ABSTRACT
Background: Thrombophilias, both acquired and inherited, have been investigated in the etiopathogenesis of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Aim: To study coagulation inhibitors and activated protein C resistance (APCR) in recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) occurring in second and third trimesters. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 pregnant women (group A) with two or more recurrent unexplained fetal loses were evaluated for APCR, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, antithrombin deficiency, and antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA). Thirty age-matched controls were taken (group B) comprising of pregnant women with at least one live issue. Statistical Analysis: Comparisons between two group frequencies and group means were made using Chi square test and Student's t test, respectively. Results: Protein C and protein S levels were reduced in group A compared with group B and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.005 and P=0.032, respectively). The mean value of antithrombin was slightly reduced in group A compared with group B. APCR was observed in 16.6% cases and 3.3% controls. However, the difference was not statistically significant. APLA was observed in 20% cases and none of the controls. Of these, lupus anticoagulant was positive in 16.6% cases and anticardiolipin antibodies in 10% cases. Combined defects were seen in seven patients. Conclusion: There is a significant risk of RPL in pregnant women with thrombophilias. Therefore, screening for thrombophilias may be justified in pregnant women with unexplained recurrent fetal wastage, especially in second and third trimester.
Subject(s)
Abortion, Spontaneous/etiology , Activated Protein C Resistance/complications , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Coagulation Protein Disorders/complications , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Recurrence , Thrombophilia/complicationsABSTRACT
Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en relación con los trastornos hemorrágicos durante la gestación y se mencionan los cambios hematológicos fisiológicos que ocurren durante el embarazo y el puerperio. La conocida teoría de la coagulación como un proceso en cascada no tiene vigencia en la actualidad, sino que esta ha dado paso a la moderna teoría celular de la coagulación. Se describen también los criterios diagnóstico y terapéutico en las hemorragias obstétricas por incoagulabilidad sanguínea (HOICS). Al analizar el cuadro clínico y los resultados de laboratorio, se puede realizar un diagnóstico seguro de la HOICS que se presenta. La disminución de las plaquetas en sangre, constituye con frecuencia en los casos de HOICS la alteración inicial, el factor V de la coagulación siempre está disminuido, mientras que el factor VIII de la coagulación, generalmente se encuentra elevado. El uso de heparina de alto y bajo peso molecular, y de factores de la coagulación para el tratamiento de las HOICS ha sido controvertido. Se ha recomendado en estos casos la administración de sangre fresca, plasma fresco, plasma homólogo, crioprecipitados y concentrado de plaquetas. Actualmente, se vienen remplazando estas conductas terapéuticas por el uso del FVIIa recombinante, el cual puede asociarse con el misoprostol. La evacuación de la cavidad uterina tan pronto como sea posible constituye una medida necesaria en algunas pacientes
A literature review was performed in relation to hemorrhagic disorders during pregnancy signaling the physiologic and hematologic changes occurring at pregnancy and the puerperium. The well-known theory of coagulation as a cascade process has not validity at present time, but that this one gave way to the modern cellular theory of coagulation. The diagnostic and therapeutical in blood incoagulability obstetrics hemorrhages (BIOH). Analyzing the clinical picture and the lab results, it is possible to make an accurate diagnosis of present BIOHs. The blood platelet decrease, frequently in BIOH cases is the first alteration, the V coagulation factor, in general is always decreased, whereas the VIII coagulation factor is in general increased. The high and low weight heparin use and of coagulation factors for treatment of BIOHs has been controversial. In such cases it is recommended the administration of fresh blood, fresh plasma, the homologous plasma cryoprecipitates and platelet concentrates. Nowadays these therapeutical behaviors have been replaced by the use of recombinant FVIIa, which may be associated with the Misoprostol. The uterine cavity evacuation as soon as possible is a needed measure in some patients.