicking Pulmonary Tuberculosis / 결핵및호흡기질환

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus that causes the systemic pyogranulomatous disease known as blastomycosis. Blastomycosis most often involves the lungs, skin, and may involve nearly every organ in the body. It is difficult, however, to diagnose blastomycosis in the early stage of pulmonary disease because clinical manifestations are varied from subclinical infection to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Since blastomycosis is often accompanied by granulomatous inflammation in histopathologic findings, differentiation from other etiologic diseases is important. We report a case of a 45-year-old male with pulmonary blastomycosis who had been misdiagnosed with tuberculosis for 3 months.

Laboratory Experience in Phenotypic and Molecular Identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis First Isolated in Korea / 대한임상미생물학회지

Blastomycosis, endemic in North America, has been hardly reported in Korea. We describe laboratory experience in phenotypic and molecular identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis first isolated in Korea. The patient was a 45-year-old male with pulmonary blastomycosis mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis. Diagnosis was based on culture and dimorphism combined with DNA target sequencing of internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and D1/D2 regions.

Blastomycosis in China: a case report and literature review / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Blastomycosis is a fungal disease that is endemic in parts of North America. It is very rare in China and also commonly misdiagnosed, often as cancer or other infectious diseases. The clinical profile of a case of disseminated blastomycosis with pulmonary changes and skin ulcers was described. He had been misdiagnosed with tuberculosis, after adequate therapy with a lipid formulation of amphotericin B, followed by itraconazole, the lung and skin lesions improved. Then the five cases reported in China and literatures were reviewed. The aim of this report was to improve the knowledge regarding blastomycosis for physicians in China to avoid delaying adequate therapy.

Infecção por Blastocystis hominis e Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar em pacientes atendidos em um hospital localizado em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro / Blastocystis hominis and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar infection in patients attended in a Hospital in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Blastocistose e amebíase são enteroparasitoses causadas pelos protozoários Blastocystis hominis e Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar. E. histolytica é a única espécie considerada invasiva. E. dispar é morfologicamente semelhante, mas geneticamente distinta e considerada incapaz de invadir a mucosa intestinal. Um dos aspectos de maior importância na virulência amebiana talvez seja a interação das amebas com a microbiota do intestino do hospedeiro. B. hominis é encontrado com elevada frequência em fezes, assim como sua associação com E. histolytica/E. dispar, sugerindo possível interferência recíproca de patogenicidad. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi demonstrar a frequência de E. histolytica/E. dispar, B. hominis e de sua associação em amostras de fezes de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, entre janeiro e setembro de 2008, por meio de levantamento no livro de registros de resultados de exames parasitológicos de fezes. A frequência global de enteroparasitoses foi de 14,1por cento, sendo B. hominis o mais frequente (6,7por cento), seguido por Entamoeba coli (3,4por cento), Giardia lamblia (2,9por cento) e E. histolytica/E. dispar (2,0por cento). Dos 34 casos positivos para E. histolytica/E. dispar, 20 (58,8por cento) estavam associados com B. hominis. O poliparasitismo (até quatro parasitos na mesma amostra) observado em alguns indivíduos da população estudada sugere possível deficiência de saneamento básico no local de moradia dessas pessoas. O elevado número de casos com associação entre E. histolytica/E. dispar e B. hominis demonstra a necessidade do desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais para o estudo dessa associação in vivo.

Blastocystosis and amebiasis are intestinal parasitoses caused by the protozoan B. hominis and E. histolytica/E. dispar. While E. histolytica is the only species considered invasive, E. dispar is morphologically identical although genetically distinct, and it is considered incapable of invading the intestinal mucosa. One of the most important aspects in the virulence of the ameba might be their interaction with the macrobiota that lives in the host’s intestine. B. hominis is found with highfrequency in feces, and in association with E. histolytica/E. dispar, suggestingpossible reciprocal interference of pathogenicity. The aim of this paper is to show the frequency of E. histolytica/E. dispar, B. hominis and their association on feces samples of patients seen at Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (HUAP) in 2008 through a survey of the register of test results for feces samples. The overall frequency of intestinal parasites was 14.1%. B. hominis was the most frequent (6.7%), followed by E. coli (3.4%), G. lamblia (2.9%) and E. histolytica/E. dispar(2.0%). Association with B. hominis was found in 20 (58.8%) of 34 positiveE. histolytica/E. dispar cases. The presence of multiple parasites in the studied population suggests a difficult access to adequate sanitation. The high number of cases with E. histolytica/E. dispar and B. hominis association shows the need to develop experimental models for the study of this association in vivo.

Eliminação transepidérmica de parasitas na doença de Jorge Lobo / Transepidermal elimination of parasites in Jorge Lobo's disease

FUNDAMENTOS: A eliminação transepidérmica de parasitas (ETEP) tem sido pouco estudada na doença de Jorge Lobo. OBJETIVOS: Identificar aspectos morfológicos da ETEP na doença de Jorge Lobo. MÉTODOS: Recortes de biópsias de doença de Jorge Lobo emblocados em parafina foram corados pela hematoxilina-eosina e examinados. Considerou-se como ETEP, exclusivamente, a presença de parasitas em estruturas epidérmicas. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas no estudo 40 biópsias de 37 pacientes (31 homens e seis mulheres, média de idade 51,03 anos, variação 29-80 anos) realizadas em um período de 37 anos (1967-2003), das quais foram obtidos 511 cortes (média de 12,77 cortes por caso, variação 2-39 cortes por caso). Observou-se ETEP em 110/511 (21,52 por cento) e não se observou em 401/511 cortes (78,48 por cento) (p < 0,0001). Em relação aos pacientes (37), em 15 se verificaram aspectos consistentes com ETEP (40,5 por cento), ao passo que, em 22 deles (59,5 por cento), isso não foi observado (p > 0,05). Os parasitas dispunham-se em infundíbulos hiperplásicos, formando catênulas, ou como unidades isoladas, associados ou não a células inflamatórias. CONCLUSÕES: Aspectos consistentes com ETEP, embora observados em número estatisticamente não significante de pacientes da amostra (p > 0,05), sugerem que, na doença de Jorge Lobo, o fenômeno, invariavelmente, ocorra através do epitélio infundibular. Estudos futuros serão necessários para avaliar sua eventual importância na epidemiologia da micose.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have focussed on the transepidermal elimination of parasites in Jorge Lobo's disease (lobomycosis). OBJECTIVE: To identify the morphological features of the transepidermal elimination of parasites in lobomycosis. METHODS: Sections were obtained from paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of patients with lobomycosis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for microscopic examination. Only the presence of parasites in epidermal structures was considered to constitute transepidermal elimination. RESULTS: Forty biopsies from 37 patients were included in the study (31 males and 6 females). The mean age of patients was 51.03 years (range 29-80 years). Biopsies performed over a period of 37 years (1967-2003) were used, from which 511 sections were obtained (a mean of 12.77 sections per case; range 2-39 sections per case). Transepidermal elimination of parasites was found in 110/511 (21.52 percent) and was absent in 401/511 sections (78.48 percent) (p<0.0001). Features consistent with the phenomenon were found in 15/37 patients (40.5 percent) and were absent in 22/37 (59.5 percent) (p>0.05). Parasites in the epidermis were detected within hyperplastic infundibula, either connected in chains or as isolated units, associated or not with inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION: Features consistent with transepidermal elimination of parasites were found in a statistically nonsignificant number of patients in the sample (p>0.05), suggesting that in Jorge Lobo's disease, this phenomenon invariably occurs through the infundibular epithelium. Future studies are required to evaluate the significance of this finding in the epidemiology of mycosis.

Pulmonary blastomycosis diagnosed in Hawai'i.

Blastomycosis, a fungal infection caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis, was once thought to be endemic only to the Central and Great Lakes regions of the United States of America. We present the first reported case series of patients documenting the diagnosis of blastomycosis in the Pacific region. In both cases, exposure to endemic areas was retrospectively identified.

Cerebral blastomycosis: a case report.

Blastomycosis is a chronic systemic fungal infection characteristically affecting the skin and lungs. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is unusual, with cases generally presenting with meningitis, and rarely as intracranial mass lesion and solitary or multiple abscesses. Only two cases of intracranial extra-axial blastomycosis have been reported from India, and we report the third case, which presented as meningioma in a 23-year old female.

Blastomycosis-like pyoderma.

A 9-year-old female, presented with recurrent bilaterally symmetrically distributed flesh colored vegetative plaques, papules and nodules on trunk and upper and lower extremities since 15 days. Investigations revealed anemia, hypoproteinemia, decreased albumin and positive D-xylose test. Pus swab and biopsy for culture sensitivity showed Enterococci species. Biopsy showed spongiotic psoriasiform dermatitis with subcorneal pustule. She fulfilled criteria for the diagnosis of blastomycosis-like pyoderma viz. presentation of large verrucous plaques with pustules and elevated border, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia with abscess histologically and growth of one pathogenic bacterium on culture or tissue biopsy. She responded to long-term amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy.

A Case of Blastomycosis after Traveling around Non-Endemic Area / 결핵및호흡기질환

Blastomycosis is a systemic pyogranulomatous disease that is caused by a thermally dimorphic fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis. it's the disease is endemic in the south-eastern and south central states of the USA, which border the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, the mid-western states and Canadian provinces bordering the Great Lakes as well as in a small area of New York and Canada adjacent to the St. Lawrence River.1 We encountered a case of blastomycosis, representing as a pulmonary manifestation after traveling around a non-endemic area and report it with a brief review of the relevant literature.

Systemic Blastomycosis with Osseous Involvement of the Foot: A Case Report / 대한족부족관절학회지

We report a patient who presented with three months of foot pain, lytic navicular bone lesions in the foot, and a painless ipsilateral leg skin ulcer. Bone and skin biopsies revealed organisms compatible with Blastomyces. Systemic blastomycosis is very rare, especially with bone involvement in the foot.