Correlation between serum cystatin C and lipid level in patients with chronic heart failure / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Serum cystatin C (Cys C) and blood lipid levels are related to the occurrence and development of chronic heart failure (CHF). However, there are few reports on the correlation between blood lipid level and serum Cys C level in patients with CHF. The aim of this study is to explore the correlation between serum Cys C level and blood lipid level in patients with CHF, and to provide valuable reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of CHF.@*METHODS@#A total of 336 CHF patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital from October 2017 to July 2018 were included and they were divided into a Cys C normal group (n=180) and a Cys C abnormal group (n=156) according to serum Cys C level of the patients. The general data, laboratory indicators, and cardiac ultrasound results were compared between the 2 groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to detect the correlation between serum Cys C level and blood lipid level and other factors, and the data related to Cys C were further analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the Cys C normal group, patients in the Cys C abnormal group had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (P<0.001), older age (P=0.030), higher incidence rate of diabetes and smoking index (P=0.002 and P=0.003, respectively). The levels of serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were higher (all P<0.001), while the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein (Apo) A, and albumin (ALB) were lower (P<0.001, P=0.001, and P=0.003, respectively) in the Cys C abnormal group. Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum Cys C level was negatively correlated with platelet count, HDL, Apo A, ALB, and LVEF. It was positively correlated with smoking index, mean platelet volume, neutrophil ratio, BUN, and TBIL (all P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the decreased HDL level was a risk factor for the abnormality of serum Cys C in patients with CHF (OR=0.119, P=0.003), while Apo A was not a risk factor for its abnormality (P=0.337).@*CONCLUSIONS@#HDL might be the only blood lipid index associated with abnormal serum Cys C in patients with CHF.

Construction of anomogram for predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury / 中华危重病急救医学

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the risk factors for poor prognosis in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) and establish a nomogram predictive model.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of patients with SA-AKI admitted to the department of critical care medicine of Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University from January 2019 to September 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including demographic information, worst values of blood cell counts and biochemical indicators within 24 hours of SA-AKI diagnosis, whether the patient received renal replacement therapy (RRT), mechanical ventilation, vasopressor therapy during hospitalization, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) within 24 hours of diagnosis, acute kidney injury (AKI) staging, total length of hospital stay, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and others. According to the 28-day outcome, the patients were divided into survival group and death group, and the indicators between the two groups were compared. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to screen for risk factors associated with mortality in SA-AKI patients. A nomogram predictive model for SA-AKI prognosis was constructed based on the identified risk factors. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) and calibration plots were generated to evaluate the predictive value of the nomogram model for SA-AKI prognosis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 113 SA-AKI patients were included, with 67 in the survival group and 46 in the death group. The 28-day mortality among SA-AKI patients was 40.7%. The comparison between the two groups showed that there were statistically significant differences in age ≥ 65 years, AKI stage, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, RRT, length of ICU stay, and laboratory indicators cystatin C (Cys C), fibrinogen (Fib), and FAR. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥ 65 years [odds ratio (OR) = 7.967, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.803-35.203, P = 0.006], cystatin C (OR = 7.202, 95%CI was 1.756-29.534, P = 0.006), FAR (OR = 2.444, 95%CI was 1.506-3.968, P < 0.001), and RRT (OR = 7.639, 95%CI was 1.391-41.951, P = 0.019) were independent risk factors for mortality in SA-AKI patients. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for age ≥ 65 years, cystatin C, FAR, and RRT in predicting SA-AKI patient mortality were 0.713, 0.856, 0.911, and 0.701, respectively. A nomogram predictive model for SA-AKI patient prognosis was constructed based on age ≥ 65 years, cystatin C, FAR, and RRT, with an AUC of 0.967 (95%CI was 0.932-1.000) according to ROC curve analysis. The calibration plot indicated good consistency between predicted and actual probabilities.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Age ≥ 65 years, cystatin C, FAR, and RRT are independent risk factors for mortality in SA-AKI patients. The nomogram predictive model based on these four factors can accurately predict SA-AKI patient prognosis, helping physicians adjust treatment strategies in a timely manner and improve patient outcomes.

Cistatina C: la necesidad de su conocimiento en la atención preventiva de daño renal / Cystatin c: the need to know it in the preventive care of kidney damage

El conocimiento y actualización sobre la Cistatina C como marcador de daño renal precoz es en extremo necesario para los profesionales de la salud con vistas a mejorar el diagnóstico temprano de enfermedad renal. Las autoras realizaron una revisión bibliográfica actualizada a través de varios estudios científicos, lo que permitió poder informar que aun cuando para la evaluación de la función renal uno de los marcadores sanguíneos convencionales más utilizados es la creatinina, el estudio sanguíneo de Cistatina C no está sometido a diferentes fuentes de variabilidad biológica, ni a factores dependientes del paciente, por lo que sería idóneo tenerlo en cuenta como marcador de función renal precoz.

Knowledge and updating on Cystatin C as a marker of early kidney damage is extremely necessary for health professionals with a view to improving early diagnosis of kidney disease. The authors carried out an updated bibliographical review through various scientific studies, which allowed us to inform that even when for the evaluation of renal function one of the most widely used conventional blood markers is creatinine, the Cystatin C blood study is not subjected to different sources of biological variability, nor to factors dependent on the patient, so it would be ideal to take it into account as a marker of early renal function.

Benefits of water intake on kidney function in older adults: protocol for a randomized controlled trial / Benefícios da ingestão de água na função renal de idosos: protocolo para um estudo clínico randomizado controlado

Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate the benefits of an increase in water intake guided by a mathematical formula (per kg of body weight) on kidney function in older adults. Methods: Older adults (≥ 65 years old) cared for at the Internal Medicine Unit of a tertiary hospital will be randomized to receive or not guidance on water intake (30 mL/kg per day) after initial assessment of kidney function. After 14 days, participants will be reevaluated through clinical and laboratory examinations. Patients with uncompensated disease will be excluded. The main outcomes will be glomerular filtration rate and laboratory measures such as serum and urinary osmolality, sodium, urea, 24-h urine volume and serum creatinine, uric acid, and copeptin. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire will be applied to participants at each visit. Categorical variables will be described as numbers of cases (%) and compared using the χ2 test whereas continuous variables will be analyzed with Student's t-test in relation to baseline measures. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) method will be performed to assess differences over time and between groups. This study was approved by the Institution's Research Ethics Committee (grant number 16-0153) and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Expected Results:By increasing water intake (ml/Kg) we expect to provide an improvement in kidney function in older population assessed by serum creatinine and cystatin-c applied to eGFR formulas. Relevance:Many conditions, both organic and behavioral, can contribute to chronic dehydration states in older adults. To mention, decreased ability to concentrate urine, reduced kidney mass, blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) along with changes in sensitivity to hormones such as renin, vasopressin and natriuretic peptide can generate water imbalance, leading to dehydration. For being simple and inexpensive, this strategy may be broadly used and bring several health benefits to older adults.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os benefícios de um aumento da ingestão de água guiado por uma fórmula matemática (por kg de massa corporal) na função renal de idosos. Metodologia:Idosos (≥ 65 anos) atendidos pelo Serviço de Clínica Médica de um hospital terciário foram randomizados para receber ou não orientação sobre o consumo de água (30 mL/kg por dia) após uma avaliação inicial da função renal. Após 14 dias, os participantes serão reavaliados através de exames clínicos e laboratoriais. Pacientes com doença descompensada serão excluídos. Os desfechos principais são a taxa de filtração glomerular e medidas laboratoriais como osmolaridade, sódio e ureia séricos e urinários, volume de urina de 24 horas e creatinina, ácido úrico e copeptina séricos. A Mini Avaliação Nutricional (MNA) será aplicada aos participantes a cada consulta. Variáveis categóricas serão descritas como números de casos (%) e comparadas usando o teste χ2 , enquanto variáveis contínuas serão analisadas com o teste t de Student em relação às medidas iniciais. O método de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas (GEE) será usado para avaliar diferenças ao longo do tempo e entre grupos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da nossa Instituição (processo número 16-0153) e está de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki. Resultados esperados:Ao aumentar a ingestão de água (ml/Kg) esperamos proporcionar uma melhora na função renal na população idosa avaliada pela creatinina sérica e cistatina-c aplicada às fórmulas de eGFR. Relevância:Muitas condições, tanto orgânicas quanto comportamentais, podem contribuir para estados de desidratação crônica em idosos. Vale mencionar que a diminuição da capacidade de concentração da urina, redução da massa renal, fluxo sanguíneo e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) juntamente com alterações na sensibilidade a hormônios como renina, vasopressina e peptídeo natriurético podem gerar desequilíbrio hídrico, levando à desidratação. Por ser simples e de baixo custo, essa estratégia pode ser amplamente utilizada e trazer diversos benefícios à saúde dos idosos.

Early detection of acute renal lesions by serum cystatin C in children at hospital and university Centre of Brazzaville

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is considered one of the main public health problems. The effective management of these alterations is based on the early detection of renal lesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the Cystatin C (CysC) assay in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units in Brazzaville. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty children at high risk of developing AKI were included. Consent form signed was obtained from parents, socio-demographic data, weight and height of children recorded. Creatinine (Cr), CysC and urea were assayed in serum 24 hours after admission. Glomerular filtration clearance was estimated using serum creatinine and CysC. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated from CysC and Cr. The diagnostic accuracy was determined by comparing the results of CysC to those of Cr (considered as a reference biomarker). RESULTS The median age was 5 years (with extremes ranging from 1 month to 17 years). Cr, CysC, urea, and GFR/Cr (mean ± standard deviation [range]) were 0.94±1.17 (0.2­ 1.4 mg/dl), 0.14 ± 0.062 (0.053-0.095 mg/l), 46.65±47.75 (15.0­45.0 mg/dl), 81.85±31.90 (≥190 ml/min per 1.73 m2 , respectively. The level of CysC in patients with ARL was significantly higher than that of children with normal renal function (p<0.001). Our results show that the performance of serum CysC in detecting AKI early was superior to that of serum Cr in children hospitalized in pediatric intensive care units in Brazzaville

Assessment of estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C in diabetic nephropathy / Avaliação da taxa de filtração glomerular estimada com base na cistatina C em nefropatia diabética

Abstract Introduction: GFR is estimated by using creatinine and cystatin C to determine renal dysfunction. Our aim was to evaluate estimated GFR (eGFR) based on cystatin C in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Study group included 52 controls (46% male, age: 54.5±12.4) and 101 diabetic patients (46.5% male, age: 58.2±11). The diabetics were divided into three subgroups according to 24-hour urine albumin: normal to mildly increased (A1) (n=51), moderately increased (A2) (n=25), severely increased (A3) (n=25) albuminuria. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was determined. Correlations between CrCl and eGFRs estimated according to the CKD-EPI, MDRD, and Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formulas, and ROC curves were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Results: Only CKD-EPI-cys eGFR was significantly lower in the A1 group than the controls (p=0.021). All GFRs were lower in the A3 group than the control (CKD-EPI-cr, MDRD, CKD-EPI-cys, CKD-EPI-cr-cys: p=0.0001, CG and CrCl: p=0.001) and A1 (for all GFRs p=0.0001) groups. CKD-EPI-cr (p=0.004), MDRD (p=0.01), CG (p=0.037), CKD-EPI-cys (p=0.033), and CKD-EPI-cr-cys (p=0.016) eGFRs in the A2 group were significantly different from the A1 group. All eGFRs showed a moderate correlation with CrCl in the A1group (CKD-EPI-cr and CKD-EPI-cr-cys: r=0.49, p=0.0001, MDRD: r=0.44, p=0.001, CG r=0.48, p=0.0001: CKD-EPI-cys r=0.40, p=0.004). The area under the CKD-EPI-cys ROC curve was the highest and found to be 0.847 (95%CI 0.763-0.931, p=0.0001). Conclusions: Our results showed that the CKD-EPI-cys eGFR can be useful in detecting the early stage of DN and more predictive than the others for prediction of DN.

Resumo Introdução: A TFG é estimada usando creatinina e cistatina C para determinar a disfunção renal. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a TFG estimada (TFGe) com base na cistatina C em pacientes com diabetes do tipo 2 com nefropatia diabética (ND). Métodos: O grupo de estudo incluiu 52 controles (46% homens, idade: 54,5±12,4) e 101 pacientes diabéticos (46,5% homens, idade: 58,2±11). Os diabéticos foram divididos em três subgrupos de acordo com a albumina na urina de 24 horas: albuminúria normal a levemente aumentada (A1) (n=51), moderadamente aumentada (A2) (n=25) e severamente aumentada (A3) (n=25). Foi determinado o clearance de creatinina (Clcr). As correlações entre Clcr e TFGe calculadas de acordo com as fórmulas CKD-EPI, MDRD, e Cockcroft-Gault (CG), e as curvas ROC foram avaliadas. Os dados foram analisados usando o SPSS 22.0. Resultados: Somente a TFGe CKD-EPI-cis foi significativamente menor no grupo A1 do que nos controles (p=0,021). Todas as TFGs foram mais baixas no grupo A3 do que no grupo controle (CKD-EPI-cr, MDRD, CKD-EPI-cis, CKD-EPI-cr-cis: p=0,0001, CG e Clcr: p=0,001) e no grupo A1 (para todas as TFGs p=0,0001). As TFGes CKD-EPI-cr (p=0,004), MDRD (p=0,01), CG (p=0,037), CKD-EPI-cis (p=0,033), e CKD-EPI-cr-cis (p=0,016) no grupo A2 foram significativamente diferentes do grupo A1. Todas as TFGes mostraram uma correlação moderada com Clcr no grupo A1 (CKD-EPI-cr e CKD-EPI-cr-cis: r=0,49, p=0,0001, MDRD: r=0,44, p=0,001, CG r=0,48, p=0,0001: CKD-EPI-cis r=0,40, p=0,004). A área sob a curva ROC CKD-EPI-cis foi a mais alta e foi considerada 0,847 (95%IC 0,763-0,931, p=0,0001). Conclusões: Nossos resultados mostraram que a TFGe CKD-EPI-cis pode ser útil na detecção do estágio inicial de ND e com maior valor de predição do que as outras para a predição da ND.

Uso de la cistatina C como biomarcador para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular / Use of cystatin C to estimate glomerular filtration rate

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is routinely estimated using endogenous biomarkers due to the complexity of direct measurement methods. Cystatin C is a protease inhibitor produced in all nucleated cells. It is freely filtered and then catabolized by renal tubular cells. Therefore, plasma concentration of cystatin C depends primarily on GFR. Serum cystatin C is less affected by muscle mass, diet, race, gender and age than creatinine. In the general population, equations to estimate GFR based on cystatin C do not have a better performance than those based on creatinine. However, formulas that combine creatinine and cystatin C are more accurate and precise. Estimation of GFR based on cystatin C could be useful in populations in which creatinine value may be biased, such as people with extremely low or high muscle mass, cirrhosis and chronic cardiorenal syndrome. Due to its higher cost in comparison to creatinine, we recommend measuring cystatin C on these clinical situations and when a more accurate estimation of GFR is required.

Investigation of aki with early biomarkers after cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective: To provide a new interpretation of the effect of intraoperative hemodynamic data on postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) development and to determine the accuracy of some biomarkers which are thought to be the early markers of renal injury. Methods: One hundred adult patients who were connected to the heart-lung pump during open-heart surgery were included in this study. Hemodynamic data, oxygen delivery, and transfusions were recorded intraoperatively, and the preoperative and 3. postoperative hour cystatin C, interleukin-18 (IL-18), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) parameters were measured for early detection of kidney damage. In the analysis, 95% significance level was used to determine the difference. Results: According to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criterion, AKI developed in 24 patients, 18 of whom were stage 1, two were stage 2, and four were stage 3. AKI (+) patients had more transfusions in the intraoperative period and AKI development was a risk factor for postoperative complications. NGAL and IL-18 levels were found to be approximately two-fold in the postoperative period in AKI (+) patients, whereas cystatin C was not sensitive in AKI detection. Conclusion: AKI development increases the risk of postoperative complications. NGAL and IL-18 were successful in detecting AKI in the early postoperative period.

Correlación de cistatina "C" y creatinina sérica frente al filtrado glomerular en pacientes con nefropatía diabética / Correlation cystatin "C" and serum creatinine regarding to glomerular filtration in patients with diabetic nephropathy

INTRODUCCIÓN. La Nefropatía Diabética es una complicación vascular crónica que ori-gina una serie de alteraciones funcionales y estructurales de manera principal a nivel glomerular. La cistatina C y la creatinina sérica son marcadores de la función renal. OBJE-TIVO. Correlacionar las pruebas de la función renal cistatina C y la creatinina sérica frente al filtrado glomerular en pacientes con Nefropatía Diabética. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio descriptivo, transversal. De una población de 418 se seleccionó una muestra de 124 datos de Historias Clínicas. Se analizaron los datos de resultados de medición de la cistatina C y creatinina sérica frente al filtrado glomerular de pacientes con Nefropatía Diabética en el período de junio a diciembre de 2017. RESULTADOS. Frecuencia de edad de 36 a 93 años, media: 69 años, desviación estándar 10,76; un 56% (69; 124) del sexo femenino y 44% (54; 124) del sexo masculino. La cistatina C vs la creatinina sérica frente al filtrado glomerular presentaron una correlación de 92% (114; 124) y 66% (81; 124) de forma respectiva, se obtuvo una mayor correlación con la cistatina C y una estrecha sig-nificancia bilateral de 0,000. El daño renal más frecuente fue del estadío II en pacientes de 66 a 75 años. CONCLUSIÓN. La cistatina C y la creatinina sérica mostraron una alta correlación con el filtrado glomerular en pacientes con Nefropatía Diabética, la principal fue la cistatina C que detectó cambios precoces en el filtrado.

INTRODUCTION. Diabetic Nephropathy is a chronic vascular complication that causes a series of functional and structural alterations, mainly at the glomerular level. Cystatin C and serum creatinine are markers of kidney function. OBJECTIVE. To correlate the tests of renal function cystatin C and serum creatinine against glomerular filtration in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. From a population of 418, a sample of 124 data from Medical Records was selected. The data from the measurement results of cystatin C and serum creatinine were analyzed against glomerular filtration of patients with Diabetic Nephropathy in the period from june to december 2017. RESULTS. Frequency of age from 36 to 93 years, means: 69 years, standard deviation 10,76; 56% (69; 124) of the female sex and 44% (54; 124) of the male sex. Cystatin C vs serum creatinine versus glomerular filtration showed a correlation of 92% (114; 124) and 66% (81; 124), respectively, was obtained, a higher correlation was obtained with cystatin C and a close bilateral significance of 0,000. The most frequent kidney damage was stage II in patients aged 66 to 75 years. CONCLUSION. Cystatin C and serum creatinine showed a high correlation with glomerular filtration in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy, the main one being cystatin C, which detected early changes in the filtrate.

Cystatin C as a potential biomarker to evaluate migraine / Cistatina C como potencial biomarcador para avaliação de enxaqueca

ABSTRACT Background: Migraine is a multifactorial neurovascular syndrome and closely associated to inflammation. Cystatin C (Cys C) is a neuroendocrine polypeptide which also plays a role in inflammation. Objective: To investigate the levels of Cys C in migraine patients without aura. Methods: A total of 80 participants were included in the study; 40 patients and 40 healthy controls. Serum Cys C levels were investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 (SPSS Inc, IL, USA). Results: Serum Cys C levels were found as 73.88 ng/mL in the patient group and 24.92 ng/mL in the healthy control group, being significantly higher among patients (p=0.000). Serum Cys C levels were significacntly different across age subgroups among patients (p=0.049), but not among controls. However, visual analog scale (VAS) (p=0.707), disease duration time (p=0.725) and body mass index (p=0.136) were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that high serum Cys C levels are independently associated to migraine without aura. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the serum levels of Cys C in patients with migraine. Thus, serum Cys C may be a potential biomarker of migraine.

RESUMO Introdução: A enxaqueca é uma síndrome neurovascular multifatorial e está intimamente associada à inflamação. A cistatina C (Cys C) é um polipeptídeo neuroendócrino que também desempenha papel importante na inflamação. Objetivo: Investigar os níveis de Cys C em pacientes com enxaqueca sem aura. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 80 participantes; 40 pacientes e 40 controles saudáveis. Os níveis séricos de Cys C foram investigados usando o ensaio de imunoabsorção ligado à enzima (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA). A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 22.0 (SPSS Inc, IL, EUA). Resultados: Em nosso estudo, os níveis séricos de Cys C foram encontrados em 73,88 ng/mL no grupo de pacientes e 24,92 no grupo de controle saudável, sendo os níveis significativamente maiores nos pacientes (p=0,000). Os níveis séricos de Cys C foram significativamente diferentes entre faixas etárias no grupo de pacientes (p=0,049). No entanto, a escala visual analógica (EVA) (p=0,707), o tempo de duração da doença (p=0,725) e o índice de massa corporal (p=0,136) não foram significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos. Conclusão: Nossos achados demonstram que altos níveis séricos de Cys C estão independentemente associados à enxaqueca sem aura. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro estudo a determinar os níveis séricos de Cys C em pacientes com enxaqueca e os resultados sugerem que o Cys C sérico pode ser um potencial biomarcador nessa condição clínica.

Does Cystatin C have a role as metabolic surrogate in peritoneal dialysis beyond its association with residual renal function? / Teria a Cistatina C um papel como substituto metabólico na diálise peritoneal além de sua associação com a função renal residual?

ABSTRACT Introduction: It has been suggested that cystatin C levels are modified by obesity and inflammation. Furthermore, cystatin C has been associated with cardiovascular events and mortality outcomes. Aim: To study the association of cystatin C with the metabolic profile and cardiovascular disease of peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: Data collected included clinical, laboratorial, and multifrequency bioimpedance assessment of 52 stable peritoneal dialysis patients. Minimal residual renal function was defined as > 2mL/min/1.73m2. Results: Serum cystatin C was not significantly associated with peritoneal or urinary cystatin C excretion. Negative correlation of cystatin C with normalized protein catabolic rate (rho -0.33, p = 0.02) and a trend towards positive correlation with relative body fat (rho 0.27, p = 0.05) were not independent from residual renal function. Cystatin C was not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease (p = 0.28), nor with glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.19) or c-reactive protein (p = 0.56). In the multivariate model, both age and diabetes were the strongest predictors of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio 1.09, p = 0.029 and odds ratio 29.95, p = 0.016, respectively), while relative body fat was negatively associated with cardiovascular disease (p = 0.038); neither cystatin C (p = 0.096) nor minimal residual renal function (p = 0.756) reached a significant association with cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: In this group of peritoneal dialysis patients, cystatin C did not correlate with the metabolic or inflammatory status, nor cardiovascular disease, after adjustment for residual renal function.

RESUMO Introdução: Tem sido sugerido que os níveis de cistatina C são modificados pela obesidade e inflamação. Além disso, a cistatina C tem sido associada a eventos cardiovasculares e desfechos de mortalidade. Objetivo: Estudar a associação da cistatina C com o perfil metabólico e doença cardiovascular de pacientes em diálise peritoneal. Métodos: Os dados coletados incluíram avaliação clínica, laboratorial e de bioimpedância múltipla de 52 pacientes estáveis em diálise peritoneal. A função renal residual mínima foi definida como > 2mL/min/1,73m2. Resultados: A cistatina C sérica não esteve significativamente associada à excreção peritoneal ou urinária. A correlação negativa da cistatina C com a taxa catabólica protéica normalizada (rho -0,33, p = 0,02) e uma tendência de correlação positiva com a gordura corporal relativa (rho 0,27, p = 0,05) não foram independentes da função renal residual. A cistatina C não se associou significativamente à doença cardiovascular (p = 0,28), nem com hemoglobina glicada (p = 0,19) ou proteína C reativa (p = 0,56). No modelo multivariado, idade e diabetes foram os mais fortes preditores de doença cardiovascular (razões de probabilidade 1,09, p = 0,029 e 29,95, p = 0,016, respectivamente) enquanto a gordura corporal relativa se associou negativamente à doença cardiovascular (p = 0,038). A cistatina C não se associou significativamente com doença cardiovascular (p = 0,096), tampouco a função residual mínima (p = 0,756). Conclusão: Neste grupo de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, a cistatina C não se correlacionou com o estado metabólico ou inflamatório, nem com doença cardiovascular, após ajuste para função renal residual.

Relationship between Serum Cystatin C and Vascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Normal Renal Function / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum cystatin C(CysC)level and vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients with normal renal function. Methods Totally 218 T2DM patients who were treated in the Department of Endocrinology,Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from January 2017 to May 2018 were enrolled.All subjects were divided into four groups based on the quartiles of serum CysC levels:G1 group:≤ 0.56 mg/L,58 cases;G2 group:0.57-0.73 mg/L,52 cases;G3 group:0.74-1.11 mg/L,56 cases;G4 group:≥ 1.12 mg/L,52 cases.The general data,biochemical indicators,glycated albumin,hemoglobin A

Avaliação da Cistatina C como marcador de Lesão Glomerular em mulheres portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia / Evaluation of Cystatin C as a marker of Glomerular Injury in women with pre-eclampsia

A função renal alterada é um componente essencial do processo fisiopatológico que está relacionado ao pior prognóstico materno-fetal. Os rins estão entre os órgãos centrais afetados na pré-eclâmpsia, e desempenham um papel significativo na síntese e degradação das substâncias de baixo peso molecular, como creatinina, ureia e cistatina C. A cistatina C vem sendo apontada como uma substância promissora para avaliar a função renal, e alterações da filtração glomerular precocemente. O presente trabalho foi realizado para investigar a cistatina C sérica e urinária como marcador de lesão glomerular em grávidas portadoras de PE, e correlacionar com a dosagem de creatinina e uréia. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 44 gestantes com diagnóstico da pré-eclâmpsia e 24 normotensas. Os níveis de cistatina C plasmáticos e urinárias apresentam-se elevados e estatisticamente significativos (respectivamente, p=0,001, p=0,012) nas mulheres portadoras de PE quando comparadas com as normotensas. Comparando-se com outros marcadores, a cistatina C sérica demonstrou melhor capacidade de identificar a função renal, com valor percentual de área da curva ROC de 91,7%. Nesse estudo, a cistatina C mostra-se um bom marcador de lesão glomerular em gestantes portadoras de pré eclâmpsia, comparável aos marcadores tradicionais uréia e creatinina. Sua vantagem sobre estes marcadores refere-se a sua menor influência de diversos aspectos biológicos não relacionados a doença gestacional propriamente dita.

Renal function is an essential component of the pathophysiological process that is related to the worst maternal-fetal prognosis. The kidneys are among the major levels of affection in PE, and play a significant role in the turnover of most low molecular weight substances such as creatinine, urea and cystatin C. Cystatin C has been shown to be a promising substance for assessing renal function and glomerular filtration changes earlier. The present study was carried out to investigate serum and urinary cystatin C as marker of glomerular lesion in pregnant women with PE, and correlate with creatinine and urea. It is a cross-sectional study with 44 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia and 24 normotensive women. Plasma and urinary cystatin C levels were elevated and statistically significant (p = 0.001, p = 0.012) in women with PE compared to normotensive women, respectively. Compared with other markers, serum cystatin C demonstrated a better ability to identify renal function, with a percentage of area of the ROC curve of 91.7%. Cystatin C is a good marker of glomerular lesion in pregnant women with preeclampsia, comparable to traditional urea and creatinine markers. Their advantage over these markers is their lower influence of several biological aspects unrelated to gestational disease itself.

Tomar mate previo a la flebotomía no interfiere en las pruebas bioquímicas de rutina / Drinking mate prior to phlebotomy does not interfere with routine biochemical tests

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de tomar mate en las pruebas bioquímicas de rutina. Se extrajo sangre a 32 mujeres voluntarias luego de 12 horas de ayuno y a la hora (T1), dos horas (T2) y tres horas (T3) posteriores a la toma de 5 mates. Se estudiaron parámetros hematológicos y analitos de química clínica. Los resultados se analizaron empleando pruebas estadísticas para muestras relacionadas. Se calculó la diferencia porcentual media (DM%) de cada analito en cada hora respecto del valor basal y se comparó con el valor de referencia del cambio (VRC). Una DM% mayor que el VRC se consideró clínicamente significativa. En T1, T2 y T3 los recuentos de neutrófilos, eosinófilos y linfocitos fueron más bajos que en T0, también los niveles de glucosa, urea, creatinina y cistatina C fueron más bajos que en T0, mientras que los valores de proteínas totales, colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de baja densidad y la actividad enzimática de lactato deshidrogenasa fueron más altos que en T0. En todos los casos los cambios fueron estadísticamente significativos, aunque no lo fueron desde el punto de vista clínico. Tomar 5 mates antes de la flebotomía no interfiere en los resultados de las pruebas bioquímicas de rutina.

In the present study the effect of drinking mate in routine biochemical tests was evaluated. Blood was collected from 32 female volunteers after a 12 h fasting period. In addition, 1 hour (T1), 2 hours (T2), and 3 hours (T3) after drinking 5 mates, blood was collected again. Hematological parameters and clinical chemistry analytes were studied. The results were analyzed using statistical tests for related samples. Mean difference % (MD%) was calculated for each analyte and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). The MDs% higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. At T1, T2, and T3 the count neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes were lower than at T0. Also glucose, urea, creatinine, and cystatin C values were lower than at T0 whereas total proteins, LDL-C, and LD enzymatic activity values were higher than at T0. In all cases, variability was statistically significant but not clinically significant. Drinking 5 mates prior to phlebotomy does not interfere with the results of routine biochemical tests.

Neste trabalho, o efeito de beber chimarrão foi avaliado em testes bioquímicos de rotina. O sangue foi extraído de 32 mulheres voluntárias após 12 horas de jejum, e uma hora (T1), duas horas (T2) e três horas (T3) após a tomada de 5 chimarrões. Parâmetros hematológicos e analitos de química clínica foram estudados. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando testes estatísticos para amostras relacionadas. A diferença percentual média% (DM%) de cada analito em cada hora foi calculada em relação ao valor basal e comparada com o valor de referência da modificação (VRM). Uma DM% maior que o VRM foi considerada clinicamente significativa. Em T1, T2 e T3 as contagens de neutrófilos, eosinófilos e linfócitos foram mais baixas que em T0, Também os níveis de glicose, ureia, creatinina e cistatina C foram mais baixos que em T0, ao passo que os valores de proteínas totais, colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de baixa densidade e a atividade enzimática de lactato desidrogenase foram mais altos que em T0. Em todos os casos as alterações foram estatisticamente significativas, embora do ponto de vista clínico não o tenham sido. Tomar 5 chimarrões antes da flebotomia não interfere nos resultados dos testes bioquímicos de rotina.

Estimación de la tasa de filtración glomerular en adultos mayores mediante las ecuaciones CKD-EPI / Estimate of the glomerular filtration rate in aged adults through the CKD-EPI equations

Introducción: La tasa de filtración glomerular se considera el mejor índice para evaluar la función renal, ya que su reducción aparece mucho antes que cualquier manifestación clínica derivada de la disfunción renal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 92 pacientes sin enfermedad renal y con esta, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, de febrero a noviembre de 2017, a fin de evaluar las ecuaciones insuficiencia renal crónica-colaboración epidemiológica (CKD-EPI) para estimar el filtrado glomerular en adultos mayores. Resultados: Se halló menor promedio de filtrado con orina de 24 horas en el grupo sin nefropatía (64,8 mL/min) y mayor en el grupo de nefrópatas (25,8 mL/min) respecto a dichas ecuaciones. Aunque no hubo diferencias significativas en el filtrado según edad, sexo y peso corporal, en ambos grupos al emplear CKD-EPI, los valores mayores se obtuvieron con CKD-EPI cistatina C. Conclusiones: En los ancianos sin marcadores de daño renal la utilización de las fórmulas CKD-EPI con cistatina permite una mejor estimación de la función renal.

Introduction: The glomerular filtration rate is considered the best index to evaluate the renal function, since its reduction is evidenced much time before any clinical manifestation which derives from the renal failure. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study of 92 patients without and with renal disease, assisted in Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from February to November, 2017, was carried out in order to estimate glomerular filtrate in older adults by means of the CKD-EPI equations. Results: Lower average filtrate with 24 hours urine was found in the group without nefropathy (64.8 mL/min) and it was higher in the kidney disease group (25.8 mL/min) regarding these equations. Although in both groups there were no significant differences in the filtrate according to age, sex and corporal weight, when using the equations CKD-EPI, the higher values were obtained with CKD-EPI cystatine C. Conclusions: The use of the formulas CKD-EPI with cystatine allows a better estimate of the renal function in aged patients without markers of renal damage.

Evaluation of the royal free hospital cirrhosis glomerular filtration rate formula in hispanic patients with cirrhosis: an external validation

Abstract Background and Aims Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) is the ideal method for adequate evaluation of kidney function. However, it is invasive, costly, and not widely accessible. Moreover, GFR estimation in patients with cirrhosis has been inaccurate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and validate the recently described Royal Free Hospital (RFH) formula in a Hispanic cohort of patients with LC and compare it with other formulas, including the CKD-EPI cystatin C equation. Methods GFR was measured through the renal clearance of Tc-99m DTPA; it was cross-sectionally evaluated and compared with GFRs that were estimated utilizing the following formulas: RFH, Cockcroft-Gault, 6-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease-6, CKD-EPI cystatin C, CKD-EPI Creatinine, and CKD-EPI Cystatin C-Creatinine. Results We included 76 patients (53% women). The mean measured GFR in the entire cohort was 64 ml/min/1.73m2; 54% of the patients had a GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 at the time of evaluation. The RFH formula and the CKD-EPI cystatin C formula showed the best performance, with a p30 of 62% and 59%, respectively. All formulas performed poorly when GFR was < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Conclusions The RFH formula showed a better performance than the other formulas based on serum creatinine in a Hispanic population with LC. There was no difference in performance between the RFH formula and the CKD-EPI cystatin C formula.

Performance of the equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation / Desempeño de las ecuaciones para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular en pacientes mexicanos receptores de trasplante renal

Abstract Introduction: The management of kidney transplant recipients requires glomerular filtration rate (GFR) monitoring, which is an indicator of graft primary function and patient survival. Objective: To evaluate the performance of different creatinine or cystatin-based formulas in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation. Method: 30 transplant recipients were included, in whom the glomerular filtration rate was measured by means of iothalamate, and was also calculated using seven equations based on cystatin or creatinine. Results: The formula with the best performance was the one proposed by the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), with a bias of −2.4 mL/min/1.73 m2: and an accuracy of 9.6; 96.7 % of patients were within 30 % of the measured GFR. The second best formula was the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Cystatin-based equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: Our study suggests that, in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantations, the best equations to estimate GFR are the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations.

Utilidad de la cistatina C como biomarcador precoz de daño renal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 / Use of Cystatin C as early biomarker of renal damage in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2

Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de serie de casos, en 144 pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, atendidos en el Laboratorio Clínico del Hospital Provincial Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, de mayo de 2017 a igual de 2018, procedentes de la consulta de Endocrinología del propio hospital, con vistas a evaluar la utilidad de la cistatina C como biomarcador precoz de daño renal. En la investigación predominaron los pacientes de más de 50 años de edad y del sexo femenino, además de la hipertensión arterial como enfermedad asociada y la neuropatía periférica como complicación. Se concluyó que la cistatina C es útil como biomarcador precoz de daño renal en pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, fundamentalmente si existen comorbilidades y complicaciones que pudieran conducir a la enfermedad renal crónica, lo que puede prevenirse.

An observational, descriptive series of cases study, was carried out in 144 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, assisted in the Clinical Laboratory of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba from May, 2017 to the same month of 2018, who were from the Endocrinology Service of the same hospital, with the aim of evaluating the utility of the Cystatin C as early biomarker of renal damage. Patients older than 50 years of age and female sex, besides hypertension as associated disease and the outlying neuropathy as complication prevailed in the investigation. It was concluded that Cystatin C is useful as early biomarker of renal damage in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, fundamentally if there are comorbidities and complications that could cause chronic renal failure, which can be prevented.