ABSTRACT
Dementia is a syndrome characterized by a decline of two or more cognitive functions, affecting social or professional life. Alzheimer's Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that represents 53% of dementia cases; memory loss, inability to recognize faces, impaired judgement, disorientation and confusion are possible common symptoms. Vascular Dementia is responsible for 42% of dementia cases, due to cerebrovascular pathologies, and the clinical aspects are related to the extension and location of the brain injury. Lewy Bodies Dementia is a neurodegenerative disorder that represents 15% of dementia cases, and its symptoms include visual hallucinations, parkinsonism and fluctuating cognitive decline. Frontotemporal dementia is a group of clinical syndromes, divided in Behavioral-variant, characterized by disinhibition, compulsions, apathy, aberrant sexual behavior and executive dysfunction; and Primary Progressive Aphasia, which is subdivided in Nonfluentvariant and Semantic-variant. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a reversible cause of dementia, with a wide clinical feature, that includes psychiatric symptoms such as depression and irritability, hematological symptoms related to anemia (e.g. dyspnea and fatigue), and neurological symptoms including dementia and neuropathy. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is also reversible, presenting forgetfulness, changes in mood, decline of executive functions, reduced attention, and a lack of interest in daily activities as symptoms. The radiological findings vary depending on the etiology of dementia. For that reason, understanding neuroimaging and clinical aspects is important to diagnose effectively.
A demência é uma síndrome que consiste em um declínio de um ou mais domínios cognitivos, que afeta o desempenho social ou profissional do indivíduo. A Doença de Alzheimer é um transtorno neurocognitivo que representa 53% dos casos de demência; seus sintomas podem incluir perda de memória, incapacidade de reconhecer rostos familiares, julgamento comprometido desorientação e confusão mental. A Demência Vascular é responsável por 42% dos casos de demência e é causada por doenças cerebrovasculares, seus achados clínicos são relacionados com o local e com a extensão do dano cerebral. Já a Demência por Corpos de Lewy é uma doença neurocognitiva que representa 15% dos casos de demência, cujos sintomas incluem alucinações visuais, parkinsonismo e flutuação cognitiva. A Demência Frontotemporal, por sua vez, é um grupo de síndromes, que se dividem em variante comportamental caracterizada por desinibição, compulsão, apatia, hipersexualidade e disfunções executivas e Afasia Progressiva Primária, subdividida em variante não-fluente e variante semântica, que cursam com disfunções da linguagem. Há, ainda, a Deficiência de Vitamina B12, uma causa reversível de demência. Ela possui um quadro clínico variado, que inclui sintomas psiquiátricos, como depressão e irritabilidade, sintomas hematológicos relacionados a anemia, como dispneia e fadiga) e sintomas neurológicos, que incluem demência e neuropatias. Uma outra causa reversível é a Hidrocefalia de Pressão Normal, que se apresenta com esquecimentos, alterações de humor, perda de função executiva e redução da atenção e do interesse nas atividades cotidianas. Os achados de neuroimagem variam dependendo da etiologia da demência. Assim, compreender os aspectos clínicos e radiológicos é importante para um diagnóstico efetivo..
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Dementia, Vascular/diagnosis , Dementia/complications , Dementia/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/etiology , Prevalence , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Neuroimaging/methods , Cognitive Dysfunction , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure/etiology , Memory DisordersABSTRACT
Abstract The proficiency of image processing is of extreme importance in perceiving and collecting information from the images, which includes the process of changing or interpreting existing images. In medical image processing, imaging with more accuracy plays a crucial role in better diagnosis or for the posterior analysis of treatment. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medicinal creative tool for studying the internal structures and functionalities of human brain, knee, heart, liver, etc. Typical MR scans are essential now for better diagnosis but, limited resolution that is often inadequate for extracting detailed and reliable information. So, for the super resolution (SR) of MR brain images concepts of compressive sensing (CS) & fuzzy logical rules to improve data quality are proposed in this paper. Usually, reconstruction of an SR image is the formation of high resolution (HR) image which is obtained from one or few low resolution (LR) images. In the proposed method, with the help of compressive sensing a very limited number of images are considered even though it's a challenging task and fuzzy logical rules for a specific membership function are applied to improve the resolution of the image. To assess the performance of the proposal, different metrics are evaluated and achieved better results.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Fuzzy Logic , Data Compression , Cerebrum/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Resumen Se realiza una revisión narrativa que plantea una reflexión acerca del rol de la oxigenación hiperbárica en la recuperación de los intoxicados con monóxido de carbono (ICO). La relación presión de tratamiento de oxigenación hiperbárica (TOHB), o sea dosis de oxígeno, y demora en su implementación son descriptas en esta revisión. Se presentan 9 casos de pacientes con ICO tratados con TOHB a 1,45 ATA (Atmósferas absolutas) por falta de acceso a TOHB de alta presión. Si bien es necesario investigación adicional, sugerimos que esta modalidad terapéutica a 1,45 ATA para ICO debe ser elegida frente al oxígeno normobárico, y considerada cuando las instalaciones de alta presión no están disponibles a distancias razonables.
Abstract A narrative review that raises a reflection about the role of hyperbaric oxygenation in the recovery of monoxide carbon (CO) poisoning is carried out. A description of the relationship of the pressure of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), oxygen dosage, and the delay in its implementation was done. Nine cases of intoxications treated with HBOT at 1.45 ATA due to lack of access to high-pressure HBOT were presented. While additional research is necessary, we suggest that this therapeutic modality at 1.45 ATA (Absolute Atmospheres) should be chosen instead of normobaric oxygen therapy for CO poisoning, and considered when high pressure facilities are not available at reasonable distances.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Oxygen/administration & dosage , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/therapy , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Argentina/epidemiology , Syndrome , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/complications , Carbon Monoxide Poisoning/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Nervous System Diseases/prevention & controlABSTRACT
This paper aims to describe a case of an immunocompetent 60-year-old patient presenting a subarachnoid hemorrhage in the absence of aneurysmal disease. Initial evaluation pointed to vasculitis of the central nervous system secondary to meningeal infection. After initial treatment, a cerebrospinal fluid leak was identified, with no antecedent of trauma, elucidating the origin of infection. Primary cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea has nonspecific symptomatology, defying diagnosis, and potentially serious complications. It represents an unusual predisposing factor for meningeal infection and secondary vasculitis. This case report exemplifies a feared complication of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
O estudo objetiva relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente imunocompetente de 60 anos apresentando hemorragia subaracnoide na ausência de doença aneurismática. Avaliação inicial apontou para vasculite de sistema nervoso central secundária à infecção meníngea. Após tratamento inicial, uma fístula liquórica foi identificada, sem antecedente de trauma, elucidando a origem da infecção. Rinorreia liquórica primária possui sintomatologia inespecífica, diagnóstico desafiador e complicações potencialmente graves. Representa um raro fator predisponente para infecção meníngea e vasculite. Este relato de caso exemplifica uma complicação temida da rinorreia liquórica espontânea.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea/complications , Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/diagnosis , Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Vasculitis, Central Nervous System/etiology , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Meningitis/etiologyABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en la implementación de resonancia magnética fetal en alteraciones del sistema nervioso en un centro de alto nivel en Cali - Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional retrospectivo. Se analizaron los casos de resonancia magnética fetal (RMF) entre septiembre del 2011 y abril del 2017. Se registró y analizó la información demográfica, clínica e imagenológica disponible en los informes radiológicos e historia clínica. Resultados: Se analizaron 36 estudios de RMF cerebral, la edad promedio de las pacientes fue 29.7 ± 5.2 años, la edad gestacional promedio fue 31.8 ± 3.5 semanas. El hallazgo más frecuente fue ventriculomegalia en 47.2% de casos (n= 17), patologías adquiridas n=6 (16.7%), alteraciones del tubo neural n=5 (13.9%), y anormalidades del cuerpo calloso n=3 (8.3%). Cuatro pacientes tuvieron estudio postnatal. Conclusión: La frecuencia de anomalías cerebrales encontradas en esta revisión es congruente con lo reportado en la literatura.
Abstract: Objective: To describe the experience with the use of fetal magnetic resonance in alterations of the nervous system, in a high level center in Cali - Colombia. Methods: A retrospective observational descriptive study was made. We analyzed all cases of fetal MRI between September 2011 and April 2017. Demographic, clinical and imagenological information were reviewed. Including age, gestational age, type of gestation, study indication and imagenological fidings. Results: 36 fetal brain MRI were analyzed. The average age of cases was 29.7 ± 5.2 years-old with an average of 31.8 ± 3.5 weeks of gestation. All cases were single gestation. The most frequent result was ventriculomegaly n=17(47.2%), acquired pathologies n=6 (16.7%), neural tube anormalities n=5(13.9%), and corpus callosum anomalies n=3(8.3%). Conclusions: The frequencies of fetal cerebral anomalies found in this study were congruent with literature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Nervous System/growth & development , Nervous System/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
En Neurorradiología los cambios de la sustancia blanca periventricular o subcortical en pacientes ancianos son descritos generalmente con leucoaraiosis, fenómenos hipóxico-isquémicos crónicos, leucoencefalopatía microangiopática o simplemente con alteraciones en la densidad o intensidad según el método elegido. Sin embargo, ¿es correcto el empleo de estas denominaciones?, ¿funcionan como sinónimos?, ¿tienen un mismo mecanismo de producción? Las lesiones que afectan a la sustancia blanca se aprecian hipodensas en tomografía computada, hiperintensas en las secuencias ponderadas en T2 o FLAIR e hipointensas en la resonancia magnética en ponderación T1. Describimos las distintas entidades que pueden afectar selectivamente la sustancia blanca en el paciente anciano y sus probables mecanismos de acción, para establecer una correcta denominación y realizar los diagnósticos diferenciales.
In Neuroradiology the changes in the deep or sub-cortical white matter in elderly people are generally described as leukoaraiosis, chronic hypoxic-ischaemic processes, microangiopathic leucoencephalopathy, or they are simply mentioned as density or intensity changes according to the selected imaging method. However, are these terms correct?, Are they synonyms?, Do they have the same aetiology? The lesions that affect white matter are hypodense in computed tomography, hyperintense in T2-weighted or FLAIR, or hypointense in T1 images in magnetic resonance. A description is presented on the different conditions that can selectively affect the white matter in the elderly patient and their probable mechanisms of action in order to establish a correct nomenclature, as well as make differential diagnoses.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aged, 80 and over , Terminology , Leukoaraiosis/diagnostic imaging , White Matter/injuries , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Leukoaraiosis/classification , Leukoaraiosis/etiology , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Leukoencephalopathies/diagnostic imaging , White Matter/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Humans , Fornix, Brain , Dissection/methods , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Neuroimaging , Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods , Nerve FibersABSTRACT
Computed tomography of the brain is necessary as part of the diagnosis of lesions of the central nervous system. In this study we used six domestic cats, male or female, aged between one and five years, evaluated by Computed Tomography (CT) examination without clinical signs of central nervous system disorders. Two euthanized animals stating a condition unrelated to the nervous system were incorporated into this study. The proposal consisted in establishing detailed anatomical description of tomographic images of normal brain of cats, using as reference anatomical images of cross sections of the stained brain and cranial part, with thicknesses similar to the planes of the CT images. CT examinations were performed with and without intravenous iodinated contrast media for live animals. With one euthanized animal, the brain was removed and immediately preserved in 10% formalin for later achievement in cross-sectional thickness of approximately 4mm and staining technique of Barnard, and Robert Brown. The head of another animal was disarticulated in the Atlanto-occipital region and frozen at -20ºC then sliced to a thickness of about 5mm. The description of visualized anatomical structures using tomography is useful as a guide and allows transcribing with relative accuracy the brain region affected by an injury, and thus correlating it with the clinical symptoms of the patient, providing additional information and consequent improvement to veterinarians during the course of surgical clinic in this species.(AU)
A tomografia computadorizada do cérebro é de suma importância como parte do diagnóstico de lesões do sistema nervoso central. Neste estudo, foram utilizados seis felinos domésticos, machos ou fêmeas, com idade entre um e cinco anos, avaliados pela tomografia computadorizada (TC), sem sinais clínicos de distúrbios do sistema nervoso central. Dois cadáveres indicando a condição relacionada com o sistema nervoso foram incorporados ao presente estudo. A proposta consistiu na criação da descrição anatômica detalhada das imagens tomográficas de cérebro normal de gatos, usando como referência a imagens anatômicas de secções transversais do cérebro coradas, realizadas com espessuras similares aos planos das imagens tomográficas. Exames de TC foram realizados com e sem contraste iodado intravenoso para os animais vivos. Em um dos cadáveres, o cérebro foi removido e imediatamente preservado em formalina a 10% para a realização posterior da técnica de coloração de Barnard e Robert Brown, além de cortes transversais com espessura de, aproximadamente, 4mm. O crânio do outro cadáver foi desarticulado na região atlanto-occipital e congelado a -20ºC. Em seguida, foi realizado corte com espessura de cerca de 5mm. A descrição das estruturas anatômicas visualizadas foi útil e serve como guia, permitindo descrever com relativa precisão a estrutura cerebral normal ou lesionada, e, portanto, correlacionando-a com os sintomas clínicos de um paciente, o que fornece informações adicionais e consequente aprimoramento de veterinários no curso de clínica cirúrgica para essa espécie.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Neuroimaging/veterinary , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Anatomy, Cross-SectionalABSTRACT
La embolia grasa (EG) es una obstrucción de los vasos sanguíneos por glóbulos de grasa. Ha sido descrita en la circulación pulmonar con una gran variedad de asociaciones, pero las más comunes e importantes se dan con fracturas de huesos largos y daño de tejido blando debido a traumatismo grave. Por su parte, el síndrome de embolia grasa (SEG) es una manifestación poco frecuente, aunque grave, del fenómeno de embolia grasa, que se caracteriza clínicamente por la tríada disnea, petequias y confusión mental. La razón de la discrepancia entre la presencia de embolia grasa y el desarrollo del síndrome no es clara. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 41 años que, inmediatamente después del trauma, presentó en la tomografía computada (TC) inicial defectos de llenado de atenuación grasa dentro de las arterias pulmonares. Estos fueron interpretados como múltiples embolias grasas macroscópicas. Los valores de atenuación de la tomografía computada multidetector (TCMD) de las embolias pulmonares deben examinarse cuidadosamente en el contexto de un traumatismo agudo o después de procedimientos ortopédicos, debido a la complicación rara pero potencialmente fatal del SEG. En los centros de trauma, la TCMD es una herramienta esencial para hacer el diagnóstico de la embolia grasa macroscópica, así como también para descartar otras causas de hipoxia, como la embolia pulmonar trombótica. La reconstrucción de cortes finos debe utilizarse para la evaluación detallada de la vasculatura pulmonar.
Fat embolism (FE) may be defined as the blockage of blood vessels by fat globules. Pulmonary fat embolisms are reported to be associated with a wide variety of conditions, with the most common and important ones being with long bone fractures and soft tissue damage due to severe trauma. Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare but serious manifestation of the fat embolism phenomenon, characterized clinically by a triad of dyspnea, petechiae, and mental confusión. The discrepancy between the presence of a fat embolism and the development of fat embolism syndrome is unclear. The case is presented of a 41 year-old mate who, on the initial trauma CT sean, presented with filling defeets of fat attenuation within the pulmonary arteries. Those were interpreted as múltiple macroscopic fat emboli. The CT attenuation valúes of pulmonary embolism should be carefully examined in the setting of acute trauma or after orthopedic procedures, as the rare but potentially fatal complicaron of FES may result. In trauma centers, multidetectorcomputed tomography is an essential tool to make the diagnosis of macroscopic fat embolism, and to exelude other causes of hypoxia, such as thrombotic pulmonary embolism. These reconstructions should be used for detailed evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Embolism, Fat/diagnostic imaging , Pulmonary Embolism/epidemiology , Radiography, Abdominal , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Computed Tomography AngiographyABSTRACT
El síndrome de leucoencefalopatía posterior reversible se presenta con síntomas de edema cerebral e imágenes hiperintensas en las secuencias T2 y FLAIR en la resonancia magnética (RM) de cerebro. Las lesiones típicamente comprometen la región parietooccipital, aunque también pueden tener localizaciones atípicas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 33 años que consultó por trastornos visuales asociados con dolor de cabeza intenso e hipertensión grave (220/140 mmHg). El examen del fondo de ojo reveló retinopatía hipertensiva grado IV y la RM mostró lesiones hiperintensas en T2 y FLAIR a nivel centropontino, bulbo y médula espinal, las cuales regresaron tras el control sostenido de la presión arterial. (AU)
The posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome presents with symptoms of cerebral edema. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, hyperintensities on T2 -weighted and FLAIR sequences typically affect the parietal-occipital region; however it may also have atypical locations. We report the case of a 33 year old patient with visual disturbances associated with intense headache and severe hypertension (220/140 mmHg). The Fundus examination revealed grade IV hypertensive retinopathy, and MRI showed hyperintense lesions in T2 and FLAIR affecting the pontine center, medulla and spinal cord, which regressed after sustain blood pressure control. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging , Cerebrum/diagnostic imaging , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Hypertensive Retinopathy/diagnostic imaging , Spinal Cord/pathology , Vision Disorders , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Cerebrum/pathology , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/drug therapy , Hypertensive Retinopathy/drug therapy , Optical Imaging , Hypertension/drug therapy , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Cette contribution propose d'interroger, à partir de la psychanalyse, quelques interactions possibles avec les neurosciences. Il s'agit de spécifier la particularité de l'investigation psychanalytique de la technique, notamment de l'imagerie cérébrale, pour en questionner les présupposés. Ce que révèle la prise en compte de toutes les dimension du dispositif, c'est qu'une méthodologie interdisciplinaire permet de circonscrire les limites de ce qui est observé. Ce dialogue veut garder la singularité de chaque position épistémologique. La méthode biologique ne peut pas expliciter ce qui est inconscient. En effet, les chercheurs en neurosciences semble confondre les processus inconscients et préconscient. Le risque pourrait être de perdre la spécificité de ce que la psychanalyse peut apporter dans le débat interdisciplinaire Par exemple, l'hypothèse du nouvel inconscient telle que la développe Lionel Naccache (2001 e 2002) est discutée à cette occasion et mise à l'épreuve de ce qu'enseigne la clinique. L'argumentation de cet article propose l'idée que le dialogue entre psychanalyse et neurosciences apparaît particulièrement fécond si la délimitation des champs et des méthodes se cherche et se précise, sans ambiguïté.
This contribution examines some possible interactions between the neurosciences and psychoanalysis. The goal is to specify the particularities of psychoanalytic investigation of technology, specifically regarding brain imaging, and question its basic assumptions. Taking into account all the aspects of this medical procedure, we find that interdisciplinary approach enables us to define the boundaries of the field of observation. This dialogue wants to keep the singularity of each epistemological position. The biological methodology can't explicate what is unconscious. In fact researchers in Neuroscience seem confuse unconscious and preconscious processes. The risk could be to lose the specificity of what psychoanalysis can bring in interdisciplinary debate. The hypothesis of a new unconscious, as developed by Lionel Naccache, is also discussed and tested by clinical experience. The author argues that a dialogue between psychoanalysis and the neurosciences appears especially fruitful if we seek to unambiguously delimit and precise its exact field and methods.
Esta contribución analiza algunos posibles interacciones entre las neurociencias y el psicoanálisis. El objetivo es especificar las particularidades de la investigación psicoanalítica de la tecnología, específicamente en relación con las imágenes del cerebro, y cuestionar sus supuestos básicos. Teniendo en cuenta todos los aspectos de este procedimiento médico, encontramos que el enfoque interdisciplinar permite definir los límites del campo de observación. Este diálogo quiere mantener la singularidad de cada posición epistemológica. La metodología biológica no puede explicar lo que es inconsciente. De hecho los investigadores en Neurociencias parecen confundir los procesos inconscientes y preconscientes. El riesgo podría ser perder la especificidad de lo que el psicoanálisis puede aportar en el debate interdisciplinar. La hipótesis de un nuevo inconsciente, desarrollado por Lionel Naccache, también se discute y probado por la experiencia clínica. El autor sostiene que el diálogo entre el psicoanálisis y las neurociencias aparece especialmente fructífera si buscamos para delimitar de forma inequívoca y precisa su ámbito exacto y métodos.
Esta contribuição examina possíveis interações entre as neurociências e a psicanálise. O objetivo é especificar as particularidades da investigação psicanalítica sobre a tecnologia, especificamente a respeito de imagens do cérebro, e questionar suas premissas básicas. Levando-se em conta todos os aspectos deste procedimento médico, descobrimos que uma abordagem interdisciplinar nos permite definir os limites do campo de observação. Este diálogo quer manter a singularidade de cada posição epistemológica. A metodologia biológica não pode explicar o que é inconsciente. Na verdade, os pesquisadores em neurociência parecem confundir os processos inconscientes e pré-conscientes. O risco pode ser perder a especificidade do que a psicanálise pode trazer para o debate interdisciplinar. A hipótese de um novo inconsciente, desenvolvida por Lionel Naccache, também é discutida e testada pela experiência clínica. O autor argumenta que um diálogo entre a psicanálise e as neurociências parece especialmente frutífero se procurarmos delimitar de forma inequívoca e precisa seu campo e seus métodos exatos.