Caracterización de estenosis traqueal por intubación prolongada en pacientes adultos / Characterization of tracheal stenosis by prolonged Intubation in adult patients

La estenosis traqueal es la disminución del calibre de la luz laríngea y traqueal como resultado de la maduración de tejido cicatrizal por lesión isquémica que el balón del tubo endotraqueal produce sobre las mucosas de la pared laringo traqueal cuando es insuflada por encima de la presión capilar (20-30 mm Hg) por un periodo incluso corto. La Asociación Americana de Cuidados Respiratorios recomienda que se utilice intubación para aquellos pacientes que ameriten ventilación mecánica por 7-10 días o menos y traqueostomía para aquellos pacientes que necesitan ventilación por más tiempo. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estenosis traqueal por intubación prolongada. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de estenosis traqueal por intubación mayor de 7 días en el Hospital General San Juan de Dios durante enero 2016 a diciembre 2019. Se evaluaron los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos, diagnóstico y terapéuticos en los registros clínicos de los servicios de cirugía torácica, otorrinolaringología y neumología. Resultados: Se evaluaron 52 pacientes adultos con intubación traqueal prolongada que desarrollaron estenosis traqueal. La mayoría son hombres jóvenes con mediana de intubación de dos semanas, la indicación de intubación más frecuente fue por trauma craneoencefálico severo. La forma de diagnóstico más frecuente fue clínico seguido por radiografía y tomografía teniendo en su mayoría estenosis tipo I y II. La mayoría de los pacientes con estenosis traqueal son tratados de manera quirúrgica, comúnmente con traqueostomía, dos semanas después del primer día de intubación. La única variable asociada al tipo de tratamiento fue que se le realizara al paciente una traqueotomía, la cual fue la forma de tratamiento quirúrgico de la mayoría de los pacientes para la corrección de la estrechez traqueal (p=0.01). Conclusiones: el tiempo de intubación endotraqueal es determinante para el desarrollo de la estenosis traqueal. En este estudio se documentaron 52 pacientes que recibieron intubación traqueal prolongada y desarrollaron estenosis traqueal tras una mediana de intubación de dos semanas, lo cual deberá hacernos reflexionar sobre las prácticas y guías para implementar la realización de traqueostomías tempranas en pacientes ventilados después de 7 días (AU)

Tracheal stenosis is the decrease in the caliber of the laryngeal and tracheal lumen as a result of the maturation of scar tissue due to ischemic injury that the balloon of the endotracheal tube produces on the mucosa of the laryngo-tracheal wall when it is insufflated above capillary pressure (20-30 mm Hg) for an even short period. The American Association for Respiratory Care recommends that intubation be used for those patients who require mechanical ventilation for 7-10 days or less and tracheostomy for those patients who require ventilation for longer. Objective: To characterize tracheal stenosis due to prolonged intubation. Methodology: A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out that included adult patients with a diagnosis of tracheal stenosis due to intubation greater than 7 days at the San Juan de Dios General Hospital from january 2016 to december 2019. Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data were evaluated in the clinical records of the thoracic surgery, otorhinolaryngology and pulmonology services. Results: 52 adult patients with prolonged tracheal intubation who developed tracheal stenosis were evaluated. Most are young men with a median intubation of two weeks, the most frequent indication for intubation was for severe head trauma. The most frequent form of diagnosis was clinical followed by radiography and tomography, mostly type I and II stenosis. Most patients with tracheal stenosis are treated surgically, commonly with a tracheostomy, two weeks after the first day of intubation. The only variable associated with the type of treatment was that the patient underwent a tracheostomy, which was the form of surgical treatment for most patients to correct the tracheal narrowing (p = 0.01). Conclusions: endotracheal intubation time is decisive for the development of tracheal stenosis. In this study, 52 patients who received prolonged tracheal intubation and developed tracheal stenosis after a median intubation of two weeks were documented, which should make us reflect on the practices and guidelines for implementing early tracheostomies in patients ventilated after 7 days

Anesthetic management for patient with severe cyanosis following bioprosthetic valve stenosis / Manejo anestésico de paciente com cianose grave após estenose de valva bioprotética

Abstract We presented a 39-year-old female patient with life-threatening hypoxemia after tricuspid valve replacement because of Ebstein's anomaly. And the severe cyanosis is due to bioprosthetic valve stenosis and atrial septal defect. Anesthetic management of a patient with severe obstructive prosthetic valve dysfunction can be challenging. Similar considerations should be given to patients with Ebstein's anomaly to maintain the pressure equalized between the right and left atrial. Transesophageal echocardiography and cerebral oxygen saturation provided real time information in perioperative care.

Resumo Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 39 anos, com hipoxemia em risco de vida após a substituição da valva tricúspide devido à anomalia de Ebstein e cianose grave devido à estenose de valva bioprotética e comunicação interatrial. O manejo anestésico de um paciente com disfunção obstrutiva grave de prótese valvar pode ser um desafio. Os pacientes com anomalia de Ebstein também precisam de atenção especial para manter a pressão equalizada entre o átrio direito e o esquerdo. A ecocardiografia transesofágica e a saturação cerebral de oxigênio forneceram informações em tempo real nos cuidados perioperatórios.

Cianosis en un paciente de 14 años: Presentación de un caso de metahemoglobinemia / Cyanosis in 14-year-old patient: Methemoglobinemia: case report

La cianosis es la coloración azulada de la piel y las mucosas debida al aumento de la concentración de hemoglobina reducida en los capilares o a la presencia de metahemoglobina en concentraciones mayores de las normales. Es importante pensar en metahemoglobinemia como diagnóstico diferencial frente a un paciente con cianosis que no responde a la administración de oxígeno cuando no existen causas cardiorrespiratorias que la justifiquen, dado que requiere de otros métodos diagnósticos y de tratamiento específico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente adolescente de 14 años de edad con cianosis secundaria a metahemoglobinemia de probable etiología congénita. Se discuten las causas, forma de presentación, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

The bluish coloration of skin and mucous membranes, called as cyanosis, could be explained by high reduced hemoglobin in the capillaries, or the presence of elevated methemoglobin concentration. It is important to think of methemoglobinemia as a differential diagnosis in a cyanotic patient who does not respond to oxygen administration once cardiorespiratory causes are discarded; since it requires other diagnostic methods and specific treatment. We described a case of cyanosis in a fourteen-year-old adolescent with probable congenital methemoglobinemia. We discussed their probable causes, clinic presentation, diagnosis and treatment.

Malformación de Abernethy: causa inusual de cianosis central en pediatría / Abernethy malformation: unusual cause of central cyanosis in pediatrics

El shunt porto sistémico congénito es una causa rara de hipoxemia y una patología muy poco frecuente con complicaciones severas si no es tratada. Fue descrito por primera vez por John Abernethy en 1793. Existen dos tipos: tipo I (shunt termino lateral) en el que hay ausencia total del flujo portal intrahepático y tipo II (shunt latero lateral) con flujo portal parcialmente conservado. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 6 años de edad con antecedente de hipoxemia crónica desde los 4 años y medio de vida, acompañado de disnea progresiva, quien fue referida a la unidad de neumología pediátrica con diagnóstico de cianosis central. Entre los estudios diagnósticos considerados se realizó ecografía doppler del sistema venoso portal, evidenciándose ausencia de vena porta principal; además se realizó angiotomografía del sistema arterio-venoso portal y mesentérico, confirmándose la agenesia de vena porta. Se completó el estudio con una porto-esplenografía que confirmó el diagnóstico de malformación de Abernethy tipo I b. La malformación de Abernethy tipo I es más frecuente en el sexo femenino, tiene varias formas de presentación y el tratamiento es el trasplante hepático. En la malformación de Abernethy tipo II la circulación portal es variable y tiene mejor pronóstico que la de tipo I. La disnea al ejercicio y la cianosis central es una forma de presentación que debemos tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de la patología cardiorrespiratoria en la edad pediátrica.

The congenital portosystemic shunt is an uncommon disease with severe complications if not treated. This rare cause of hypoxemia was first described by John Abernethy in 1973. There are two types: type I (termino-lateral shunt), in which there is total absence of the intrahepatic portal flow, and type II (latero-lateral shunt), in which the portal flow is partially preserved. We present the case of a 6-year-old girl with chronic hypoxemia history since 4 and a half years of age, showing progressive dyspnea, who was referred to the Pediatric Pulmonary Division with the diagnosis of central cyanosis. An Echo-Doppler in the portal venous system was performed, reporting agenesis of the principal portal vein. This finding was corroborated by an angiography of the portal and mesenteric arteriovenous system. The study was completed with a portosplenography, which confirmed the diagnosis of type Ib Abernethy malformation. The type I Abernethy malformation is more common in females, shows up in different ways and is treated with liver transplantation. On the other hand, type II Abernethy malformation shows a variable portal circulation and has a better prognosis than type I. Dyspnea when exercising and central cyanosis should be considered to make a differential diagnosis of cardiorespiratory disease at a pediatric age.

Metahemoglobinemia relacionada con ingesta de puré de acelgas / Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of chard puree

La metahemoglobinemia es un síndrome clínico dado por la presencia de una forma aberrante de hemoglobina, ocasionada por diversos agentes oxidantes. Se describe un caso clínico de metahemoglobinemia severa asociada a la ingesta de puré de acelgas con alto contenido en nitratos y nitritos. Paciente de un año, con antecedentes de comunicación interauricular (CIA), que presentó un cambio en coloración de la piel 7 h antes, en forma progresiva, acompañado de vómitos. Ingresó al Departamento de Emergencia con cianosis generalizada que no mejoró con oxigenoterapia, taquicardia y tendencia a hipotensión arterial. En cuidados intensivos se realizó ecocardiograma que evidenció CIA sin repercusión hemodinámica. Metahemoglobinemia 37%. Se realizó dosis de azul de metileno al 1% por vía intravenosa, con franca mejoría clínica a la hora de la administración del antídoto y descenso de niveles de metahemoglobina. Alta médica a las 36 horas del ingreso. Existía una relación cronológica entre la exposición a nitratos por ingesta de un puré de acelgas y la aparición del cuadro. Los niveles de nitratos hallados en dicho alimento fueron muy elevados considerando estándares internacionales, lo que sumado a una inadecuada conservación del alimento cocido los días previos, permitió confirmar el planteo etiológico realizado. Resulta importante sospechar esta entidad patológica poco frecuente frente a cianosis que no mejora con oxígeno, y prevenir cuadros similares al descrito mediante una adecuada manipulación y conservación de las verduras con alto contenido en nitratos.

Methemoglobinemia is a clinical syndrome due to the presence of an aberrant form of hemoglobin, caused by various oxidizing agents. The study reports a case of severe methemoglobinemia associated with the ingestion of chard puree with high levels of nitrates and nitrites. A 1-year-old patient with a history of atrial septal defect (ASD), who progressively showed change of skin color 7 hours earlier, accompanied by vomiting. She was admitted to the Emergency Department with generalized cyanosis not improving with oxygen therapy, tachycardia and tendency to hypotension. In the intensive care unit, an echocardiogram showed ASD without hemodynamic complications. Methemoglobinemia 37%. A 1% methylene blue dose was administered intravenously, with clinical improvement one hour after antidote administration and decrease in methemoglobin levels. Medical discharge at 36 hours of admission. There was a chronological relationship between nitrates exposure by ingestion of chard puree and the clinical onset of methemoglobinemia. The toxic cause was confirmed after high nitrates levels were found in this vegetable considering international standards, and an inadequate preservation of the cooked chard on previous days. It is important to suspect this rare pathological entity when cyanosis fails to improve with oxygen, and to prevent poisonings similar to those described by an adequate manipulation and preservation of vegetables with high nitrate levels.

Metahemoglobinemia adquirida inducida por fármacos antipalúdicos / Acquired methemoglobinemia induced by antymalaric drugs

Clásicamente se describe cianosis como niveles de hemoglobina desoxigenada en sangre periférica por encima de 5g/dl; sin embargo se ha dejado a un lado, que dicha expresión clínica no sólo responde a esta condición, sino también a la acumulación distal de pigmentos anómalos producto de la alteración en la morfología habitual de la molécula de hemglobina o el estado químico de ésta. Por tal motivo, se presenta un interesante caso clínico en paciente masculino de 35 años de edad, quien consulta por cuadro febril agudo y diagnóstico de Paludismo por Plasmodium vivax, iniciando tratamiento antipalúdico. Posteriormente presenta, en ausencia de fiebre, cianosis peribucal y acral acompañada de disminución de la saturación a 83% por oximetría de pulso. El diagnóstico se basó en la evidencia clínica y la oximetría de pulso, el manejo terapéutico consistió en la administración de oxígeno húmedo y bolos de azul de metileno, notando franca mejoría clínica(AU)

Methemoglobinemia has traditionally been described in multiple studies. Cyanosis, and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels in peripheral blood above 5g / dL, not only responds to this condition, but also to the distal accumulation of anomalous pigments as products of an alteration in the normal morphology of the haemoglobin molecule or chemical state of this. An interesting case report is presented in a male, who after the diagnosis of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria and malaria treatment presenteded perioral the and distal cyanosis, as well as desaturation of 83% by oximetry. The diagnosis was based on clinical evidence and pulse oximetry, and therapeutic approach was based on the administration of wet oxygen and methylene blue bowling, showing marked clinical improvement(AU)

A Korean Case of De Novo 18q Deletion Syndrome With a Large Atrial Septal Defect and Cyanosis

No abstract available.

Anesthetic implications of total anomalous systemic venous connection to left atrium with left isomerism.

Total anomalous systemic venous connection (TASVC) to the left atrium (LA) is a rare congenital anomaly. An 11-year-old girl presented with complaints of palpitations and cyanosis. TASVC with left isomerism and noncompaction of LV was diagnosed after contrast echocardiogram and computed tomography angiogram. The knowledge of anatomy and pathophysiology is essential for the successful management of these cases. Anesthetic concerns in this case were polycythemia, paradoxical embolism and rhythm abnormalities. The patient was successfully operated by rerouting the systemic venous connection to the right atrium.

Tetralogy of Fallot: a case report and dental considerations / Tetralogia de Fallot: relato de caso com considerações dentárias

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um caso de Tetralogia de Fallot, uma doença cardíaca congênita grave, que pode causar um impacto nos tecidos dentários, os quais necessitam de tratamento. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento adequado de pacientes com problemas cardíacos depende do conhecimento do clínico a respeito da condição. Este relato enfatiza o manejo odontológico de pacientes com Tetralogia de Fallot.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of Tetralogy of Fallot, a serious congenital heart disease, which can have an impact upon the dental tissue and which needs dental care. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Successful management of cardiac patients depends upon, knowledge about the condition. This paper highlights on dental management of Tetralogy of Fallot patients.

Post-op systemic hypertensive crises in an infant with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Systemic hypertension is not usually a complication following repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). We report an infant with supracardiac TAPVC with hypertensive crises post-operatively resulting in pulmonary edema. We feel this might have been related to the pre-operative hemodynamics as described. Beta-blockers improved the hypertensive crises.

Hernia de Bochdalek: caso clínico / Bochdalek hernia: clinical case

La Hernia Diafragmática es la penetración de una o más visceras abdominales en el tórax, a trvés de un orificio normal o anormal del diafragma. Se han descrito 4 formas diferentes de hernias diafragmáticas congénitas: Hernia de Hiato, Hernia paraesofágica, Hernia de Morgagni-Larrey y Hernia de Bochdalek, así como también se han descrito Hernias diafragmáticas post-traumáticas. La Hernia de Bochdalek (posterolateral) es el resultado de un defecto diafragmático congénito en la parte costal posterior del diafragma, en la región de las costillas X y XI. Es una patología frecuente en el recién nacido y rara en el adulto. En la revisión de la literatura mundial encontramos 100 casos reportados en el adulto. Suele haber una comunicación libre entre las cavidades torácica y abdominal. Este defecto es más frecuente (90 por ciento) en el lado izquierdo, aunque puede producirse en el lado derecho, donde el hígado a menudo impide su diagnóstico. Es dos veces más frecuente en el varón. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 76 años, quién ingresó con dificultad para respirar y dolor torácico, desde hace (04) meses, se constata en el hemitórax izquierdo ruidos respiratorios abolidos con ruidos hidroaéreos presentes. Se realizan métodos diagnósticos a través de imágenes y se confirma evidente desplazamiento apical de estructuras retroperitoneales, riñón y asas intestinales hacia el hemitórax izquierdo. Se le realizó toracotomía izquierda, posterolateral, nefrectomía izquierda y afrontamiento de defecto diafragmático. Se realiza la revisión de dicha patología.

Arterial hypoxemia in patients with cirrhosis of liver.

INTRODUCTION: Mild hypoxia has been seen in approximately one third of patients with chronic liver disease. Development of hypoxemia in patients with chronic liver disease, modifies the line of management and worsens the prognosis of the disease. Hence an early detection of hypoxemia in these patients is essential. Hypoxemia results from various causes in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepato pulmonary syndrome is an important cause in a patient with hypoxemia and chronic liver disease. Development of this complication in chronic liver disease indicates a poorer prognosis in these patients. Chronic liver disease is also known to be associated with pulmonary manifestations that affect both the pleural space and lung parenchyma. This study was undertaken to study the prevalence of hypoxemia and assess the prognosis in patients with chronic liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourty three patients aged 18 years and above with evidence of cirrhosis, admitted under the department of Medicine and Gastroenterology, were included in the study. A detailed history was taken and clinical examination were done in all patients. All patients underwent ultrasonography, LFT, biochemical tests and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to confirm chronic liver disease, portal hypertension and varices, if any chest X-ray, 2-D transthoracic echocardiogram, viral studies and pulmonary function tests. The patients in whom arterial hypoxemia was detected with a positive contrast echocardiogram were considered to have hepato pulmonary syndrome. RESULTS: Six out of the 43 patients (13.9%) included in the study had hypo-xemia. Among these 6 patients with hypoxemia, 3 were found to have contrast enhanced echocardiographic evidence of intra pulmonary vascular dilatations and diagnosed hepato pulmonary syndrome. The other 3 patients had evidence of both, interstitial lung disease and pleural effusion contributing to hypoxemia. The patients with hepato pulmonary syndrome had a significant P (A-a) O2 gradient, died during the study period, indicating a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that identification of hypoxemia and its aetiology in patients with chronic liver disease is essential. Identification of hepato pulmonary syndrome is important, as it carries a poor prognosis in patients with chronic liver disease.

O uso de dexmedetomidina na sedação de crises hipercianóticas em um recém-nascido com tetralogia de Fallot / Sedation of hypercyanotic spells in a neonate with tetralogy of Fallot using dexmedetomidine

OBJETIVO: A sedação é um passo importante para aliviar e prevenir a recorrência de cianose no manejo de pacientes com crises hipercianóticas associadas à tetralogia de Fallot (T4F). Este relato de caso ilustra a eficácia da sedação induzida por dexmedetomidina no manejo de crises hipercianóticas em um recém-nascido com T4F. DESCRIÇÃO: Um paciente recém-nascido a termo de 8 dias de idade com T4F apresentava crises hipercianóticas, indicadas por quedas abruptas no nível de saturação arterial (SpO2), medido por um oxímetro de pulso, de 80 por cento até 50 por cento, quando o paciente ficava agitado ou irritável. Nós começamos a infusão contínua de dexmedetomidina em uma dosagem de 0,2 µg/kg/min sem injeção de ataque em bolus. Cerca de meia hora depois do início da infusão de dexmedetomidina, o paciente atingiu um nível aceitável de sedação, e sua freqüência cardíaca diminuiu aproximadamente 20 batidas por minuto. Não houve nenhuma depressão respiratória aparente ou mudança acentuada em sua pressão arterial. A SpO2 também continuou estável durante a infusão de dexmedetomidina. No dia seguinte à sua hospitalização, o paciente passou com sucesso por uma operação de anastomose de Blalock-Taussig. COMENTÁRIOS: A dexmedetomidina pode ser útil no manejo de crises hipercianóticas em pacientes pediátricos com T4F.

OBJECTIVE:Sedation is an important step in the management of patients with hypercyanotic spells associated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) to ameliorate and prevent recurrence of cyanosis. This case report illustrates the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine-induced sedation in the management of hypercyanotic spells in a neonate with TOF. DESCRIPTION: An 8-day-old term newborn patient with TOF showed hypercyanotic spells, as indicated by an abrupt decrease in arterial saturation (SpO2) level measured by a pulse oximeter from 80 percent to as low as 50 percent, when the patient became irritable and agitated. We started continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine at a dose of 0.2 µg/kg/min without a loading bolus injection. About half an hour after commencement of dexmedetomidine infusion, the patient reached an acceptable level of sedation, together with a drop in heart rate by approximately 20 beats/min. There was no apparent respiratory depression or marked change in blood pressure. SpO2 was also stable during dexmedetomidine infusion. The patient underwent a successful Blalock-Taussig shunt operation on the next day of admission. COMMENTS: Dexmedetomidine may be useful for the management of hypercyanotic spells in pediatric patients with TOF.

Causas atribuidas a eventos de aparente amenaza a la vida del lactante / Causes attributed to apparent life-threatening event: 3 years of experience

Background: An Apparent Life-Threatening Event (ALTE) is an important challenge for the pediatrician, which requires guidelines for finding the etiology and making appropriate clinical decisions. Objective: To describe etiologies and clinical features of ALTE in infants, as determined by a standarized protocol. Methods: A prospective study including infants admitted to the Emergency Room and hospitalized due to an ALTE between May 2002 and May 2005. They were evaluated with an established protocol that considers the episode description, clinical history, and complementary laboratory studies. Results: 109 patients with ALTE and a mean age of 11 weeks had the following symptoms: apnea (100 percent), skin color changes (97 percent), and muscle tone changes (83 percent). 96 percent received CPR maneuvers or strong stimulation maneuvers for ending the episode. Fourteen percent of the cases were idiopathic, while other etiologies included respiratory infections (46 percent), gastroesophageal reflux (16 percent), seizures (6 percent), and urinary tract infections (6 percent). 3 patients expired. Conclusions: With this protocol, based on tools available in most public tertiary hospitals in Chile, we can identify the causes of ALTE similar to those reported in other studies, howeber with a lesser percentage of idiopathic episodes.

Introducción: Un Evento de Aparente Amenaza a la Vida (ALTE) plantea un importante desafío al pediatra, quién debe investigar la etiología para orientar su conducta. Esta labor se facilita con la aplicación de una guía. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica y determinar posibles causas de ALTE mediante un protocolo especifico. Pacientes y Método: Estudio prospectivo en lactantes que consultaron en un Servicio de Urgencia y se hospitalizaron por ALTE entre Mayo 2002 a Mayo 2005. Se evaluaron con un protocolo preestablecido considerando la descripción del episodio, antecedentes y estudios complementarios por pasos. Resultados: En 109 pacientes con ALTE, edad promedio 11 semanas, se observó apnea en 100 por ciento y cambio de color en 97 por ciento. El 83 por ciento presentó cambio de tono y en el 96 por ciento se utilizaron maniobras para abortar el episodio. Se consideró idiopático el 14 por ciento de los casos. Las principales causas atribuidas fueron: infecciones respiratorias (46 por ciento), reflujo gastroesofágico (16 por ciento), convulsiones (6 por ciento) e infecciones urinarias (6 por ciento). Fallecieron 3 pacientes. Conclusiones: Mediante este protocolo, que utiliza herramientas disponibles en la mayoría de los hospitales públicos terciarios de nuestro país, se atribuyeron causas similares a las reportadas en otros estudios prospectivos, donde destaca un menor porcentaje de episodios idiopáticos.

Transient methemoglobinemia in an infant.

We report a case of transient methemoglobinemia in an infant due to gastroenteritis. Methemoglobinemia should be suspected in infants with a history of diarrhea and cyanosis that is out of proportion to the history and clinical examination. Methemoglobinemia can be life threatening, but outcome is good when treated with IV methylene blue.

Uso de betabloqueador no pós-operatório de cirurgia de Norwood modificada por Sano com cianose persistente / Use of beta-blockers in the post-operative period of Sano modification of the Norwood procedure with persistent cyanosis

A cianose persistente constitui complicação freqüente no pós-operatório da cirurgia de Norwood modificada por Sano. Sua ocorrência pode ser explicada pela obstrução dinâmica da anastomose proximal do conduto sintético, que liga o ventrículo direito ao tronco pulmonar, evidenciada à ecocardiografia. A fim de melhorar a saturação arterial de oxigênio, foi recentemente descrita a utilização de betabloqueador, no período pós-operatório. Neste relato, descrevemos a utilização de propranolol em dois casos de cirurgia de Norwood modificada por Sano, demonstrando diminuição do gradiente no tubo sintético, aumento dos níveis de saturação arterial de oxigênio, diminuição da freqüência cardíaca e aumento da pressão arterial, traduzido em melhora clínica. Concluímos que autilização de betabloqueador nesses casos mostrou-se benéfica.

Persistent cyanosis is a frequent complication in the post-operative period of Sano modification of the Norwood procedure. It may be explained by a dynamic proximal shunt stenosis of the synthetic conduit that links the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, as detected by echo cardiographic study. The use of beta-blockers in the post-operative period has been recently described in order to improve the arterial oxygen saturation. In this report, we describe the use of propranolol in two patients undergoing Sano modification of the Norwood procedure, in whom a gradient reduction in the synthetic conduit, increase in the levels of arterial oxygen saturation, decrease in heart rate, and increase in blood pressure were observed, thus resulting in clinical improvement. We conclude that the use of beta-blockers in these cases was beneficial.

Transcatheter closure of post-fontan communication between the hepatic vein and left atrium by amplatzer duct occluder: a case report

A 14-year-old boy underwent palliative total cavopulmonary connection [modified Fontan operation] for a single ventricle and pulmonary atresia. At postoperative outpatient clinic follow-up visits progressive cyanosis was noticed. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a hepatic vein draining to the left atrium accounting for the arterial desaturation. The communication was successfully closed by transcatheter method using the Amplatzer duct occluder