ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: The anatomy study is part of the basic cycle of disciplines that composes Veterinary Medicine college curriculum, and its comprehension is essential for other courses subject understanding. However, the current student's profile, the reduced time frame of superior education programs, and the multidisciplinary approach nowadays have made anatomy teaching method outdated and ineffective. Addressing the problem we developed an interactive and multidisciplinary platform based on the blended learning methodology, which could serve as a valuable tool for bovine neuroanatomy comprehension. To produce a new study tool, photos from bovine specimens fixed in formaldehyde, platinated brain pieces sectioned in a metameric order, as well as histological slides of the bovine central nervous system were used. These materials were applied to photos and schemes production, that were correlated with image exams correlation, as well as written content and videotaped classes. The obtained content was compiled into a digital platform, that can serve as an effective additional method to bovine central nervous system study. Furthermore, our results serve as a guide for the development of other blended learning methodologies in veterinary medicine and anatomy teaching. The platform provides a great tool for those who wish to accomplish a better understanding of bovine neuroanatomy and its clinical, surgical and image diagnosis correlations.
El estudio de la anatomía forma parte del ciclo básico de disciplinas que componen el currículo de la facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, y su comprensión es fundamental para el entendimiento de las materias de otros cursos. Sin embargo, el perfil del estudiante actual, la reducción de los tiempos de los programas de educación superior y el enfoque multidisciplinario actual han hecho que el método de enseñanza de la anatomía sea obsoleto e ineficaz. Abordando el problema desarrollamos una plataforma interactiva y multidisciplinar basada en la metodología blended learning, que podría servir como una valiosa herramienta para la comprensión de la neuroanatomía bovina. Para producir una nueva herramienta de estudio, se utilizaron fotografías de especímenes bovinos fijados en formaldehído, piezas de cerebro plastinadas y seccionadas en un orden metamérico, así como láminas histológicas del sistema nervioso central bovino. Estos materiales se utilizaron en la producción de fotos y esquemas, que se correlacionaron con exámenes de imágenes, así como contenido escrito y clases grabadas en video. El contenido obtenido se compiló en una plataforma digital, que puede servir como un método adicional y eficaz para el estudio del sistema nervioso central bovino. Además, nuestros resultados sirven como guía para el desarrollo de otras metodologías de aprendizaje semipresencial en la enseñanza de la medicina veterinaria y la anatomía. La plataforma proporciona una gran herramienta para aquellos que deseen lograr una mejor comprensión de la neuroanatomía bovina y sus correlaciones clínicas, quirúrgicas y de diagnóstico por imágenes.
Subject(s)
Animals , User-Computer Interface , Cattle/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Neuroanatomy/education , Software , Education, Veterinary , Plastination , LearningABSTRACT
SUMMARY: The study of animal neurology has historically focused on the closest descendants of humans, such as monkeys and chimpanzees. Because of this, the neurology of birds remains poorly studied and understood by humans compared to other groups of animals. Thus, the objective was to describe the central nervous system to better understand its functioning, correlating the findings with the role it plays in the physiology and biology of birds, comparing species with different behaviors between herbivores and carnivores, filling gaps in the literature serving as subsidy for future research.
RESUMEN: El estudio de la neurología animal se ha centrado históricamente en los descendientes más cercanos de los humanos, como los monos y los chimpancés. Debido a esto, la neurología de las aves sigue siendo poco estudiada y comprendida, en comparación con la de otros grupos de animales. Así, el objetivo fue describir el sistema nervioso central para comprender mejor su funcionamiento, correlacionando los hallazgos con el rol que juega en la fisiología y biología de las aves, comparando especies con diferentes comportamientos entre herbívoros y carnívoros y llenando vacíos en la literatura que sirvan como base para futuras investigaciones.
Subject(s)
Animals , Parrots , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , StrigiformesABSTRACT
The insular lobe has long been investigated, from its anatomical descriptions to its neurophysiological activity. Located in a central location, the insular lobe participates in several afferent and efferent pathways, forming part of the eloquent and fundamental structures that make up the central core of the brain. The lobe of the insula has participation in language function, such as speech, sensory (e.g., taste), limbic, autonomic (visceral), also forming part of complex associative circuits, including part of the circuits of mirror neurons. Several functional descriptions attributed to the insular lobe have beenmade in patients suffering fromcerebrovascular diseases, as well as in those with epilepsy. Much progress and many descriptions have also been made in patients with tumors. Despite much information already available about the insular lobe, it is likely that much will be discovered in the coming years.
Subject(s)
Insular Cortex/anatomy & histology , Insular Cortex/abnormalities , Insular Cortex/physiology , Insular Cortex/injuries , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , NociceptionABSTRACT
Central nervous system (CNS) development researches are extremely important to the most common congenital disorders and organogenesis comprehension. However, few studies show the entire developmental process during the critical period. Present research can provide data to new researches related to normal development and abnormalities and changes that occur along the CNS organogenesis, especially nowadays with the need for preliminary studies in animal models, which could be used for experimental research on the influence of viruses, such as the influence of Zika virus on the development of the neural system and its correlation with microcephaly in human newborns. Then, present study describes CNS organogenesis in cattle according to microscopic and macroscopic aspects, identifying structures and correlating to gestational period. Fourteen embryos and nine bovine fetuses at different ages were collected and analyzed. All individuals were measured in order to detect the gestational period. Bovine embryo at 17 days age has its neural tube, cranial neuropore, caudal neuropore and somites developed. After 24 days of development, were observed in cranial part of neural tube five encephalic vesicles denominated: telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon. In addition, the caudal part of neural tube was identified with the primitive spinal cord. The primordial CNS differentiation occurred from 90 to 110 days. The five encephalic vesicles, primordial spinal cord and the cavities: third ventricule, mesencephalic aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal in spinal cord were observed. With 90 days, the main structures were identified: (1) cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum and fornix, of the telencephalon; (2) interthalamic adhesion, thalamus, hypothalamus and epythalamus (glandula pinealis), of the diencephalon; (3) cerebral peduncles and quadruplets bodies, of the mesencephalon; (4) pons and cerebellum, of the metencephalon; (5) medulla oblongata or bulb, of the myelencephalon; and (6) spinal cord, of the primitive spinal cord. After 110 days of gestation, the five encephalic vesicles and its structures were completely developed. It was noted the presence of the spinal cord with the cervicothoracic and lumbossacral intumescences. In summary, the results describes the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate of the ectoderm, the encephalic vesicles derived from the neural tube and subsequent structural and cavities subdivisions, thus representing the complete embryology of the central nervous system.(AU)
Os estudos que descrevem o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são de suma importância para compreensão da organogênese e identificação dos prováveis eventos que resultam em malformações congênitas. Estes dados podem subsidiar novas pesquisas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento normal, e interpretação de malformações e alterações que ocorrem ao longo da organogênese do SNC, considerando neste momento a necessidade de estudos preliminares em modelos animais, os quais poderiam ser utilizados para pesquisas experimentais sobre a influência de agentes infecciosos como o Zika vírus, no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso e suas relações com a microcefalia em humanos recém-nascidos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos morfológicos macro e microscópicos da organogênese do SNC de bovinos, buscando correlacionar os achados morfológicos com a idade gestacional. Todos os animais foram mensurados para detectar o período gestacional. Foram coletados e analisados 14 embriões e nove fetos de bovinos de diferentes idades gestacionais. No embrião bovino a partir do décimo sétimo dia de gestação, encontra-se a formação do tubo neural, o neuroporo cranial e neuroporo caudal, e formação dos somitos. Após 24 dias de desenvolvimento, são observadas na parte cranial do tubo neural cinco vesículas encefálicas denominadas: telencéfalo, diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, metencéfalo e mielencéfalo; e na parte caudal do tubo neural, encontra-se a medula espinhal primitiva. Entre 90 a 110 dias de gestação, observa-se a total diferenciação das cinco vesículas do SNC. Com 90 dias, são identificas as principais estruturas: (1) do telencéfalo, os hemisférios cerebrais, corpo caloso e fórnix; (2) do diencéfalo, a aderência intertalâmica, tálamo, hipotálamo e epitálamo (glândula pineal); (3) do mesencéfalo, os pedúnculos cerebrais e os corpos quadrigêmios; (4) do metencéfalo, a ponte e o cerebelo; (5) do mielencéfalo, a medula oblonga (ou bulbo); e (6) da medula espinhal primitiva, a medula espinhal. Após 110 dias, as cinco vesículas encefálicas e as suas subdivisões se encontram completamente desenvolvidas. Notou-se a presença da medula espinhal com as intumescências cervicotorácica e lombossacral. Em resumo, os resultados demonstram a formação do tubo neural a partir da placa neural do ectoderma, as vesículas encefálicas provenientes do tubo neural e posteriormente as subdivisões das estruturas e das cavidades, que representam a completa embriologia do sistema nervoso central.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Brain/growth & development , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/embryology , Central Nervous System/growth & development , Spinal Cord/growth & developmentABSTRACT
This study describes the development of the central nervous system in guinea pigs from 12th day post conception (dpc) until birth. Totally, 41 embryos and fetuses were analyzed macroscopically and by means of light and electron microscopy. The neural tube closure was observed at day 14 and the development of the spinal cord and differentiation of the primitive central nervous system vesicles was on 20th dpc. Histologically, undifferentiated brain tissue was observed as a mass of mesenchymal tissue between 18th and 20th dpc, and at 25th dpc the tissue within the medullary canal had higher density. On day 30 the brain tissue was differentiated on day 30 and the spinal cord filling throughout the spinal canal, period from which it was possible to observe cerebral and cerebellar stratums. At day 45 intumescences were visualized and cerebral hemispheres were divided, with a clear division between white and gray matter in brain and cerebellum. Median sulcus of the dorsal spinal cord and the cauda equina were only evident on day 50. There were no significant structural differences in fetuses of 50 and 60 dpc, and animals at term were all lissencephalic. In conclusion, morphological studies of the nervous system in guinea pig can provide important information for clinical studies in humans, due to its high degree of neurological maturity in relation to its short gestation period, what can provide a good tool for neurological studies.(AU)
Este estudo descreve o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central em guinea pig do 12º dia pós-concepção (dpc) até ao nascimento. No total, 41 embriões e fetos foram analisados macroscopicamente e por microscopia de luz e eletrônica. O fechamento do tubo neural foi observado no dia 14 e o desenvolvimento da medula espinhal e diferenciação das vesículas primitivas do sistema nervoso central foram observados no dia 20. Histologicamente, o tecido cerebral indiferenciado foi observado como uma massa de tecido mesenquimal entre os dias 18 e 20 e no 25º dia o tecido no interior do canal medular apresentou maior densidade. No dia 30 o tecido cerebral apresentou-se diferenciado, período no qual a medula espinhal preenchia todo o canal vertebral e foi possível observar os estratos cerebral e cerebelar. No dia 45 as intumescências cervical e lombar foram visualizadas e os hemisférios cerebrais estavam divididos, com uma clara distinção entre substância branca e cinzenta no cérebro e cerebelo. O sulco mediano dorsal da medula espinhal e a cauda equina foram evidentes apenas no dia 50. Não houve diferenças estruturais significativas em fetos de 50 e 60 dpc e animais a termo eram todos lisencefálicos. Estudos morfológicos do sistema nervoso em guinea pig podem fornecer informações importantes para estudos clínicos em seres humanos devido ao alto grau de maturidade neurológica em relação ao seu período de gestação curto, fato que servir como excelente ferramenta em estudos neurológicos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/embryology , Central Nervous System/growth & development , Guinea Pigs/anatomy & histology , Guinea Pigs/embryology , Guinea Pigs/growth & development , Microscopy, Electron/veterinaryABSTRACT
Aquí exponemos un modelo que explica por qué, en el sistema nervioso central, los anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos, para ejercer su acción analgésica, deben interactuar con los opioides endógenos y los canabinoides endógenos. La sustancia gris del acueducto de Silvio es una estructura clave del llamado "sistema descendente de control nociceptivo". La activación de este sistema disminuye el flujo de mensajes nociceptivos hacia la corteza cerebral y, por lo tanto, el dolor. En la sustancia gris el ácido araquidónico es el elemento donde los opioides endógenos, los analgésicos opioides y los no-opioides (anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos) convergen para inducir analgesia. Las enzimas degradantes de los endocanabinoides son el punto donde estos y los analgésicos no-opioides convergen para inducir analgesia. Parece ventajoso el hecho de que los analgésicos que se compran libremente en la farmacia pueden aprovechar para su acción los mecanismos endógenos que todos nosotros poseemos
Here we present a model that explains why, in the central nervous system, the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, in order to induce analgesia, must interact with the endogenous opioids and the endocannabinoids. The periaqueductal gray matter is a key structure in the socalled "descending pain control system". Activations of this system diminishes the flow of nociceptive signals towards the cerebral cortex and, therefore, pain perception. In the periaqueductal gray matter, arachidonic acid is the elements where endogenous opioids analgesics and nonopioid analgesics converge to induce analgasia. The endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme are the point at which endocannabinoids and nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs converge to induce analgesia. There seems to be some advantage in that analgesics that can be bought over the counter can use for their action some endogenous mechanisms that we all possess
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Inflammatory Agents , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Cannabinoids , Cerebral Cortex , Neurons, Afferent , Pain Management , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , EndocannabinoidsABSTRACT
Reconhecida desde a antiguidade, a raiva é uma infecção aguda do sistema nervoso central que acomete mamíferos, sendo causada por um RNA vírus da família Rabidoviridae, gênero Lyssavírus. O Brasil, desde a implantação do programa de controle da raiva em áreas urbanas, vem apresentando um declínio de casos de raiva em cães e em seres humanos. Em Cuiabá, as atividades realizadas pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses voltadas para o controle da raiva como: vacinação antirrábica animal, bloqueios de foco, captura de animais errantes, entre outros, permitiu o bloqueio da circulação do vírus na espécie canina. Desde 2008, o município de Cuiabá não registra nenhum caso da doença na espécie canina. Com o objetivo de conhecer a distribuição temporal da raiva canina em Cuiabá- MT, assim como identificar os aspectos epidemiológicos dos cães infectados pelo vírus rábico e verificar as medidas de profilaxia para a raiva canina, adotadas pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonose do município de Cuiabá no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2008, realizou-se o presente estudo. Para o estudo observacional descritivo foi empregado o banco de dados referente à série histórica do CCZ e do Laboratório de Apoio a Saúde Animal LASA ambos situados no município de Cuiabá- MT. O período de estudo foi de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2008. Neste período foram examinadas 1021 amostras de cérebro de cães, destas 8,71% (89/1021) foram positivas e 91,29% (932/1021) negativas para a raiva. Os meses de maior incidência da doença foram os meses de janeiro 15,05% (14/93), fevereiro 12,5% (9/72), março 12,5% (9/72), abril 14,14% (9/72) e dezembro 13,69% (10/73). O maior número de cães doentes era macho 59,55% (53/89) com idade acima de dois anos 50,55% (45/89) e não domiciliados 67,41% (60/89). Em relação à imunoprofilaxia, a maioria dos cães 99,63% foi vacinada em campanhas. A cobertura vacinal ficou acima dos 80% exceto em 2006. Entre os animais que apresentaram a enfermidade o maior número, 67,41% (60/89), foi de cães não domiciliados, os chamados cães errantes. O percentual de cães domiciliados infectados pelos VR foi igual a 32,58% (29/89). As campanhas de vacinação, portanto, são fundamentais para a imunização do maior número de animais possível e a sociedade deve se conscientizar sobre a importância da raiva e as medidas que devem ser tomadas para controlá-la.
Known since the ancient times, the rabies is an acute infection of the central nervous system that affects mammals, caused by an RNA virus of the Rhabidoviridae family, Lyssavirus gender. Since the implantation of the urban area rabies control program in Brazil the number of cases in dogs and human have shown a decrease. In Cuiabá, the efforts to control the rabies, such as animal vaccination, focus isolation, capture of nomad animals and others realized by the Zoonosis Control Center has leaded to locking in the viral circulation in the canine species. Since 2008, zero cases of the disease in dogs were reported. In order to know the temporal distribution of canine rabies in Cuiabá MT and identify the epidemiologic aspects of the rabiess infected dogs, and verify the canine rabiess profilatic actions of the Zoonosis Control Center of the city of Cuiabá, during the period of January, 2002 to December , 2008, the present study was performed. The historic data base from Cuiabá - MT was obtained at the Zoonosis Control Center and at the Animal Health Support Laboratory and used to perform the descriptive and observational study. During the performance of the study, 1021 samples of canines brains were examined, 8,71% (89/1021) of them were positive and 91,29% (932/1021) of them were negative for the rabies test. The Months with higher incidence were January with 15,05% (14/93), February with 12,5% (9/72), March with 12,5% (9/72), April with 14,14% (9/72) and December with 13,69% (10/73). The major part of the infected dogs were males with 59,55% (53/89) older than two years old 50,55% (45/89) and were nomads animals 67,41% (60/89). 99,63% of the infected dogs were vaccinated in anti rabies vaccination campaigns. The vaccinal cover was higher than 80%, except in 2006. The percentual of the domiciled infected dogs by the rabies virus were 32,58% (29/89). Therefore the vaccination campaigns are essential for the immunization of a higher number of animals, and the society must be awareabout the importance of rabies and about the actions to control it.
Subject(s)
Dogs/classification , Rabies/pathology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Epidemiology , Infections/pathology , Rabies Vaccines , Zoonoses/transmissionABSTRACT
Surtos de uma doença neurológica com sinais cerebelares ocorreram em três fazendas da região Agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. A morbidade foi de 3 a 25%, a mortalidade variou de 0 a 20% e a letalidade foi de 0 a 60%. Uma planta que predominava nos pastos das fazendas foi identificada como Solanum paniculatum. Os sinais clínicos apresentados foram de crises periódicas caracterizadas por incoordenação, extensão da cabeça e pescoço, ataxia, hipermetria, tremores de intenção, nistagmo e quedas. As crises eram induzidas pelo teste de levantar a cabeça ou quando os animais eram assustados ou quando aplicado o teste de levantar a cabeça. Alguns animais apresentaram sinais permanentes com alterações posturais, tremores de intenção, andar cambaleante com os membros em abdução e perda progressiva de peso. De dois bovinos que foram necropsiados, um apresentava diminuição de tamanho do cerebelo com marcada atrofia da substância cinzenta. Histologicamente, um dos bovinos apresentou vacuolização fina do pericário das células de Purkinje do cerebelo com marginalização do núcleo. Em algumas áreas havia perda de neurônios de Purkinje com proliferação de astrócitos de Bergmann. Degeneração do tipo Walleriana, com esferoides axonais e vacúolos, alguns contendo macrófagos, foi observada na camada granular do cerebelo, substância branca cerebelar e medula cerebelar. Neurônios vacuolizados e esferóides axonais foram observados também no núcleo gracilis. Em outro bovino com sinais permanentes, que permaneceu por aproximadamente 10 meses sem ter acesso a S. paniculatum, observou-se ausência quase total de células de Purkinje. Havia severa depleção das camadas granular e molecular que se encontravam marcadamente diminuídas de espessura e com rarefação do neurópilo e menor número de células. Considerando que se desconhece o princípio ativo de S. paniculatum e que a planta é largamente utilizada como planta medicinal é necessário alertar para os riscos de intoxicação em humanos.
Outbreaks of a disease of the nervous system are reported in cattle in three farms in the Agreste region of the state of Pernambuco. Morbidity, mortality and fatality rates varied from 3 to 25%, 0 to 20% and 0 to 60%, respectively. A weed found in large amounts in the pastures was identified as Solanum paniculatum. Clinical signs were characterized by transitory, periodic attacks with loss of balance, incoordinated gait, neck and head extension, hypermetria, intention tremors, nystagmus, and falls. The attacks were induced when the animals were disturbed or by the application of the head raising test. Two cows showed permanent signs including ataxia, abnormal posture, staggering gait with limbs in abduction, intention tremors, hypermetria, and progressive weight loss. Histological lesions in one cow were fine vacuolation of the cerebellar Purkinje neurons with marginalization of the nucleus. Loss of Purkinje neurons with proliferation of Bergmann astrocytes and Wallerian degeneration with axonal spheroids in the granular layer and cerebellar white matter were also observed. Neuronal vacuolation and axonal spheroids were observed in the gracillis nucleus. In one cow that stayed for approximately 10 months in an area free of S. paniculatum with permanent signs, there was a severe depletion of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum. The granular and molecular layers were reduced and depleted of cells. Considering that the toxic compound of S. paniculatum is unknown, and that the plant is largely used as a medical plant, it is necessary to take into account the risk of human poisoning.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle/classification , Poisoning/veterinary , Solanum/toxicity , Lysosomal Storage Diseases/complications , Plants, Toxic/toxicity , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
El Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) muestra en su morfología, estructura, funcionamiento y organización, la influencia de varios factores: genéticos, ambientales, sexuales y su respectiva interacción. El momento en que estos factores ejercen sus efectos sobre el SNC (períodos críticos) es también de suma importancia. Desde hace varios años, entre estos factores se estudia las hormonas sexuales y sus efectos sobre el SNC. Se han podido conocer y entender las interacciones que existen entre las hormonas sexuales y los demás sistemas de neurotransmisión, así como, la relación con los diferentes ejes neuroendócrinos. Es también conocida la influencia que las hormonas sexuales ejercen en el establecimiento del dimorfismo del cerebro, no sólo estableciendo diferencias morfológicas, estructurales, funcionales y de conductas sexuales, sino además en el desempeño de determinadas habilidades neurocognitivas entre ambos sexos. En este trabajo se estudió e investigó particularmente los estrógenos, de gran influencia sobre varios procesos que involucran a las neuronas. A su vez, estas hormonas sexuales son de gran interés por los efectos que tienen sobre el neurodesarrollo, la sinaptogénesis, la supervivencia neuronal y la respuesta fisiológica al estrés; pero también por la vulnerabilidad a presentar mayor incidencia de determinadas patologías inmunológicas, hormonales, psiquiátricas y neurológicas.En esta primera parte, se desarrollan los aspectos neurobiológico de los estrógenos, los receptores estrogénicos y la relación con los demás sistemas de neurotransmisión. En la segunda parte, se focalizará en las implicancias que los estrógenos por ausencia o disminución, exceso o normalidad, presentan a lo largo de las distintas etapas de la vida, en las diferentes patologías psiquiátricas.
The Central Nervous System (CNS) displays, in its morphology, structure, functioning and organizations, the influence of several factors: genetic, environmental, sexual and the corresponding interaction between them. The moment when those factors produce their effects on the CNS (critical periods) is also of great significance. For many years, among those factores, sexual hormones and their effects on the CNS have been studied. It has been possible to know about the interactions existing between secual hormones and the rest of the neurotransmission systems, as well as the relationshipo with the different neuroendocrine axes. Also known is the influence of sexual hormones on the establishment of brain dimorphism, not only establishing morphological, structural, functional differences and differences of sexual behaviours, but also in the performance of certain neurocognitive abilities between both genders. This work focused mainly on the study and reserch of estrogens, which have a great influence on several processes involving neurons. These sexual hormones are in turn of great significance due to the effects they have on neurodevelopment, synaptogenesis, dence of immunological, hormonal, psychiatric and neurological pathologies. In this first part, the neurobiological aspects of estrogens, estrogenic receptors and the relation with the rest of the neurotransmission system are described. The second part will centre on the implications that estrogens, whether due to their absence, decrease, excess or normality, present throughout the different stages of life, in the different psychiatric pathologies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Depression , Estrogens , Hormone Replacement Therapy , Pharmacology , Receptors, Estrogen , Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/physiology , Mental Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
A busca pela compreensão do funcionamento do sistema nervoso resultou em um aumento de estudos morfológicos sobre a vascularização encefálica em diferentes espécies animais. As artérias encefálicas são a principal rota para transporte de sangue para o cérebro e, portanto têm um papel essencial na manutenção de atividade normal do mesmo, o que desperta, devido sua importância funcional, o interesse pela realização de vários estudos. A artéria caroticobasilar foi investigada em animais da ordem Perissodactyla, de espécies da família dos eqüídeos. Pesquisou-se a frequência da artéria caroticobasilar em 30 encéfalos de equinos adultos e mestiços, do sexo masculino. As observações realizadas mostraram que este importante vaso apresentou as seguintes frequências absolutas e percentuais: presente em 15(50 por cento) dos encéfalos examinados sendo 4 (13,3 por cento) no antímero direito, 6 (20 por cento) no antímero esquerdo e 5 (16,7 por cento) em ambos os antímeros.
The search for the functional understanding of the nervous system has resulted in an increase of morphological studies about encephalic vascularization in different animal species. The encephalic arteries are the main rote for blood transport to the brain and therefore have an essential role in the maintenance of normal brain activity. The functional importance of these vessels has led to various studies. The caroticobasilar artery was investigated in animals of order Perissodactyla, in species of Equidae family. The frequency of caroticobasilar artery was studied in 30 adult male crossbreed brain horses. The observations showed that this important vessel presented the following absolute and percentual frequencies: present in 15 (50 percent) brains 4 (13.3 percent) in the right antimere, 6 (20 percent) in the left antimere and 5 (16.7 percent) on both antimeres.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Adult , Basilar Artery/cytology , Cerebral Arteries/anatomy & histology , Carotid Artery, Internal , Horses/surgery , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/blood supplyABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine the chronical stress effects on the encephalic NPY neurons population during the fetal Central nervous system development. Immunocytochemical techniques were used for this purpose: NPY neurons presented a similar morphology during the gestation days studied but their distribution varied in the anterior, medium and posterior brain. Statistical Highly significant differences in number of NPY positive neurons (p<0.01) among anterior, medium and posterior brain of stressed fetus (SF) were determined depending on the gestation period and the brain area. The NPY neurons were increased in ARC (Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus), PH (Posterior Hypothalamic Area) and DM (Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus) in stressed fetuses (SF) of 17 days, and in ARC of 19 days SF (p< 0.01) were detected in the different brain nucleus. The NPY population increased in PnO (Pontine Reticular Nu, Oral Part) and RITg (Reticulotegmental Nu of the Pons) of 17 days SF, while they were detected in posterior brain at Pyx (Pyramidal Decussation), Rob (Raphe Obscurus Nucleus) and RPA (Raphe Pallidus Nucleus) in SF of 19 days. They also increased in number (p<0.05) in DPGI (Dorsal Paragigantocellular Nu), CGPn (Central Gray of Pons) and PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus) of 17 days SF. Finally, any statistical differences were found among CF and SF in the following nuclei: anterior brain, AH (Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus), DM (Dorsomedia L Hypothalamic Nucleus) of 17 days; ME (Median Eminence)., VMH (Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus) of 19 days; medium brain in CG (Central Periaqueductal Gray), DR (Dorsal Raphe Nucleus) of 17 days and posterior brain in PnC (Pontine Reticular Nu, Caudal Part), PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus), RMgG (Raphe Magnus Nucleus), IO (Inferior Olive) of 17 days. The increase number of NPY neurons found in the stressed rat fetuses in all periods studied would indicate the participation of the NPY System in...
El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar los efectos del estrés crónico en la población de neuronas NPY encefálicas durante el desarrollo del S.N.C. fetal mediante técnicas inmunocitoquímicas. Se demostró que las neuronas NPY presentan un morfología similar en los días de gestación estudiados, pero su distribución varía en el cerebro anterior, medio y posterior. Se comprobaron diferencias altamente significativas entre el cerebro anterior, medio y posterior (p<0,01) de fetos estresados (FE), variando dicha significación dependiendo del día de la gestación y del área estudiada. En los diferentes núcleos cerebrales del cerebro anterior se detectaron aumentos en ARC (Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus), PH (Posterior Hypothalamic Area) de 17 días y DM (Dorsomedia L Hypothalamic Nucleus) y en ARC (Arcuate Hypothalamic Nucleus) de 19días (p<0,01) de F.E. En el cerebro medio se detectaron aumentos en DR (Dorsal Raphe Nucleus) (p<0,01) y PN (Pontine Nucleus) (p<0,05) de 19 F.E. En el cerebro posterior se detectaron aumentos en PnO (Pontine Reticular Nu, Oral Part) y RITg (Reticulotegmental Nu of the Pons) de 17 F. E. y Pyx, (Pyramidal Decussation), Rob (Raphe Obscurus Nucleus) y RPA (Raphe Pallidus Nucleus) de 19 F.E. Asimismo se comprobaron aumentos (p<0,05) en DPGI (Dorsal Paragigantocellular Nu.) de 17 F.E, CGPn (Central Gray of Pons) y PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus), de 19 F.E. Finalmente, no se comprobaron diferencias entre F. C. (fetos controles) y F. E. en los siguientes núcleos del cerebro anterior: AH (Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus), DM (Dorsomedia L Hypothalamic Nucleus), de 17 días; y EM, (Median Eminence), VMH (Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus) de 19 días. En el cerebro medio CG, (Central Periaqueductal Gray), DR (Dorsal Raphe Nucleus) de 17 días. En el cerebro posterior el PnC, (Pontine Reticular Nu, Caudal Part), PrH (Prepositus Hypoglossal Nucleus), RMgG (Raphe Magnus Nucleus), IO (Inferior Olive) de 17 días del cerebro posterior...
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Mice , Neurons/cytology , Neurons , Neurons/physiology , Neurons/chemistry , Neurons/ultrastructure , Stress, Physiological , Maternal Exposure , Rats, Wistar/anatomy & histology , Rats, Wistar/embryology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/embryology , Central Nervous System/ultrastructureABSTRACT
Este estudio analizó el efecto de la infección aguda con Trypanosoma cruzi sobre la histología del sistema nervioso central de ratas durante la gestación. Las ratas Wistar fueron infectadas por inoculación intraperitoneal de 5x10(4) tripanosomas sanguícolas de la cepa M/HOM/Bra/53/Y. Para obtener la preñez durante el ascenso de la parasitemia, las ratas en estrus del ciclo menstrual fueron apareadas con los machos a los 12 días posinfección (pi). Ratas vírgenes/infectadas, vírgenes/sanas y sanas/preñadas fueron usadas como controles. Altos niveles de parasitemia patente (PP), de 36 ± 2,9 a 55 ± 3,0 tripanosomas/mm³ de sangre en las ratas con 16 y 22 días de infección y con 6 y 12 días de gestación respectivamente fueron observados. La comparación de la PP entre las ratas infectadas/preñadas y vírgenes/infectadas fue significativa al 1 por ciento. A los 30 días pi las ratas fueron sacrificadas y el cerebro (C) y las regiones cervical (RC), torácica (RT), lumbar (RL) y sacra (RS) de la ME fueron fijadas en formalina al 10 por ciento, deshidratadas e incluidas con Paraplast. Los cortes de 7 μm coloreados con hematoxilina y eosina mostraron reacción inflamatoria de células polimorfonucleares, mononucleares y plasmocitos en contacto con los cuerpos neuronales del C de las ratas infectadas/preñadas. La comparación entre el número de linfocitos en los hemisferios derecho (HD) e izquierdo (HI) de 65 ± 6,3 y 48 ± 4,5 linfocitos en las ratas infectadas/preñadas y de 20 ± 2,0 y 13 ± 1,1 linfocitos en las ratas sanas/preñadas fue significativa (P<0,05). La comparación del número de linfocitos en los HD y HI de las ratas vírgenes/sanas vírgenes/infectadas no reveló diferencias. La disminución de motoneuronas (MN) de 35 ± 3,4 a 16 ± 1,7 en la RC, de 33 ± 3,1 a 21 ± 3,0 en la RT y de 31± 3,8 a 10 ± 1,8 en la RL, de la ME de las ratas infectadas/preñadas fue significativa (P<0,05) en comparación con el número de MN en la ME de las ratas sanas/preñadas....
This study analyzed the effect of acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi on the histology of Central Nervous System (CNS) of rats during pregnancy. Wistar rats were infected by intraperitonealy inoculation of 5x10(4) blood trypomastigotes of the M/HOM/Bra/53/Y strain. To obtain pregnancies during the ascending phase of parasitemia, rats in estrus of its menstrual cycle were matched with males at days 12 after infection (pi). Virgin/infected, virgin/healthy and healthy/pregnant rats were used as controls. High levels of patent parasitemia (PP) of 36 ± 2.9 to 55 ± 3.0 tripanosomas/mm³ blood, were observed in rats between 16 and 22 infection days and between 6 and 12 pregnancy days respectively. The comparison of the PP between infected/ pregnant rats and virgin/infected rats was significant at 1 percent. At the 30 days pi rats were sacrificed. Brain (B) and regions cervical (CR), thoracic (TR), lumbar (LR) and sacra (SR) of Spinal cord (SC) samples were obtained and fixed in formalin to 10 percent, dehydrated and embedded in Paraplast. The sections (7 μm) stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin showed inflammatory reaction of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells and plasmocytes in contact with neurons of B of the infected/pregnant rats. The comparison between lymphocytes number in the right (HR) (65 ± 6.3) and left (HL) (48 ± 4.5) cerebral hemispheres of infected/pregnant rats and of 20 ± 2.0 and 13 ± 1.1 lymphocytes in healthy/pregnant rats was significant (P<0.05). The comparison between lymphocyte number in the HR y HL of the virgin/healthy rats and virgin/infected rats not showed differences. Motoneurons (MN) reduction of 35 ± 3.4 to 16 ± 1.7 in CR, of 33 ± 3.1 to 21 ± 3.0 in TR and of 31± 3.8 to 10 ± 1.8 in LR of the SC of infected/pregnant rats was significant (P<0.05), when they were compared with MN number in SC of healthy/pregnant rats. Reduction of MN of 53 ± 4.9 to 35 ± 3.4 in the CR and of 37 ± 3.3 to 22 ± 1.9 in the SR...
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Animals, Laboratory , Chagas Disease , Laboratory Infection , Spinal Cord/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Trypanosoma cruziABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Este trabalho analisa as conseqüências da irradiação-X no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso de fetos de ratos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O trabalho foi constituído de 10 Rattus norvegicus albinos, Wistar, fêmeas, grávidas, com idade de oito semanas. Cinco ratas fêmeas constituíram o grupo controle e outras cinco tiveram suas regiões abdominais expostas por 30 segundos a uma dose de 0,3 Gy proveniente de um aparelho odontológico Gnatus de 70 kV e 10 mA. No 17º dia gestacional, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a histerectomia. As seções selecionadas foram examinadas para análise cerebral comparativa entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: O exame clínico revelou não haver diferenças morfológicas entre os grupos controle e experimental e nenhum dos animais apresentou anormalidades grosseiras. Vinte e sete por cento dos animais do grupo experimental apresentaram hemorragia cerebral moderada e 73 por cento apresentaram hemorragia severa e danos no tecido nervoso. Nenhum animal do grupo controle apresentou hemorragia cerebral ou danificações de tecido nervoso. CONCLUSÃO: Estas evidências demonstram que pequenas doses de radiação-X podem causar hemorragias cerebrais e, conseqüentemente, lesão tecidual nervosa.
OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzes the consequences of X-irradiation for the development of the nervous system of rat fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample included ten eight-week-old, pregnant Rattus norvegicus albinus, Wistar. Five female rats constituted the control group and other five had their abdominal region exposed for 30 seconds to a single 0.3 Gy radiation dose from a 70 kV, 10 mA Gnatus odontological apparatus. At the 17th gestational day both groups were submitted to hysterectomy. Selected sections were examined for comparative brain analysis of both groups. RESULTS: The clinical evaluation demonstrated no morphological difference between the control and the experimental groups. Twenty-seven percent of the animals in the experimental group presented mild brain hemorrhage, while 73 percent of the animals had severe cerebral cortex hemorrhage and nervous tissue damage. None of the animals in the control group presented cerebral hemorrhage or nervous tissue damage. CONCLUSION: These evidences demonstrate that low X-radiation doses may cause brain hemorrhage and, consequently, nervous tissue damage.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/radiation effects , Central Nervous System/physiopathology , Radiation Dosage , Clinical Trial , Hysterectomy , Rats, Wistar/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/growth & developmentABSTRACT
O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar as alterações histopatológicas e detectar por imunoistoquímica, a presença de formas amastigotas de Leishmania no sistema nervoso central de cães com e sem sintomatologia neurológica da doença. Foram utilizados dois grupos de animais; o primeiro foi composto de 18 cães com leishmaniose visceral sem evidência clínica de envolvimento neurológico, e o segundo, composto de 21 cães com leishmaniose visceral e sintomas neurológicos. As mais freqüentes alterações histopatológicas encontradas no sistema nervoso central de cães de ambos os grupos foram degeneração neuronal com neuronofagia, gliose, leptomeningite, congestão vascular, presença de infiltrado linfoplasmocitário perivascular e áreas de microhemorragia. Não foram observadas marcações antigênicas para formas amastigotas de Leishmania em nenhum fragmento do sistema nervoso central de cães de ambos os grupos; entretanto, a maioria deles apresentava marcação em parede de vasos sangüíneos, o que sugere a presença de antígenos parasitários circulantes.
The present study aimed to characterize the histopathological alterations and to detect, by immunohistochemistry, the presence of amastigote forms of Leishmania in CNS tissue of dogs with and without neurological clinical signs of the disease. Two groups of animals were used: the first was composed of 18 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis without clinical evidence of neurological involvement, and the second, composed of 21 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and neurological symptoms. The most frequent histopathological alterations found in the CNS of dogs of both groups were neuronal degeneration with neuronophagia, gliosis, leptomeningitis, vascular congestion, presence of perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and areas of focal microhemorrhage. Antigen labeling for whole forms of Leishmania amastigotes was not observed in any fragment of the CNS of the dogs of either groups; however, most of them presented labeling of blood vessels walls, which suggests the presence of circulating parasite antigens.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Immunohistochemistry , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histologySubject(s)
Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Spine/anatomy & histology , Spine/innervation , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/blood supply , Epidural Space/anatomy & histology , Epidural Space/physiology , Ligamentum Flavum/anatomy & histology , Cerebrospinal Fluid/physiology , Spinal Cord/blood supply , Meninges/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Tendo como base dados de literatura, esta revisão trata dos aspectos genéricos da evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso central, ressaltando em particular o desenvolvimento evolutivo das estruturas encefálicas relacionadas com o comportamento e com as funções cognitivas que vieram caracterizar o ser humano. Sobre as estruturas límbicas, que por ocasião do advento dos mamíferos evolutivamente se desenvolveram sobre o topo do sistema nervoso mais primitivo dos seus ancestrais, o ulterior desenvolvimento cortical com neurônios dispostos em camadas constituiu a base estrutural que viabilizou a discriminação fina das funções sensitivas e sensoriais, a maior complexidade das funções motoras e o desenvolvimento das funções cognitivas e intelectuais que acabaram caracterizando o ser humano. O conhecimento da evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso central nos permite inferir possíveis correlações entre as estruturas encefálicas que se desenvolveram ao longo do processo evolutivo e o comportamento dos seus respectivos seres. Nesta direção, sem se deter em questões de ordem conceitual, a presente revisão termina discutindo possíveis paralelos entre a evolução do sistema nervoso central e a emergência da consciência, à luz das recentes contribuições sobre o assunto.
This text reviews the generic aspects of the central nervous system evolutionary development, emphasizing the developmental features of the brain structures related with behavior and with the cognitive functions that finally characterized the human being. Over the limbic structures that with the advent of mammals were developed on the top of the primitive nervous system of their ancestrals, the ultimate cortical development with neurons arranged in layers constituted the structural base for an enhanced sensory discrimination, for more complex motor activities, and for the development of cognitive and intellectual functions that finally characterized the human being. The knowledge of the central nervous system phylogeny allow us particularly to infer possible correlations between the brain structures that were developed along phylogeny and the behavior of their related beings. In this direction, without discussing its conceptual aspects, this review ends with a discussion about the central nervous system evolutionary development and the emergence of consciousness, in the light of its most recent contributions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Central Nervous System/physiology , Consciousness/physiology , Phylogeny , Social Behavior , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/embryology , Human Development/physiology , Limbic System/anatomy & histology , Limbic System/physiology , Neocortex/anatomy & histology , Neocortex/physiologyABSTRACT
Degeneração esponjosa (status spongiosus) agrupa várias alterações histológicas caracterizadas pela formação de vacúolos no neurópilo em diferentes regiões do sistema nervoso central (SNC). Essa vacuolização pode ser por edema intramielínico, como na doença da urina com odor de xarope de bordo (maple syrup urine disease) e algumas doenças tóxicas, ou por edema de astrócitos, como na citrulinemia. Este trabalho descreve degeneração esponjosa do SNC em dois bezerros, um macho e uma fêmea, da raça Sindhi. Ambos são filhos de um mesmo touro, de um rebanho que apresentava alto grau de consangüinidade. Uma fêmea nasceu normal e aos 2 meses apresentou sinais nervosos progressivos. Um macho apresentou sinais nervosos progressivos desde o nascimento. Os dois foram eutanasiados aos 4 meses de idade com acentuadas alterações do sistema nervoso central. Na necropsia o fígado de bezerro macho estava pálido. Histologicamente havia, em ambos os bezerros, discreta a acentuada vacuolização difusa do SNC, sendo mais acentuada nas camadas profundas do córtex cerebral, cápsula interna, substância branca da medula cerebelar, tronco encefálico e substância cinzenta da medula. No fígado dos dois animais havia degeneração gordurosa nos hepatócitos da região centrolobular. Na microscopia eletrônica observou-se que o status spongiosus era devido a edema astrocitário. Sugere-se que a doença é causada por um erro metabólico hereditário, diferente da doença da urina com odor de xarope de bordo.
Spongy degeneration (status spongiosus) includes many histological alterations characterized by vacuoles in the neuropile in different regions of the central nervous system (CNS). The vacuolization can be caused by intramyelinic edema, as in maple syrup urine disease and some toxic diseases, or by astrocytic edema, as in citrullinemia. This paper reports a spongy degeneration in two Sindhi calves, a female and a male. Both calves were offspring from the same bull, and the herd had high degree of inbreeding. The female calf was born normal, but progressive nervous signs were observed since 2 months old. The male calf had progressive nervous signs since it was born. Both calves were euthanized with severe nervous signs when 4 months old. At necropsy the liver was pale in the male calf. Histological alterations were mild to accentuated vacuolization, mainly in the deep cerebral cortex, cerebellar white matter, grey matter of the spinal cord, internal capsule, and brain stem. Fatty degeneration was observed in the liver of both animals. On electron microscopy it was found that the status spongiosus was caused by astrocytic edema. It is suggested that the disease is caused by a metabolic hereditary error.
Subject(s)
Astrocytes/physiology , Cattle , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Central Nervous System/pathologyABSTRACT
Lactante mayor femenina de 15 meses de edad, con clínica de dificultad para la marcha, paresia de hemicuerpo derecho, desviación de la comisura labial hacia lado izquierdo, ptosis palpebral parcial ipsilateral. En la Resonancia Magnética Computarizada de cráneo con contraste reporta lesión ocupante de espacio intraxial temporo-parietal de aspecto quistico, con masa mural compatible con ASTROCITOMA PILOCITICO, corroborado con estudios histopatológico. En el presente trabajo se destaca que los astrocitomas pilocíticos aparecen con mayor frecuencia en la infancia y cuya ubicación predilectoria se encuentra a nivel del Cerebelo, sin embargo nuestro caso clínico presenta una ubicación a nivel supratentorial, siendo esta mas frecuente en los adultos que en los infantes, por lo que no se correlaciona con las estadísticas establecidas a nivel mundial y de diversos estudios realizados para los tumores primarios benignos, específicamente, el astrocitoma pilocítico, por tal motivo quisimos traer a colación el presente estudio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis , Brain Neoplasms/pathology , Neuroglia/pathology , Central Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed , Gait Disorders, Neurologic/diagnosis , Astrocytoma/diagnosis , Astrocytoma/pathology , Biopsy/methods , Lip/injuries , Neurology , PediatricsABSTRACT
Introducción. La Barrera Hemato-Encefálica (BHE) constituye una estructura histológica bien definida que participa tanto en la homeostasis normal del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) como en varios procesos patológicos que lo afectan. Métodos. Se evaluaron más de 50 revisiones y trabajos originales publicados en los últimos años en los que se discuten aspectos del desarrollo, morfología y función normales de la BHE, y alteraciones de su función y su participación en el desarrollo de patologías del SNC. La revisión aborda los mecanismos que pueden determinar la disfunción de la BHE y sus efectos sobre la patología del SNC. Resultados. La función de la BHE como barrera física y metabólica es la de separar al SNC de la periferia. Sin embargo, la BHE, lejos de comportarse como una estructura pasiva, juega un papel activo en la mantención de la función normal del SNC. Dependiendo de la presencia de daño o ciertas señales sistémicas, la integridad de la BHE puede ser comprometida, aumentando su permeabilidad. Conclusiones. Las características morfo-funcionales de la BHE son determinantes en la manifestación de ciertas patologías del SNC, o limitan las aproximaciones terapéuticas para abordarlas. La posibilidad de influir sobre la permeabilidad de la BHE de manera controlada y en forma espacial y temporalmente restringida potencialmente puede modificar tanto la prevención como el tratamiento de muchas enfermedades del SNC.