Comparison of DN4 and DN4 Interview Tests in the Identification of Neuropathic Pain after Fracture Surgery / Comparação entre os testes DN4 e DN4 interview na identificação de dor neuropática após cirurgia de fraturas

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to compare results obtained with the DN4 (in-person interview) and DN4i (telephone interview) questionnaires in identifying neuropathic pain after fracture surgery. Methods: This study was methodological, using questionnaires administered in person (DN4) or via telephone (DN4i). The participants were at least 18 years old, underwent fracture surgery at a university hospital between January 2017 and July 2020, signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF), and could go to the Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital. Pearson's correlation coefficient determined the agreement between the total score obtained during in-person and telephone interviews. The kappa coefficient evaluated the agreement between individual questionnaire items. Results: Of the 53 participants, 50 presented the same result for neuropathic pain screening in DN4 and DN4i, including 41 with a positive score for neuropathic pain and 12 with a negative score. The Pearson's correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient were r = 0.84. Conclusion: DN4 and DN4i presented a strong agreement between individual items of the questionnaires and the total scores obtained.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os resultados obtidos através do questionário DN4 com os do DN4i com aplicação via telefônica na identificação de dor neuropática após cirurgia de fraturas. Métodos: Este foi um estudo metodológico com questionário aplicado presencialmente (DN4) e por telefone (DN4i). Foram elegíveis os participantes maiores de 18 anos de idade submetidos à cirurgia de fraturas em um hospital universitário no período de janeiro de 2017 a julho de 2020, que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e puderam comparecer ao departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do hospital. A concordância entre a pontuação total obtida na aplicação presencial e por telefone foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. O coeficiente de Kappa foi utilizado para avaliar a concordância entre os itens individuais dos questionários. Resultados: Dos 53 participantes, 50 apresentaram resultado igual para rastreio de dor neuropática em relação ao DN4 com o DN4i, sendo 41 com escore positivo para dor neuropática e 12 com escore negativo. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e o coeficiente Kappa apresentaram r = 0.84. Conclusão: O uso telefônico do DN4i comparado à aplicação presencial do DN4 apresenta forte concordância tanto entre os itens individuais dos questionários quanto entre a pontuação total obtida.

Comparison of Locked Plates and Blade Plates for Varus Osteotomy of the Proximal Femur by the Finite Element Method / Avaliação entre placas bloqueadas e placas lâmina para osteotomia varizante do fêmur proximal pelo método dos elementos finitos

Abstract Objective: The present study compared the difference in load and pressure distribution behavior of the blade plate and locked plate for varus osteotomy of the proximal femur per the finite element method. Methods: Modeling was performed by scanning a medium-sized left femur with medial valgus deformity made of polyurethane. Results: The stiffness of the locked plate is higher compared with that of the blade plate. However, this difference was not significant. In addition, the locked plate has proximal locking screws to ensure that the bending moments on the screws are smaller during loading. Conclusion: In summary, both plates are well-established and effective. However, the study using the finite element method plays a fundamental role in understanding the load and pressure distribution of the implant. Moreover, it opens up new possibilities for further studies, including surgical proposals and customized implant materials.

Resumo Objetivo: Testar a diferença do comportamento de distribuição de cargas e pressões da placa lâmina comparativamente com a placa bloqueada para osteotomia varizante do fêmur proximal através do método de elementos finitos. Métodos: A modelagem foi realizada através do escaneamento de um fêmur esquerdo com deformidade medial em valgo fabricado em poliuretano de tamanho médio. Resultados: Como resultados, pode-se inferir que a rigidez da placa bloqueada é maior do que a da placa lâmina. No entanto, essa diferença não foi significativa e, além disso, a placa bloqueada possui parafusos de travamento proximal para garantir que os momentos de flexão que agem nos parafusos sejam ainda menores durante o carregamento. Conclusão: Em síntese, ambos os materiais são consagrados e eficazes para serem utilizados, porém o estudo pelo método de elementos finitos apresenta papel importante para compreendermos a situação de distribuição de cargas e pressões do implante e abre novas possibilidades para novos estudos, como, por exemplo, o estudo da proposta cirúrgica e materiais a serem implantados de forma individual e personalizada.

Processos de reflexividade dos psicólogos do esporte e coaches: um estudo fenomenológico / Reflexivity processes of sport psychologists and coaches: a phenomenological study / Procesos de reflexividad de psicólogos del deporte y coaches: un estudio fenomenológico

O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e compreender fenomenologicamente, por meio de relato de Psicólogos de Esporte (PE) e de Coaches, em sua vivência prática, como ocorrem os processos reflexivos em sua atuação, conforme apreendidos a partir de relatos de experiências. O método de investigação escolhido foi a fenomenologia, pois oferece os recursos necessários para tal mergulho junto à experiência reflexiva. A amostra intencional foi delineada por PE e Coaches (profissionais de Educação Física que recorrem ao Coaching) em atividade em esportes de alto rendimento, que tenham atuado ou estejam atuando em modalidades esportivas coletivas e/ou individuais. Realizaram-se nove entrevistas (cinco com PE, quatro com Coaches). O acesso ao objeto desse estudo se deu por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e semiestruturadas, orientadas pela escuta suspensiva. As questões disparadoras foram formuladas com base no Procedimento Estruturado de Reflexão adaptado. Para análise das entrevistas, realizou-se uma síntese de cada relato, seguindo-se de cruzamento intencional. Como resultados, percebeu-se que PE e Coaches trazem algumas similaridades no que se refere aos modos de refletir sobre sua prática. No entanto, as experiências que eles fazem desses processos reflexivos é que podem tomar rumos distintos. Os(as) PE amparam-se na regulamentação da profissão e resguardam-se em seus apontamentos, trazendo suas experiências e reflexões sobre os processos vividos. Os(as) Coaches trazem em suas explanações um trabalho coerente, organizado e compatível com o método do Coaching. Problematizar os processos reflexivos desses profissionais permite diferenciar qualitativa e eticamente suas atuações, possibilitando o fomento multiprofissional no esporte.(AU)

The aim of this study consists in phenomenologically identifying and understanding, by the report of Sport Psychologists (SP) and coaches, in their practical experience, how would be the reflexive processes that take place in their performance, as learned from reports of their experiences. The research method chosen was phenomenology, since it offers the necessary resources for such a dive along with the reflective experience. The intentional sample was outlined by SP and coaches (Physical Education professionals who use coaching) active in high performance sports, who have or are working in collective and/or individual sports. Nine interviews were conducted (five with SP, four with coaches). Access to the object of this study took place by in-depth and semi-structured interviews, guided by suspensive listening. The triggering questions were formulated based on the adapted Structured Reflection Procedure. For the analysis of the interviews, a synthesis of each report was carried out, followed by the intentional crossing. As results, it was noticed that SP and coaches bring some similarities regarding the ways of reflecting on their practice. However, their experiences of these reflective processes are that they can take different directions. The SP are based on the regulation of the profession and guard themselves in their notes, bringing their experiences and reflections on the processes experienced. Coaches bring in their explanations a coherent, organized, and compatible work with the coaching method. Problematizing the reflective processes of these professionals allows to differentiate their actuation qualitatively and ethically, making the multiprofessional phenomenon in sport possible.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en identificar y comprender fenomenológicamente, a partir de la experiencia práctica de psicólogos del deporte (PD) y coaches, cómo serían los procesos reflexivos que se llevan a cabo en su rendimiento, tal y como se desprende de los informes de experiencias. El método de investigación elegido fue la fenomenología, ya que ofrece los recursos necesarios junto con la experiencia. La muestra intencional fue delineada por PD y coaches (profesionales de la educación física que utilizan el coaching) activos en deportes de alto rendimiento, que tienen o están trabajando en deportes colectivos e/o individuales. Se realizaron nueve entrevistas (cinco con PD, cuatro con coaches). El acceso al objeto de este estudio fue entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas, guiadas por escuchas suspensivas. Las preguntas se formularon desde el procedimiento de reflexión estructurado adaptado. Para el análisis de las entrevistas, se hizo una síntesis de cada informe, seguida del cruce intencional. Como resultados, se notó que los PD y coaches tienen algunas similitudes con respecto a las formas de reflexionar sobre su práctica. Sin embargo, las experiencias que hacen de estos procesos pueden tomar diferentes direcciones. Los(las) PD se basan en la regulación de la profesión y se protegen en sus notas, aportando sus experiencias y reflexiones sobre los procesos vividos. Los(las) coaches plantean en sus explicaciones un trabajo coherente, organizado y compatible con el método de Coaching. Problematizar los procesos reflexivos de estos profesionales permite diferenciar sus acciones de manera cualitativa y ética, además de posibilitar la promoción multiprofesional en el deporte.(AU)

Stellate ganglion block as an analgesic rescue alternative in phantom limb syndrome following an amputation: A case report / Bloqueo del ganglio estrellado como alternativa de rescate analgésico en síndrome de miembro fantasma doloroso postamputational: Un reporte de caso

Phantom limb syndrome (PLS) is a condition that occurs in amputee patients that has a wide array of different treatment approaches. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) of the right upper limb secondary to polytrauma with complete brachial plexus injury, who, after being subjected to multiple successful therapies, was finally taken to amputation. Later, he developed a painful PLS that was difficult to manage, which was treated with a stellate ganglion block (SGB), achieving a significant decrease in pain. This article aims to present a case in which a SGB was used as an adjunct to control acute postoperative PLS in a patient with previous sensitization due to CRPS. The SGB, in this case, performed with local anesthetic plus corticosteroid, constitutes a useful therapeutic alternative for intense postoperative pain in PLS, achieving adequate pain relief without adverse effects. However, its routine use as in acute postoperative pain still lacks sufficient evidence for complete support, therefore we urge the scientific community to undertake more in-depth research concerning this topic in order to create clear guidelines and recommendations.

El síndrome del miembro fantasma (PLS, por sus siglas en inglés) es una condición que se presenta en pacientes amputados con un campo extenso para los diferentes enfoques de tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado con síndrome complejo de dolor regional (SCDR) del miembro superior derecho secundario a politraumatismo con lesión completa del plexo braquial, quien, tras ser sometido a múltiples tratamientos exitosos, fue finalmente llevado a amputación. Posteriormente, desarrolló un PLS doloroso de difícil manejo, el cual fue tratado con un bloqueo del ganglio estrellado (BGE), logrando una disminución significativa del dolor. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un caso en el que se utilizó un BGE como coadyuvante para el control del PLS en el posoperatorio de manera aguda en un paciente con sensibilización previa por SCDR. EL BGE, en este caso, realizado con anestésico local más corticosteroide, constituye una alternativa terapéutica útil para el dolor posoperatorio intenso en PLS, consiguiendo un adecuado alivio del dolor sin efectos adversos. Sin embargo, su uso rutinario como en el dolor postoperatorio agudo, aún carece de evidencia suficiente para un respaldo completo, por lo que invitamos a la comunidad científica a realizar una investigación más profunda sobre este tema para crear pautas y recomendaciones claras.

Presencia de huesos accesorios del tarso: variantes anatómicas normales con potencialidad patológica / Presence of accessory bones of the tarsus: normal anatomical variants with pathological potential / Presença de ossos acessórios do tarso: variantes anatômicas normais com potencial patológico

El conjunto de patologías bajo el nombre de síndromes dolorosos de pie y tobillo engloban diferentes tendinopatías asociadas entre varios factores clínicos a la presencia de huesos accesorios tarsianos. La correcta identificación y diferenciación radiológica de estas variantes anatómicas en virtud de su capacidad de influir en la dinámica normal del tarso motivan el estudio de su incidencia. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la presencia de distintos huesos accesorios tarsianos en una muestra poblacional. Se expone el resultado de un estudio observacional retrospectivo en 240 pacientes entre 15 y 85 años de edad atendidos en un centro privado de la ciudad de Las Piedras, Canelones, con radiografías de pie y tobillo preexistentes en la base de datos institucional. Se determinó presencia de huesos accesorios tarsianos en 23 pacientes (9,58%), identificando hallazgos de Os Trigonum (1,66%), Proceso de Stieda (3.33%), Os Peroneum (2,93%) y Os Navicular (1,66%). Se presenta en tablas el análisis de frecuencia correspondiente y estudio de contingencia entre variantes encontradas, edad y sexo del paciente. El resultado de la investigación busca aportar al conocimiento de variantes anatómicas normales correlativas a procesos patológicos infradiagnosticados, desde el rol de la anatomía radiológica.

The group of pathologies under the name of foot and ankle pain syndromes encompass different tendinopathies associated among various clinical factors with the presence of accessory tarsal bones. The correct identification and radiological differentiation of these anatomical variants, by virtue of their ability to influence the normal dynamics of the tarsus, motivated the study of their incidence. Our objective is to determine the presence of different tarsal accessory bones in a population sample. Here we present the results of a retrospective observational study in 240 patients between 15 and 85 years of age, treated in a private health center in the city of Las Piedras, Canelones, with pre-existing ankle and foot x-rays in the institutional database. The presence of tarsal accessory bones was determined in 23 patients (9.58%), identifying findings of Os Trigonum (1.66%), Stieda Process (3.33%), Os Peroneum (2.93%) and Os Navicular (1, 66%). The corresponding frequency analysis and contingency study between the variants found, age and sex of the patient are exposed in tables. The result of the research seeks to contribute to the knowledge of normal anatomical variants correlative to under diagnosed pathological processes, from the role of radiological anatomy.

O grupo de patologias com a denominação de síndromes dolorosas no pé e tornozelo engloba diferentes tendinopatias associadas entre diversos fatores clínicos à presença de ossos acessórios do tarso. A correta identificação e diferenciação radiológica dessas variantes anatômicas em virtude de sua capacidade de influenciar a dinâmica normal do tarso motiva o estudo de sua incidência. Nosso objetivo é determinar a presença de diferentes ossos acessórios do tarso em uma amostra populacional. É apresentado o resultado de um estudo observacional retrospectivo em 240 pacientes entre 15 e 85 anos de idade atendidos em um centro privado na cidade de Las Piedras, Canelones, com radiografias de pé e tornozelo pré-existentes no banco de dados institucional. A presença de ossos acessórios do tarso foi determinada em 23 pacientes (9,58%), identificando achados de Os Trigonum (1,66%), Processo de Stieda (3,33%), Os Peroneum (2,93%) e Os Navicular (1,66%). A correspondente análise de frequência e estudo de contingência entre as variantes encontradas, idade e sexo do paciente são apresentados em tabelas. O resultado da pesquisa busca contribuir para o conhecimento das variantes anatômicas normais correlativas aos processos patológicos subdiagnosticados, a partir do papel da anatomia radiológica.

Rol de la densitometría ósea como herramienta diagnóstica y de control en el síndrome de dolor regional complejo: reporte de un caso / Role of bone densitometry as a diagnostic and monitoring tool in complex regional pain syndrome: report of a case

El síndrome de dolor regional complejo (SDRC) es una patología poco frecuente, caracterizada por dolor crónico y cambios locales del sitio afectado. Ocurre en forma posterior a un traumatismo, o, menos frecuentemente, sin desencadenante claro. El diagnóstico se realiza de forma clínica, evaluando la presencia de hallazgos típicos detallados en los criterios de Budapest, como el dolor continuo y desproporcionado, y síntomas y signos típicos, como edema, asimetría térmica y disminución del rango de movilidad. Los estudios por imágenes, así como la radiografía, la resonancia magnética o el centellograma óseo de 3 fases, también brindan información valiosa, sobre todo en los casos que se presentan con más dudas, y para realizar diagnóstico diferencial de otras patologías. En este sentido, la medición de la densidad mineral ósea por absorciometría dual de rayos X (DXA) se presenta también como herramienta de utilidad, no solo en la fase diagnóstica, al evidenciar la mayor desmineralización del miembro afectado, sino también en la evaluación de la respuesta terapéutica a bifosfonatos. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con SDRC del miembro inferior, donde la densitometría ósea resultó de gran utilidad en su manejo clínico. (AU)

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare pathology, characterized by chronic pain and local changes of the affected site. It occurs after trauma or, less frequently, without a clear trigger. The diagnosis is made clinically, evaluating the presence of typical findings detailed in the Budapest criteria, such as continuous and disproportionate pain, and typical signs and symptoms, like edema, thermal asymmetry, and decreased range of motion. Imaging studies, such as radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or 3-phase bone scintigraphy also provide valuable information, especially in cases that present with more doubts, and to make a differential diagnosis with other pathologies. In this regard, the measurement of bone mineral density by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is also a useful tool, not only in the diagnostic phase, by showing the greater demineralization of the affected limb, but also in the evaluation of the therapeutic response to bisphosphonates. We present the case of a patient with CRPS of the lower limb, where bone densitometry was very useful in her clinical management. (AU)

Factores asociados al desarrollo de secuelas en un grupo de pacientes con síndrome doloroso regional complejo tipo 1 (SUDECK) / Associated factors related to the development of sequels in a group of patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (SUDECK)

Introducción: El Síndrome doloroso regional complejo tipo 1 (SDRC) o Sudeck se caracteriza por manifestarse con dolor, tumefacción, trastornos sensoriales, disfunción vasomotora autonómica, cambios tróficos en los tejidos y trastornos en la motilidad del área afectada. Pudiendo ocurrir en una o varias regiones articulares, sin repercusión sistémica y sin modificar parámetros inflamatorios. Objetivo: Estimar el porcentaje de pacientes que desarrollan secuelas en el seguimiento y los factores asociados. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio Prospectivo, observacional, se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnostico de SDRC tipo 1 según criterios Budapest. Se consignaron variables demográficas, de las características de la enfermedad, tipo, tiempo y respuesta al tratamiento. Se definió secuelas según el registro de historias clinicas de el consultorio de riesgo de trabajo "alta con secuelas". Resultados: Se incluyeron 98 pacientes, de los cuales el 65,3 % eran mujeres, con una mediana de edad de 54 años (RIC: 45-61). El desarrollo de Secuelas (60%) se asoció con la, indicación precisa de rehabilitación (p 0,001). Conclusión: El 60 % de los pacientes desarrollaron secuelas en su seguimiento, las mismas se asociaron en forma independiente con la indicación de rehabilitación y en forma negativa con la buena respuesta al tratamiento.

Background/Purpose: complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a form of chronic pain that usually affects an arm or a leg. CRPS typically develops after an injury, a surgery, a stroke or a heart attack. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury. CRPS is uncommon, and its cause isn't clearly understood. Methods: To estimate the percentage of patients with CRPS who develop disability and its associated factors. Consecutive patients older than 18 years old whose met Budapest criteria for CRPS type 1 were included. Demographic variables, time of follow-up, main cause of the disease and location, time between trauma and starting treatment were recorded from the electronic clinical history (ECH). Previous immobilization, type were recorded. of treatment, response to it and clinical manifestations. Disability was defined when there was a change in work activity. Results: 98 patients were included with at least one year of follow up, 65.3% were women. The median age is 54 years (45-61). The prevalence of disability was 60%. We found a significant and independent association with indication of rehabilitation (OR: 4.3 CI: 1.3-14) and response to treatment (OR: 0.078 CI: 0.023-0, 2). Conclusion: 60% of the patients developed disability in their follow-up, they were associated independently with the indication of rehabilitation and in a negative way with a good response to treatment.

Clinical observation of three-needle therapy combined with acupuncture on complex regional pain syndrome after stroke / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical therapeutic effect of three-needle therapy combined with acupuncture on complex regional pain syndrome typeⅠ(CRPS-Ⅰ) after stroke.@*METHODS@#A total of 96 patients with CRPS-Ⅰ after stroke were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 48 cases in each one. In the control group, based on the routine treatment, acupuncture was applied at Neiguan (PC 6), Shuigou (GV 26), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and other supplementary acupoints, once a day, 6 times a week for 3 weeks. Based on the treatment in the control group, three-needle therapy was added at coracoid process, greater tuberosity of humerus and infraglenoid tubercle, the muscular fascia was released by fan-shaped separation technique for 3-6 times, and the treatment was given once every 2 days, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, hand swelling level, Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) score and Barthel index score were observed to evaluate the pain and swelling severity, motor function and living ability of patients before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#① Compared before treatment, the VAS score, hand swelling level, the FMA score and the Barthel index after treatment and 40 days after treatment were improved in both of the two groups (0.05).@*CONCLUSION@# three-needle therapy combined with acupuncture can improve the pain severity and the motor function of affected limbs in patients with CRPS-Ⅰ after stroke, and the therapeutic effect may be sustained for a long term. However, the treatment seems to be ineffectual on extremity swelling.

Treatment of severe pain in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome undergoing dental treatment under general anesthesia: A case report

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is rare, characterized by pain from diverse causes, and presents as extreme pain even with minor irritation. General anesthesia may be required for dental treatment because the pain may not be controlled with local anesthesia. However, treatment under general anesthesia is also challenging. A 38-year-old woman with CRPS arrived for outpatient dental treatment under general anesthesia. At the fourth general anesthesia induction, she experienced severe pain resulting from her right toe touching the dental chair. Anesthesia was induced to calm her and continue the treatment. After 55 minutes of general anesthesia, the patient still complained of extreme toe pain. Subsequently, two administrations for intravenous sedation were performed, and discharge was possible in the recovery room approximately 5 h after the pain onset. The pain was not located at the dental treatment site. Although the major factor causing pain relief was unknown, ketamine may have played a role.

The Legal Doctrine on the Liability of Physicians in Medical Malpractice Lawsuits Involving Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

BACKGROUND: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) involves severe pain and it is difficult to identify the exact cause or pathogenesis. Therefore, there are controversies regarding legal issues related to the establishment of damage in medical malpractice lawsuits involving CRPS. This study aimed to analyze malpractice lawsuits involving CRPS, which occurred after the disputed medical treatment, to provide information on the courts' opinion and characteristics of the cases. METHODS: This study analyzed 23 lawsuit judgments involving CRPS that were sentenced from 2005 to 2015. RESULTS: A total of 12 of the 23 cases were partially ruled in favor of the plaintiff. The average amount (KRW) claimed was 470,638,385 ± 860,634,092 (21,000,000 to 4,020,000,000), and that awarded was 72,906,843 ± 53,389,367 (15,000,000 to 181,080,803). Sixteen of the 23 cases had CRPS type I. In 11 of 23 cases, the site of the pain was located in the lower limb and in 14 cases there was no presence of trauma or event prior to medical treatment. CONCLUSION: Nerve injury was the most frequent reason for taking responsibility in compensating damage in malpractice cases involving CRPS. Physicians should consider various possibilities of such complications in medical practices. It is important to identify and improve areas which need to be improved for patient safety through analyzing the lawsuit judgment cases.

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of Non-hemiplegic Upper Limb in a Stroke Patient: A Case Report

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I in stroke patients is usually known to affect the hemiplegic upper limb. We report a case of CRPS presented in an ipsilesional arm of a 72-year-old female patient after an ischemic stroke at the left middle cerebral artery territory. Clinical signs such as painful range of motion and hyperalgesia of her left upper extremity, swollen left hand, and dystonic posture were suggestive of CRPS. A three-phase bone scintigraphy showed increased uptake in all phases in the ipsilesional arm. Diffusion tensor tractography showed significantly decreased fiber numbers of the corticospinal tract and the spinothalamic tract in both unaffected and affected hemispheres. Pain and range of motion of the left arm of the patient improved after oral steroids with a starting dose of 50 mg/day.

Dolor regional complejo tipo 1 en población pediátrica: artículo de revisión / Complex regional pain type 1 in pediatric population: review article

Dolor regional complejo se reconoce como una entidad caracterizada por dolor de distribución regional que es desproporcional al estímulo que lo provocó. Se diferencia en tipo 1 cuando no existe un daño neurológico orgánico y en tipo 2 cuando sí existe lesión neurológica de base. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento constituyen un verdadero reto. Es necesario un alto nivel de sospecha diagnóstica y la instauración de un oportuno tratamiento interdisciplinario.

Complex regional pain is a painful disorder without a known mechanism. Two different types are classified depending if there are or not a neurological structural damage. The diagnosis and treatment are real challenges to the interdisciplinary team that should identify and bring an effective treatment to the patients. Clinicians should be aware of this entity in order to prevent delay in diagnosis and provide an early and effective treatment.

Complex regional pain syndrome: new concepts regarding diagnosis and treatment

Antecedentes: Los autores presentan una revisión crítica sobre el cuadro clínico, el diagnóstico, clasificación y tratamientodel síndrome de dolor regional complejo, discutiendo todos los métodos de tratamiento y haciendo hincapié en que la reabilitación debe ser empleada con el fin de obtener un mejor resultado. Aspecto psicológico debe ser discutido en el tratamiento y también se anima equipo multidisciplinario para participar en él.

Background: The authors presented a critical review about the clinical picture, diagnosis, classification and treatment ofcomplex regional pain syndrome, discussing all methods of treatment and emphasizing that the reabiltation must be employed in order to obtain a better result. Psychological aspect must be involved in the treatment and also multidisciplinary team is encouraged to take part on it.

Síndrome de miembros inferiores post trasplante / Post-transplant distal limb syndrome

El síndrome de miembros inferiores post trasplante (SMIPT) es una entidad poco conocida con una prevalencia del 5% en pacientes con trasplante renal. Su diagnóstico se basa en la clínica, afectando predominantemente miembros inferiores de forma simétrica y bilateral, centellograma óseo y resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN). Tiene una evolución benigna y se cura sin secuelas. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 37 años con antecedentes de enfermedad de Berger en 1999 que requirió diálisis trisemanal por 4 años (2009-2013) y posterior trasplante renal en julio del 2013. Consultó en enero del 2014 refiriendo dolor intenso en ambos pies, de inicio súbito, recordando la fecha exacta del inicio del dolor, sin relación con traumatismo, que impedía su deambulación. En el centellograma óseo se observó fijación patológica del radiotrazador en pies sin diferencia de captación entre ambos. Si bien aún no hay tratamiento específico, la evolución de esta enfermedad es benigna.

The post-transplant distal limb syndrome is a not well known entity, with a prevalence of 5% in patients with renal transplant. Its diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, bone scintigraphy and MRI, it has a benign course and the patient recovers without sequel. We present the case of a 37-year-old male, with medical history of hypertension, Berger's disease in 1999 that required dialysis three times a week for four years (2009-2013) and renal transplant in 2013. The patient consults on January 2014 referring severe pain in both feet, with sudden onset; he remembers the exact date of the beginning of the pain and denies trauma, pain prevents ambulation. The bone scintigraphy shows pathological uptake in both feet with no difference between the two. Although there is no treatment for this disease, it has a benign course.

Calcific tendonitis and reflex sympathetic dystrophy in a patient with bilateral frozen shoulder syndrome

Calcific tendonitis is a common painful syndrome of the shoulder region that affects mainly women of 40 to 60 years of age. It usually remains asympatomatic at the early stages and in some patients, but produces severe and sometimes protracted pain during the resolution phase. Complex regional pain syndrome [CRPS] and the "frozen shoulder" syndrome are the main entities that need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of the syndrome. Although there are specific criteria to diagnose any of these painful syndromes but occasionally some of these may co-exist and make diagnosis and appropriate treatment quite a challenging task. We present a case with bilateral calcific tendonitis of the shoulders, complicated with causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy [RSD] syndrome that make the two arms of the CRPS. After failure of the conservative treatment [e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, opioids, physiotherapy, intra-articular steroids] to treat both pain and causalgia, we applied repetitive trials of electroacupuncture together with auricular acupuncture and one trial of intravenous regional anesthesia. The patient gradually responded to treatment and regained normal, painless mobility of the shoulders. She returned to normal life activities after five years of debilitating pain in both of her shoulders. We believe that electroacupuncture deserves further clinical research in painful musculoskeletal disorders like calcific tendonitis

Therapeutic potential of stellate ganglion block in orofacial pain: a mini review

Orofacial pain is a common complaint of patients that causes distress and compromises the quality of life. It has many etiologies including trauma, interventional procedures, nerve injury, varicella-zoster (shingles), tumor, and vascular and idiopathic factors. It has been demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system is usually involved in various orofacial pain disorders such as postherpetic neuralgia, complex regional pain syndromes, and atypical facial pain. The stellate sympathetic ganglion innervates the head, neck, and upper extremity. In this review article, the effect of stellate ganglion block and its mechanism of action in orofacial pain disorders are discussed.

Ultrasound-guided placement of a permanent peripheral nerve stimulator in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome: A case report

A 56-year-old man complained of continuous pain in the right foot that began 6 months after undergoing surgery on the right calcaneus bone. The patient was diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I and was treated with medication, lumbar sympathetic ganglion blocks, epidural nerve blocks, and spinal cord stimulation. However, all treatments were halted because they were ineffective or complications developed. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) was planned after confirming the analgesic effects of a sciatic nerve block, and the patient received PNS via minimally invasive ultrasound-guided electrode placement. PNS reduced the pain intensity and the incidence of paroxysmal pain. Other than discomfort at the battery insertion site (resolved with re-implantation), the patient developed no complications. These results suggest that ultrasound-guided minimally invasive PNS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with CRPS in the lower extremities.

Relationship Between HbA1c and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Stroke Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin A (HbA1c) and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) in stroke patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of stroke patients from January 2012 to December 2013. We reviewed 331 patients and included 200 in the analysis. We divided them into CRPS and non-CRPS groups and compared them by age, gender, stroke lesion, cause of stroke, duration of T2DM, HbA1c (%), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, affected shoulder flexor muscle strength, Fugl-Meyer Assessment score, motricity index, Functional Independence Measure, Korean version of Modified Barthel Index, blood glucose level on admission day, duration from stroke onset to HbA1c check, and duration from stroke onset to three-phase bone scan for CRPS diagnosis. Thereafter, we classified the patients into five groups by HbA1c level (group 1, 5.0%–5.9%; group 2, 6.0%–6.9%; group 3, 7.0%–7.9%; group 4, 8.0%–8.9%; and group 5, 9.0%–9.9%) and we investigated the difference in CRPS prevalence between the two groups. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients, 108 were in the CRPS group and 92 were in the non-CRPS group. There were significant differences in HbA1c (p<0.05) between the two groups but no significant differences in any other factors. Across the five HbA1c groups, there were significant differences in CRPS prevalence (p<0.01); specifically, it increased as HbA1c increased. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that higher HbA1c relates to higher CRPS prevalence and thus that uncontrolled blood glucose can affect CRPS occurrence in stroke patients with diabetes.

Predictive Value of Sympathetic Skin Response in Diagnosing Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive value of the sympathetic skin response (SSR) in diagnosing complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) by comparing three diagnostic modalities-SSR, three-phasic bone scans (TPBS), and thermography. METHODS: Thirteen patients with severe limb pain were recruited. Among them, 6 were diagnosed with CRPS according to the proposed revised CRPS clinical diagnostic criteria described by the International Association for the Study of Pain. SSR was measured in either the hands or feet bilaterally and was considered abnormal when the latency was prolonged. A positive TPBS finding was defined as diffuse increased tracer uptake on the delayed image. Thermographic findings were considered positive if a temperature asymmetry greater than 1.00degrees C was detected between the extremities. RESULTS: Five of 6 CRPS patients showed prolonged latency on SSR (83% sensitivity). TPBS was positive in the 5 CRPS patients who underwent TPBS (100% sensitivity). Thermography was positive in 4 of 5 CRPS patients who underwent the procedure (80% sensitivity). The remaining 7 non-CRPS patients differed on examination. SSR latencies within normal limit were noted in 4 of 7 non-CRPS patients (57% specificity). Results were negative in 4 of 5 non-CRPS patients who underwent TPBS (80% specificity), and negative in 3 of 5 non-CRPS patients who underwent thermography (60% specificity). CONCLUSION: SSR may be helpful in detecting CRPS.

Síndrome de dolor regional complejo / Complex regional pain synndrome

El Síndrome de Dolor Regional Complejo (SDRC) es una enfermedad crónica, que se caracteriza por dolor y alteraciones sensitivas, motoras y autonómicas, a menudo sigue a trauma de un miembro, su curso es variable y, tanto su fisiopatología como el tratamiento, no están claramente establecidos. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar una actualización de los aspectos generales de la enfermedad y mostrar parte de la evidencia existente en relación a las alternativas terapéuticas de la misma, tanto las conservadoras como las intervencionales. Es importante tener en consideración algunos puntos que limitan el objetivo de obtención de evidencia de buena calidad para el tratamiento de este síndrome. Lo primero es que el diagnóstico es clínico y los criterios para realizarlo han variado en el tiempo. Segundo, es la ausencia de criterios estandarizados para medir los resultados al tratamiento. Y, por último, ya que se trata de un síndrome crónico cuya manifestación principal es el dolor, existe respuesta a placebo...

The Regional Pain Syndrome Complex (CRPS ) is a chronic disease, which is characterized by pain and sensory, motor and autonomic disturbances, often follows trauma, the course and the pathophysiology are variable. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the general aspects of the disease and show the evidence in relation to therapeutic alternatives...