ABSTRACT
La gota es un tipo de artritis gatillada por la cristalización de ácido úrico dentro de las articulaciones. Múltiples factores están involucrados en su desarrollo, constituyendo actualmente la hiperuricemia una condición estrechamente relacionada con el síndrome metabólico. Los humanos carecen de una enzima que degrada el ácido úrico llamada uricasa, lo que les confiere niveles de urato más elevados que otras especies animales. Se cree que esto sería un mecanismo adaptativo que entrega protección contra diversas noxas, dadas sus propiedades antioxidantes. Los cristales de urato monosódico pueden directamente iniciar la cascada inflamatoria a través de la activación del complemento y de diversos tipos celulares. Esto genera a nivel intracelular una cascada de transducción de señales que activarán un complejo catalítico multiproteico llamado inflamasoma, el cual es clave en la activación de caspasas inflamatorias, con el consecuente clivaje proteolítico de la pro-ILl en ILl , que junto a otras citoquinas y mediadores tendrán un rol fundamental en la patogénesis de esta enfermedad. Avances en el conocimiento de esta patología han permitido identificar nuevos targets terapéuticos y desarrollar nuevas terapias que han mostrado resultados favorables en pacientes con fracaso a los tratamientos convencionales.
Gout is a type of arthritis triggered by the crystallization of uric acid in the joints. Multiple factors are involved in its development, hyperuricemia currently constitutes a condition which is closely related to the metabolic syndrome. Humans lack an enzyme that degrades uric acid called uricase, which gives us urate levels higher than other animal species. It is believed that this is an adaptive mechanism that confers protection against various noxa, given its antioxidant properties. Monosodium urate crystals can directly start the infiammatory cascade through the activation of the complement and of various cell types. This leads to a cascade of intracellular signal transduction that will activate a multiprotein catalytic complex called infiammasome, which is key in the activation of infiamatory caspases and the consequent proteolytic cleavaje of the pro-ILl in ILl, which together with other cytokines and mediators have a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Advances in the understanding of this condition have allowed us to identify new therapeutic targets and develop new therapies that have shown favorable results in patients that do not respond to conventional treatments.
Subject(s)
Humans , Gout/immunology , Inflammation/immunology , Interleukin-1/immunology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal , Uric Acid/metabolism , Caspase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Gout/drug therapy , Inflammation/metabolism , Interleukin-1/metabolism , Gout Suppressants/therapeutic use , Urate Oxidase/therapeutic useABSTRACT
We reported earlier that expression of Sox-4 was found to be elevated during prostaglandin (PG) A2 and delta(12)-PGJ(12) induced apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells. In this study, the role of Sox-4 was examined using human Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines. Sox-4 induction by several apoptotic inducer such as A23187 (Ca(2+) ionophore) and etoposide (topoisomerase II inhibitor) and Sox-4 transfection into the cells were able to induce apoptosis as observed by the cellular DNA fragmentation. Antisense oligonucleotide of Sox-4 inhibited the induction of Sox-4 expression and blocked the formation of DNA fragmentation by PGA(2) and delta(12)-PGJ(12) in Hep3B and HepG2 cells. Sox-4-induced apoptosis was accompanied with caspase-1 activation indicating that caspase cascade was involved in this apoptotic pathway. These results indicate that Sox-4 is involved in Hep3B and HepG2 cells apoptosis as an important apoptotic mediator.