Current status of fertility control methods in India.

Approximately 48.2% of couples of 15 to 49 years of age practice family planning methods in India. Female sterilization accounts for 34.2%, with male sterilization declining from 3.4% in 1992-93 to 1.9% in 1998-99. Use of the condom increased to 3.1% from 2.4%. There is an urgent need for research to develop new contraceptive modalities especially for men and also for women and to make existing methods more safe, affordable and acceptable. Current efforts in India to develop a male contraceptive are mainly directed towards (i) development of antispermatogenic agents to suppress sperm production, (ii) prevention of sperm maturation, (iii) prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens or rendering these sperm infertile and (iv) prevention of sperm deposition. Research work in the field of prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens has made significant advances. Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) disturbed the electrical charge of spermatozoa leading to acrosome rupture and consequent loss in fertilizing ability of sperm. A multicentre phase-III clinical trial using SMA is continuing and it is hoped that the SMA approach would be available in the near future as an indigenously developed injectable intra-vasal male contraceptive. The safety and efficacy of available oral contraceptives were evaluated. An indigenously developed oral contraceptive 'Centchorman', which is a nonsteroidal, weakly estrogenic but potently antiestrogenic, was found to be safe and effective and is now being marketed in India since 1991 as a 'once a week' pill. Cyclofem and Mesigyna have been recommended as injectable contraceptives with proper counselling and service delivery by Indian studies. It has been recommended that these injectable contraceptives be added to the existing range of contraceptive methods available in the National Family Planning Programme. Based on the Indian studies CuT 200 was also recommended. Studies have indicated the advantage of intrauterine devices (IUD); they are long acting, relatively easily removed and fertility returns rapidly after their removal. Recent studies have recommended CuT 200 for use up to 5 years. The combination of some plant products i.e. Embelia ribes, Borax and Piper longum has been found to be safe and effective as a female contraceptive and the results of phase-I clinical trials are encouraging. Research work is going on in the country in various areas with special reference to hormonal contraceptive - a three monthly injectable contraceptive, immuno-contraceptives, antiprogestins, etc.

Contraceptive use in Jordan

To compare women in the child bearing age for the years 1983, 1990, 1997 regarding their use of contraceptives and the variations in the source of intrauterine contraceptive devices, as it was recently observed that women are more likely to use intrauterine contraceptive devices. Three national surveys carried out in 1983, 1990, 1997 were compared. The samples selected in the 3 surveys were women in the child bearing age. A multistage sampling procedure was used to ensure the representativeness of the samples in the 3 surveys. The use of contraceptives increased from 26% in 1983 to 40% in 1990 and 53% in 1997. Women became more likely to use intrauterine contraceptive devices where the percentage of use increased from 32% in 1983 to 44% in 1997. The percentage of users of contraceptives in general and intrauterine contraceptive devices in particular was higher in urban areas and in educated women with a high number of children. Women at risk of not using contraceptives should be identified and contacted to convince them to use contraceptives. All barriers to access, use and quality of contraceptives should be investigated. The identification of such barriers will be useful for decision makers and health planners in the country

DIU transcesárea y sus complicaciones más frecuentes / Transcesarean section IUD and its most frequent complications

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo y comparativo en 152 pacientes sometidos a operación cesárea A 78 pacientes se les aplicó el dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) T CU 220, y en 74 pacientes solo se realizó la operación cesárea sin aplicar el DIU. Los eventos analizados durante el puerperio fueron el dolor, la infección y el sangrado. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los resultados. Estos fueron analizados mediante la prueba de chi cuadrada (X²). Los resultados anteriores sugieren que con una adecuada selección de las pacientes, la inserción del DIU transcesárea es un método seguro y de gran ayuda en el control de la fertilidad para las pacientes de alto riesgo reproductivo

Planificacion en la edad fertil / Planification in women in age fertil

La sociedad en que hoy se vive comparada con años anteriores ha sufrido cambios considerables en el aspecto economico, politico, sociales aspecto de salud y las condiciones generales de vida. Todas las que van relacionadas directamente con el gran avance tecnologico cientifico.Los ingresos economicos de la mayoria de la poblacion no son adecuados para satisfacer las necesidades basicas de vida. Paralelamente los indices de la fecundidad se mantienen al ritmo de la naturaleza. "Segun el censo 1992 en la ciudad de Santa Cruz la tasa de fecundidad en el area rural es de 6,3 y urbana es de 6,4". La planificacion familiar es muy importante en la pareja por que permite analizar las condiciones de su propio hogar, aspectos economicos, de vivienda, salud, otros y de esa manera decidir libre y responsablemente tener un numero determinado de hijos, supuesta a esta, deciden aplicar metodos anticonceptivos naturales o artificiales

Panorama retrospectivo de la planificación familiar en el Hospital Civil Alausi, 1992-1994

El presente es un estudio retrospectivo sobre la planificación familiar (PF) en el Hospital Civil de Alausi (HCA) en el período de enero 1992 a diciembre 1994. Encontramos que de la población de influencia, acudieron a solicitar este tipo de servicio el 10 por ciento de las mujeres en edad fértil. El método de mayor aceptación fue el dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) con el 46 por ciento, seguido de la ligadura con el 39.2 por ciento, dejando a los gestágenos orales (GO) y los otros métodos con poca aceptación. Las complicaciones y efectos adversos encontrados por los distintos métodos tienen una distribución distinta con otros estudios, de estos el fracaso con el subsecuente embarazo con el DIU fue el 4.3 por ciento y con los GO del 11.1 por ciento, frecuencia relativamente alta para la seguridad que ofrecen estos últimos frente a la complicación de embarazo . La ligadura mantiene buena aceptación y se realiza en estos hospitales con el método clásico de cirugía abierta...

Cervical mucous and serum IgA in diabetics using intrauterine contraceptive devices [IUDs]

IgA levels were measured in cervical mucous and serum of 24 fertile women using I.U.D'S [12 diabetics and 12 non-diabetics] and 24 fertile women not using any contraceptives [12 diabeties and 12 non-diabetics] between the 7[th] and 10[th] day of the menstrual cycle using the agar gel radial immunodiffusion. IgA levels in the cervical mucous and serum of I.U.D's users were significantly higher than in I.U.D's nonusers [4.83 +/- 1.9vs. 2.055 +/- 1.065] and [2.9 +/- 1.01vs. 1.58 +/- 0.66] respectively. The increased levels of IgA with the use of I.U.D's occurred in diabeties and non diabeties. However both cervical mucous and serum IgA levels were significantly lower in the diabetic group compared to the non diabeties whether using I.U.D's [3.91 +/- 1.25vs 5.75 +/- 2.42] respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between cervical mucous IgA levels and days of the cycle in the group not using I.U.D's whether diabetics or not. No significant correlation was found between the duration of use of I.U.D's and IgA levels in both cervical mucous and serum. While a significant negative correlation was found between the duration of diabetes and IgA levels in cervical mucous but not in serum. It is concluded that using I.U.D's resulted in higher levels of IgA in cervical mucous and serum. This elevation in IgA levels was less marked in the cervical mucous of diabetic females which may implicate a lower efficacy of I.U.D's as a method of contraception in diabetics

Esterilización y práctica anticonceptiva en Puerto Rico, 1982 / Sterilization and contraceptive practice in Puerto Rico, 1982

Las políticas de población que han formado parte del plan de desarrollo económico de Puerto Rico han estado encaminhadas a promover la emigración y el control de la natalidad. Las medidas promulgadas para ejercer el control de la natalidad están dirigidas casi exclusivamente a la mujer. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo rastrear el comportamiento reproductivo de las mujeres y analizar sus características socio-demográficas. La información utilizada en este trabajo se obtuvo de una encuesta que se llevó a cabo en Puerto Rico hacia fines de 1982 con la colaboración de los Centros para el Ccontrol de las Enfermedades de Atlanta, Georgia. La muestra de la que proceden los datos es representativa de la población femenina de Puerto Rico. El análisis se circunscribirá a las mujeres que a la fecha de la encuesta estaban casadas o vivían en uniones consensuales. Las altas tasas de esterilización en Puerto Rico se producen aún cuando la práctica contraceptiva es común y variada