Perforación intestinal por citomegalovirus durante un Síndrome de Reconstitución Inmune / Intestinal Perforation for Cytomegalovirus in Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

RESUMEN El síndrome de reconstitución inmune se produce debido a un aumento de la inmunocompetencia en pacientes previamente inmunocomprometidos. La situación es frecuente tras iniciar un tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia, en pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. En determinados casos, puede conllevar un empeoramiento paradójico de una infección previa. El citomegalovirus, es un germen oportunista que, en el seno de un síndrome de reconstitución inmune, puede dar lugar a perforación intestinal multifocal y peritonitis secundaria de difícil tratamiento. Es más frecuente en pacientes con recuento de linfocitos cooperadores inferior a 50 células/mm3 al iniciar el tratamiento antirretroviral. El objetivo es comunicar dicha situación a través, de un caso clínico para facilitar su sospecha lo más pronto posible, y realizar un tratamiento adecuado. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con virus de inmunideficiencia humana de reciente diagnóstico, en tratamiento con terapia antirretroviral de alta eficacia, que acude a urgencias con abdomen agudo secundario a perforación por citomegalovirus. La infección conlleva importante morbimortalidad, siendo imprescindible un diagnóstico temprano e iniciar precozmente el tratamiento antiviral intravenoso, asociado generalmente a tratamiento quirúrgico(AU)

ABSTRACT Immune reconstitution syndrome occurs due to increased immunocompetence in previously immunocompetent patients. The condition is frequent in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection who have started a highly active antiretroviral therapy. In certain cases, the syndrome can lead to a paradoxical worsening of a previous infection. Cytomegalovirus is an opportunistic germ that, during an immune reconstitution syndrome, can lead to multifocal intestinal perforation and secondary peritonitis, in cases that are difficult to treat. The syndrome is more frequent in patients with CD4 lymphocyte count below 50/mm3 at the time of starting antiretroviral treatment. The objective is to communicate this situation through a clinical case presentation in order to facilitate suspicion as soon as possible, and to carry out appropriate treatment. We present the case of a patient with a recently diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus, under treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy, who attended the emergency department with an acute abdomen secondary to perforation due to cytomegalovirus. Infection carries significant morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis is essential and intravenous antiviral treatment should be started early, generally associated with surgical treatment(AU)

Cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplantation: clinical aspects, management and the perspectives / Infecção pelo citomegalovírus no transplante de rim: aspectos clínicos, manejo e perspectivas

Cytomegalovirus infection is one of most frequent infectious complications after renal transplantation, and can be classified as primo-infection, when the transmission occurs through the graft, or reactivation, when the recipient is cytomegalovirus seropositive. After transplantation, cytomegalovirus can appear as an infection, when the patient presents with evidence of viral replication without symptoms or disease, which has two clinical spectra: typical viral syndrome or invasive disease, which is a less common form. Their effects can be classified as direct, while the disease is developed, or indirect, with an increase of acute rejection and chronic allograft dysfunction risks. Diagnosis must be made based on viremia by one of the standardized methods: antigenemia or PCR, which is more sensitive. The risk factors related to infection after transplantation are the serologic matching (positive donor and negative recipient) and anti-lymphocyte antibody drugs. One of the strategies to reduce risk of disease should be chosen for patients at high risk: preemptive treatment or universal prophylaxis. Recent clinical research has described ganciclovir resistance as an emergent problem in management of cytomegalovirus infection. Two types of mutation that cause resistance were described: UL97 (most frequent) and UL54. Today, sophisticated methods of immunologic monitoring to detect specific T-cell clones against cytomegalovirus are used in clinical practice to improve the management of high-risk patients after renal transplantation.

A infecção pelo citomegalovírus é uma das principais complicações após o transplante de rim, podendo ser classificada em primoinfecção, quando a transmissão ocorre por meio do enxerto, ou em reativação, quando o receptor é soropositivo. Do ponto de vista clínico, pode se apresentar como infecção, na ausência de sintomas, ou como doença, com dois diferentes espectros: a síndrome viral típica ou, menos comumente, a doença invasiva. Os efeitos podem ser diretos, que é o desenvolvimento da doença, ou indiretos, como aumento no risco de rejeição aguda e de disfunção crônica do enxerto. O diagnóstico deve ser feito por pesquisa de viremia por meio de um dos dois métodos padronizados: antigenemia ou PCR − sendo essa última a mais sensível. Os fatores de risco relacionados com a infecção após o transplante são o match sorológico (doador positivo e receptor negativo) e o uso de anticorpos antilinfócitos. Uma das estratégias de redução de risco de doença deve ser escolhida após o transplante nos pacientes de alto risco: tratamento preemptivo ou profilaxia. Recentemente, linhas de pesquisa clínica têm apontado a resistência ao ganciclovir como um problema emergente no manejo da infecção pelo citomegalovírus. Duas formas de mutação que causam resistência são descritas: UL97, que é a mais frequente, e a UL54. Atualmente, sofisticados métodos de monitorização imunológica, como a detecção de clones específicos de células T contra o citomegalovírus podem ser utilizados na prática clínica para o melhor manejo após o transplante renal dos pacientes de alto risco.

Profilaxis de citomegalovirus en niños y adultos sometidos a trasplante de órganos sólidos y de precursores hematopoyéticos / Prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric and adult patients undergoing solid organ and hematopoietic stem cells transplantation

CMV is one of the main infectious problems for SOT and HSCT. The severity of the complications are mainly associated with the type of transplant and immune status against the virus of the transplant donor and the transplant recipient. It is important to prevent exposure, using safe blood transfusion CMV seronegative donors (B1) and/or use of blood leucocytes-depleted by filtration (Al). In addition to preventing exposure, there are two widely used prevention strategies: universal prophylaxis with antiviral therapy or "pre-emptive" strategy based on the use of antivirals only to the early detection of CMV replication in blood. The first option is most used in the SOT management, especially for those identified as the high risk group of CMV disease: R (+), with D (+) or D (-) (Al), where the recommended drug is ganciclovir or valganciclovir . The second approach is preferable for HSCT, which recommends weekly monitoring for CMV viral load from day 10 to 100 post transplant (A3). This strategy requires having a viral laboratory support (A2). The selected antiviral in the case of pre emptive therapy is intravenous ganciclovir (A1).

La infección y enfermedad por CMV son problemas comunes en pacientes con TOS y TPH. La gravedad de las complicaciones asociadas a este virus dependen fundamentalmente del tipo de trasplante y de la experiencia inmunológica previa contra el virus del donante y el receptor. Es importante prevenir la exposición, utilizando transfusiones de sangre segura para CMV con donantes seronegativos (B1) y/o uso de sangre leuco-depletada por iltración (A1). Además de prevenir la exposición, existen dos estrategias de prevención ampliamente utilizadas: La proilaxis universal con antivirales y la terapia adelantada o estrategia "pre-emptive" basada en el uso de antivirales sólo ante la detección precoz de replicación del CMV en sangre. La primera opción es de mayor uso en TOS, especialmente para aquellos binomios identficados como de mayor riesgo de enfermedad por CMV: R (+), con D (+) o D (-) (A1), siendo el medicamento recomendado ganciclovir o valganciclovir. La segunda opción es de elección en TPH, en cuyo caso se recomienda monitoreo semanal con carga viral para CMV desde el día 10 al 100 post trasplante (A3), lo que implica contar con un laboratorio de apoyo en diagnóstico virológico (A2). El antiviral de elección en este caso es ganciclovir iv (A1).

Comparative analysis of presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epsteinbarr virus -1 (EBV-1) in cases of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis with controls.

Aim : The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epsteinbarr virus -1 (EBV-1)viruses in sub gingival plaque of chronic periodontitis (groupA), aggressive periodontitis patients (group B), periodontally healthy controls (group C) and to compare the clinical parameters between virus negative and positive sites in each of these groups. Materials and Methods : Sixty subjects were included in the study and equally divided into the 3 groups (group A - 20, group B - 20, group C - 20). Sub gingival plaque samples were obtained from the 3 deepest periodontal pocket sites in case of subjects suffering from periodontitis, and from one random bleeding site per quadrant in healthy groups. Clinical parameters like plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD) and clinical loss of attachment (CAL) were recorded. Viral Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted using Proteinase-K DNA Extraction method, and the presence of CMV and EBV-1 was detected by polymerase chain reaction and 2% agarose gel. Results: Results of our study showed a 45% prevalence of CMV and EBV-1 in Aggressive periodontitis cases. Prevalence of CMV in chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects was 20% and 10%, respectively; while for EBV-1 it was 25% and 0%, respectively. In terms of comparison of the clinical parameters with virus presence, both CMV and EBV-1 positive sites showed a significantly higher mean pocket depth compared to virus negative sites. Conclusion: Our studyshowed that the prevalence of EBV1 was higher in chronic and aggressive periodontitis subjects compared to controls and the prevalence of CMV was higher in aggressive periodontitis patients. The virus positive sites showed higher pocket depth compared to virus negative sites.

Reporte de una posible correlación entre la gingivitis ulceronecrotizante y la mononucleosis / Report a possible correlation between necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and mononucleosis

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is a relatively uncommon periodontal disease, characterized by ulceration, necrosis, pain and gingival bleeding. Factors often related to its occurrence include stress and systemic viral infections, such as those caused by cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus type 1, the latter being also considered the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. This article aims to describe a clinical case of a female patient who presented with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis associated with a clinical picture of infectious mononucleosis, as well as to review the literature concerning a possible correlation between these pathologies. This patient presented to our health care facility with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis accompanied by lymphadenopathy, fever and prostration, after laboratory tests, Epstein-Barr virus type 1 infection was confirmed, as well as the co-occurrence of pathologies: necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and infectious mononucleosis. Symptom remission in both disorders also occurred concomitantly, after instruction in plaque control measures and palliative medication for control of systemic symptoms. Therefore, although there is no scientific validation of an association between these two pathologies, it is imperative that all diagnostic alternatives be considered and investigated, in order to establish the therapeutic approach most appropriate to the patient(AU

La gingivitis ulcerativa necrótica es una enfermedad periodontal no común caracterizada por ulceración, necrosis, dolor y sangrado gingival. Los factores a menudo relacionados con su ocurrencia incluyen el estrés y las infecciones virales sistémicas como aquellas causadas por Cytomegalovirus y el virus Epstein-Barr tipo 1, donde este último es el agente causal de la mononuclerosis infecciosa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el caso clínico de una mujer con gingivitis ulcerativa necrótica asociada a un cuadro clínico de mononucleosis infecciosa, así como hacer una revisión de la literatura concerniente a una posible correlación entre estas enfermedades. Esta paciente se presentó con una gingivitis ulcerativa necrótica acompañada de linfadenopatía, fiebre y postración después de las pruebas de laboratorio, donde se confirmó una infección por Epstein-Barr tipo 1 así como la ocurrencia conjunta de gingivitis ulcerativa necrótica y mononucleosis infecciosa. También se produjo una remisión concomitante de los síntomas en ambos trastornos después de la instrucción en medidas para el control de placas y una medicación paliativa para el control de los síntomas sistémicos. Por lo tanto, aunque no existió una validación científica de una asociación entre estas dos entidades, es imperativo que se consideren e investiguen todas las alternativas diagnósticas para establecer el enfoque terapéutico más apropiado para el paciente(AU)

Hepatitis viruses: Not always what it seems to be / Los virus de las hepatitis no siempre son habituales

The classic hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis A through E, are not the only viral agents able to infect the liver. Other systemic viruses may cause hepatic injury that can range from mild and transient elevation of aminotransferases to acute hepatitis and occasionally acute liver failure and fulminant hepatitis. The clinical presentation may be indistinguishable from that associated with classic hepatotropic viruses. These agents include cytomegalovirus; Epstein-Barr virus; herpes simplex virus; varicella-zoster virus; human herpesvirus 6, 7, and 8; human parvovirus B19; adenoviruses among others. Wide spectrums of clinical syndromes are associated with cytomegalovirus disease. Unique clinical syndromes may present in neonates, young adults and immunocompromised hosts infected with cytomegalovirus. Cases of fulminant hepatitis have been reported in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts infected with Epstein Barr virus. Occasionally, these patients with acute hepatic failure may need liver transplantation. Herpes simplex viruses may involve the liver in neonatal infections, pregnancy, immunocompromised hosts and occasionally, immunocompetent adults. Varicella-Zoster virus has also been associated with severe acute hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis in adults. The drug of choice for these conditions is intravenous acyclovir. These may also need liver transplantation in the more severe forms of clinical presentation. Typical liver biopsy findings can be useful in determining the diagnosis of these viral infections. Human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8, human parvovirus B19, and adenoviruses can also be present with features of acute liver injury and occasionally as fulminant hepatitis. The clinical syndromes are less well delineated than those associated with herpesviruses. It is important to consider these viruses as possible etiologic agents in patients who have acute liver injury and their serologic markers for the classic hepatotropic viruses are not indicative of an active infection.

Los agentes de la hepatitis viral A, B, C, D y E no son los únicos virus que pueden causar un síndrome de daño hepático agudo. Agentes virales como el citomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex 1 y 2, Varicella-Zoster, virus herpes humano 6, 7, y 8, parvovirus B19 y adenovirus pueden causar daño hepático agudo e inclusive presentarse como hepatitis fulminante. Los cuadros clínicos de daño hepático agudo por citomegalovirus, Epstein Barr y herpes simplex 1 y 2 han sido caracterizado mejor. Se ha intentado el uso de drogas antivirales específicas como el uso intravenoso de aciclovir. Ocasionalmente, se ha requerido el trasplante hepático para rescatar pacientes con hepatitis fulminantes por estos agentes virales. La biopsia hepática puede ser de utilidad en estos casos puesto que los hallazgos son bastante característicos. La expresión clínica asociada a infecciones por virus herpes humano 6, 7 y 8, parvovirus B19 y adenovirus son menos características. Ha habido varios casos de hepatitis fulminante causada por estos agentes virales. Estos agentes virales deben ser considerados en el diagnóstico de casos de daño hepático agudo e inclusive hepatitis fulminante cuando los marcadores virales para los virus de hepatitis A-E son negativos.

Profilaxis universal para citomegalovirus en pacientes pediátricos con trasplante renal / Universal prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus in pediatric renal transplant patients

Citomegalovirus (CMV) es el agente infeccioso más importante entre los receptores de trasplante renal. La infección ocurre entre el segundo y sexto mes después del trasplante. Dada la implicación del CMV en la evolución del trasplante renal es necesario el uso racional de tratamiento antivirales. En nuestro medio la realización de antigenemia para CMV resulta costosa y no disponible en instituciones públicas, por lo que se administra profilaxis a todos los pacientes trasplantados. Describir evolución clínica de pacientes pediátricos con trasplante renal quienes recibieron profilaxis universal para citomegalovirus. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en pacientes trasplantados relanes del Hospital de Niños J.M. de Los Ríos, período enero 2008 julio 2009 quienes recibieron profilaxis universal para CMV. Se describe la evolución de dichos pacientes en los primeros 6 meses postrasplante, evaluando signos/síntomas que sugirieren enfermedad por CMV. Se realizó comparación estadística entre dos grupos de pacientes según seropositividad para CMV, determinando medidas de tendencias central , prueba Chi cuadrado. Se estuadiaron 20 pacientes, 18 (90%) sexo femenino y 2 (10%) masculino. Edad `promedio 12,9 años (DE±3,2). Patología base: 10 com glomerulopatía (50%) y 10 (50%) malformación sistema urinario. De total, 14 (70%) tenían IgG positiva para CMV; donantes 19 (95%). En 6 (30%) receptor negativo, donante seropositivo (R-/D+). Uno de los individuos (5%) evolucionó tórpidamente, el resto 19 (95%) no presentó síntomas, alteraciones hematológicas y/o de química sanguínea compatible con enfermedad por CMV. En el grupo R-/D+ el porcentaje de rechazo fue 50% (3/6) y en el grupo R±/D± 42,9% (3/14), sin diferencia estadísticamente significativas. La mayoría de los pacientes se mantuvieron sin manifestaciones compatibles con enfermedad por CMV al recibir profilaxis universal.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important infection agent in renal transplant recipients. Infection occurs between the second and the sixth month posttransplant. Because of the importance of the CMV in the course of renal transplant, it is neccesary the rational use of antiviral treatments. In our hospitals, the practice of antigenemia for CMV is of high cost and it cannot be performed in public institutions, and the regular practice is to provide universal prophylaxis to transplant patients. To describe clinical cource of pediatrics patients with renal transplant who received iniversal prophylaxis for CMV. Descriptive and retrospective study, including kidney transplanted patients admitted in the Children Hospital J.M. de Los Ríos, from January 2008 to July 2009, who received universal prophylaxis for CMV. Description of patients outcome during the first six months after transplantation, evaluating signs and symptoms of probable CMV. Comparisons between two groups of patients taking into account the seropositivity for CMV. Meassurement of central tendency, Chi square. Twenty patients were included, 18 (90%) women, and 2 (10%) men. Mean age 12.9 years (DE ± 3.2). Co morbidities were glomerulopathy 50% (10) and malformations of the urinary tract 50%. Of the total, 70% (14) were positive for IgG CMV; 95% of donors (19). In 6 (30%) the receptor was negative, and the donor positive (R-/ D+). One of the patients presented a tropid outcome, while the others (95%) were clinically well with no laboratory abnormalities. In the group R-/D+ the percentage of kidney rejection was 50% (3/6) and in the group R+/D+42,9%(3/14), without statistical significant difference. Most of the patients did not have clinical signs of CMV sickness while receiving universal prophylaxis.

Active human Cytomegalovirus infection and Glycoprotein B genotypes in Brazilian pediatric renal or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients

A prospective analysis of active Human Cytomegalovirus infection (HCMV) was conducted on 33 pediatric renal or hematopoietic stem cell post-transplant patients. The HCMV-DNA positive samples were evaluated for the prevalence of different gB subtypes and their subsequent correlation with clinical signs. The surveillance of HCMV active infection was based on the monitoring of antigenemia (AGM) and on a nested polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) for the detection of HCMV in the patients studied. Using restriction analysis of the gB gene sequence by PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), different HCMV strains could be detected and classified in at least four HCMV genotypes. Thirty-three pediatric recipients of renal or bone marrow transplantation were monitored. Twenty out of thirty-three (60.6 percent) patients demonstrated active HCMV infection. gB1 and gB2 genotypes were more frequent in this population. In this study, we observed that gB2 had correlation with reactivation of HCMV infection and that patients with mixture of genotypes did not show any symptoms of HCMV disease. Future studies has been made to confirm this.

role of clinical, therapeutic and laboratory findings in monitoring of HCMV infection in bone marrow transplant recipients

Human cytomegalovirus [HCMV] has been an enormous threat for bone marrow transplant [BMT] recipients. For active and/or latent HCMV infection, diagnosis of the risk factors which increase the risk of posttransplant morbidity and mortality seems necessary. In this research, some of the HCMV risk factors were monitored and compared with HCMV molecular diagnostic methods for better detection of HCMV infection in BMT patients. HCMV risk factors including clinical, biological, biochemical, haematological indexes, and also anti-HCMV and transplant prophylactic and therapeutic conditioning regimens were monitored from March 2002 to March 2006, in 104 BMT patients referred to BMT Unit of Nemazee Hospital in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and was compared with HCMV molecular methods for BMT donors and recipients' pre- and posttransplantation. Anti-HCMV-lgM was detected in 9.6% and 6.7% of BMT recipients and donors, respectively. Anti-HCMV-lgG was also detected in 8.7% and 9.1% of recipients and donors, pre-transplant, respectively. HCMVPCR results were positive in 20% of recipients and 33.3% of donors. Significant correlations were observed between HCMV positive results and the use of a therapeutic dose, but not the prophylactic dose of glucocorticoids and cyclosporine, pre and post-transplantation. Fasting blood sugar, creatinine, globulin, and liver enzymes levels such as alkaline phosphates and asparagine transpherase significantly correlated with detection of HCMVDNA in transplant patients. Also, negative results of HCMV-PCR significantly correlated with the use of prophylactic dose of acyclovir in BMT patients. Significant correlations of positive and negative HCMV-PCR results with HCMV disease risk factors suggest the possible role of these factors on prognosis and monitoring of HCMV disease in BMT recipients preand post-transplantation

Terapia con valganciclovir en coriorretinitis congénita por citomegalovirus: reporte de un caso / Valganciclovir therapy Chorioretinitis in congenital cytomegalovirus: a purpose of a case

La infección por citomegalovirus solamente es sintomática en un 2 por ciento de los recién nacidos vivos. Sin embargo, la expresión clínica es generalmente desbastante en el neonato, ocasionando procesos de Síndrome de Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica hasta generar daños irreversibles como ceguera por coriorretinitis y retardo psicomotor. El tratamiento de los casos sintomáticos se realiza a través de un inhibidor de la replicación viral como lo es el ganciclovir; cuya vía de administración es exclusivamente endovenosa, teniendo que hospitalizar al paciente por espacio de un intervalo mínimo de 21 días; ocasionando costos de hospitalización, riesgos de sobreinfección por agentes nosocomiales y separación temporal de la madre. Se presenta el siguiente caso de una lactante con coriorretinitis congénita, ocasionado por citomegalovirus, por comprobación de Reacción de Cadena de Polimerasa. Se inicia tratamiento ambulatorio con valganciclovir a una dosis de 30mg/kg/día. A los 03 meses del tratamiento, se realiza control de la actividad del citomegalovirus por Reacción de la Cadena de Polimerasa, la cual reporta negativa. Entre los efectos adversos se apreció un incremento leve de las transaminasas, las cuales se mantuvieron en dichos niveles a lo largo del tratamiento. No se observaron citopenias con el tratamiento ni otros efectos de importancia. El valganciclovir, una prodroga del ganciclovir, puede ofrecer una alternativa viable para el manejo de este tipo de pacientes, restando gastos de hospitalización y otras complicaciones derivadas a la vía endovenosa, pero con igual efecto terapéutico.

Comparison of the frequency of CMV and parvo B19 infections in intrauterin fetal death and normal pregnancy

Maternal infections with parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus [CMV] maybe associated with intrauterine fetal death. The aim of this study was to compare frequency of CMV and Parvovirus B19 Infections in intrauterine fetal death [IUFD] and normal pregnancy. In a case-control study in Afzalipour Hospital during 2006 placental biopsies were collected from 70 cases of IUFD and 70 normal term pregnancies as controls and were examined for CMV DNA and parvovirus B19 DNA using polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. Maternal viral serology was measured as well. Cytomegalovirus DNA on placental biopsies were recovered in 44.3% [31 cases] of cases and 5.7% [4cases] of the controls. [OR = 11.6, 95% CI 4.2-32.3, P = 0.0001]. CMV IgG antibodies were found in 98.6% of two groups. In whole, 44.3% of case group and 5.7% of the control group had CMV IgM antibodies [OR = 13.11, 95% CI 4.3-39.95, P = 0.0001]. Parvovirus DNA were found in 10% [7 cases] of case group and 1.4% [lease] of the control group [OR = 7.7, 95% CI 0.92-64, P = 0.06]. 37.2% of cases and 22.1% of the controls had IgG. IgM antibodies were found in 10% [7 cases] of the case group and 2.9% [2 cases] of the control group [OR = 3.78, 95%CI 0.76-18.9, P = 0.16]. CMV maybe considered as an etiologic factor in fetal death. PCR on placental and presence of IgM antibodies can be used for diagnosis of this infection. Association of maternal parvovirus B19 infection with IUFD is not clear

Human cytomegalovirus: Infections and diagnosis

Human cytomegalovirus [HCMV] is a ubiquitous virus whose sole host is humans. Since HCMV can contagion from person to person through numerous ways, vast populations of humans are infected. HCMV infections can potentially have a range from asymptomatic infection in immuno-competent hosts to life-threatening diseases in organ recipients and patients with AIDS. The present article reviews the occurrence of HCMV infections and diseases in humans with different physiological and immunological status, and evaluates the existing laboratory methods for diagnosis of the disease

EBV-1 and HCMV in aggressive periodontitis in Brazilian patients

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the presence of Epstein-Barr virus type 1 (EBV-1) and of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in crevicular fluid samples from deep and shallow periodontal pocket sites of Brazilian patients with aggressive periodontitis. A total of 30 systemically healthy patients with aggressive periodontitis participated in the study. Paper points were inserted into 2 gingivitis sites (< 3 mm) and into 2 periodontitis sites (> 5 mm) in each patient. PCR assay was used to identify genomic copies of HCMV and EBV-1. Twenty-three patients (77 percent) were positive for EBV-1, while only 2 patients (6 percent) were positive for HCMV. The McNemar test revealed a positive association between EBV-1 and periodontal lesions (p = 0.043). Thirty-four (57 percent) out of 60 periodontitis sites were positive for EBV-1, whereas 18 (30 percent) gingivitis sites were positive (p = 0.01). Only two sites (6.7 percent) were positive for HCMV. No positive association was found between HCMV and periodontitis or gingivitis (p = 0.479). The elevated occurrence of EBV-1 DNA in periodontal pockets of patients with aggressive periodontitis supports a possible periodontopathic role of this virus.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a presença do vírus Epstein-Barr tipo 1 (EBV-1) e do Citomegalovírus Humano (HCMV) em amostras de fluido crevicular de bolsas periodontais rasas e profundas de pacientes brasileiros com periodontite agressiva. Trinta pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis com periodontite agressiva participaram deste estudo. Cones de papel foram inseridos em 2 sítios de gengivite (< 3 mm) e em 2 sítios de periodontite (> 5 mm) de cada paciente. Reações de PCR foram usadas para identificar cópias de DNA genômico de HCMV e EBV-1. Em 23 pacientes (77 por cento), os testes foram positivos para EBV-1, enquanto apenas 2 pacientes (6 por cento) foram positivos para HCMV. O teste de McNemar apontou associação positiva entre EBV-1 e lesões periodontais (p = 0,043). Trinta e quatro (57 por cento) dos 60 sítios de periodontites foram positivos para o EBV-1, enquanto 18 (30 por cento) dos sítios de gengivites foram positivos (p = 0,01). Apenas 2 sítios (6,7 por cento) foram positivos para o HCMV. Não foi encontrada associação positiva entre HCMV e periodontite ou gengivite (p = 0,479). A alta ocorrência de DNA de EBV-1 em bolsas periodontais de pacientes com periodontite agressiva corrobora a possível função periodontopática deste vírus.

Cytomegalovirus [CMV] infection in kidney transplantation patients: a local experience

Renal transplant recipients are at an increased risk for CMV infection. The goal here was to study the experience with CMV in an Iraqi kidney transplantation program. The records of 100 patients who underwent transplantation from January 1997 to August 2000 were reviewed with regard to CMV infection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] technique was used. Sero-negative recipients were transplanted only from sero-negative donors. Fifty-three recipients had donations from related donors and 47 received kidneys from non-related donors. Five sero-positive patients developed CMV infection. This occurred 1-5 months after the transplant. Jaundice, pneumonia, myelodepression, and septicemia were the main clinical presentations. Three patients were lost to follow up. One patient died. One patient, who received acyclovir, has survived. The survival of the patient treated with acyclovir was unexpected and raises questions about its possible effectiveness in prophylaxis

Prevalência e aspectos clínicos da infecçäo congênita por citomegalovirus / Prevalence and clinical aspects of congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência da infecçäo congênita por citomegalovirus (CMV), bem como avaliar o palel desse agente como causa de doença congênita r descrever as principais manifestaçöes clínicas dessa doença em crianças atendidas em hospital universitário de Ribeiräo Preto. Casuística e métodos: Para determinaçäo da prevalência da infecçäo congênita, foram estudados 189 recém-nascidos e suas mäes, constituindo um primeiro grupo de estudo. Para avaliaçäo da importância do CMV na etiologia da doença congênita e descriçäo das manifestaçöes clínicas da citomegalovirose congênita, foram incluídos outros 130 recém-nascidos e 74 lactentes com clínica sugestiva de infecçäo congênita, constituindo um segundo grupo. O diagnóstico laboratorial foi realizado pelo isolamento viral na urina em cultura de fibroblastos humanos, pela detecçäo do DNA viral na urina através da reaçäo de amplificaçäo gênica catalizada pela polimerase e pela reaçäo de imunofluorescência para pesquisa de IgM e IgG específicos anti-CMV. Resultados: A prelência da infecçäo congênita foi de 2,6 por cento e 95 por cento das mäes tinham IgG anti-CMV. Todas as crianças infectadas do primeiro grupo eram assintomáticas ao nascimento, porém em uma evidenciaram-se calcificaçöes intracranianas ao exame radiológico. No segundo grupo de estudo, CMV foi detectado na urina 12(5,9 por cento) das crianças com apresentaçäo clínica compatível com doença congênita. Destas, em 10 (83 por cento), o diagnóstico foi relaizado após o período neonatal. Os achados clínicos incluíram hepatoesplenomegalia (75 por cento), icterícia neonatal em hiperbilirrubinemia direta (42 por cento) e anormalidades neurológicas caracterizadas por microcefalia e calcificaçöes intracranianas (42 por cento). Conclusöes: Observou-se uma prevalência de infecçäo congênita por CMV similar à encontrada nos estudos realizados em populaçöes de soroprevalência elevada para CMV. Crianças com citomegalovirose assintomática podem ter acomentimento do SNC, clinicamente imperceptível ao nascimento, e crianças sintomáticas apresentam doença multissistêmica. O diagnóstico diferencial de qualquer recém-nascido com anormalidades, incluindo envolvimento hepático, hematopoético e neurológico, deve incluir pesquisa para citomegalovirose congênita. Os CMV mostraram ser agaentes importantes na etiologia dessas afecçöes, e a grande maioria das crianças sintomáticas foram identificadas após o período neonatal, dificultando um diagnóstico definitivo

Infecçäo por citomegalovírus (CMV): epidemiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento / Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV): epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

As infecçöes por citomegalovírus (CMV) vêm cada vez mais assumindo importância em imunodeprimidos: transplantados, pacientes com câncer submetidos a quimioterapia e portadores de AIDS. Também o CMV é considerado a causa mais comum de infecçäo congênita. Esta revisäo faz uma abordagem ampla e completa de vários tópicos das citomegaloviroses: histórico, características do vírus, patogênese, epidemiologia, quadro clínico, diagnóstico laboratorial e tratamento.

Evolución de la infección por citomegalovirus en trasplantados renales / Evolution of cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients

Background: The incidence of cytomegalovirus infection or reactivation is 8 times more frequent in transplant recipients than in the general population. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and usefulness of different diagnostic techniques for cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Patients and methods: Twenty nine renal transplant recipients were followed for at least five months. Cytomegalovirus infection was assessed by the presence of serum antibodies against the virus using ELISA and viral detection in urine and lymphocytes, using classical viral isolation, shell vial assay, and detection of viral genome by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Prior to transplantation, 23 of 27 patients had IgG type anti cytomegalovirus antibodies. In 40 percent, IgM type antibodies were detected in some moment of the follow up. Three of these corresponded to seroconversion. Cytomegalovirus was detected in urine in 41 percent of patients and it was not detected in lymphocytes. Shell vial assay detected the virus in 5 of 13 urine samples and in 1 of 7 lymphocyte samples. Polymerase chain reaction was positive in 12 of the 29 patients. In six patients, an acute rejection was postulated and there was no relation of rejection episodes with viral detection. In two patients, a disease caused by cytomegalovirus was postulated. One of these patients had a seroconversion during follow up. Conclusions: The prevalence of positive serum indices of cytomegalovirus infection was similar to that reported in the general population. However, the frequency of reactivation and viral disease was lower than that reported elsewhere. The techniques used in this study can be useful to confirm the suspicion of cytomegalovirus disease. However they do not predict the occurrence or evolution of the disease caused by the virus nor viral reactivation in renal transplant recipients

Hemorragia digestiva alta en pacientes con trasplante renal funcionante durante la era ciclosporina: experiencia de 10 años / Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in kidney trasplant patients

La Hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) en pacientes trasplantados renales constituye un cuadro de gravedad no solo por poner en riesgo la vida del paciente, sino la funcionalidad del injerto. Se han documentado cuatro casos (1,2 por ciento) de HDA en pacientes trasplantados renales con riñon funcionante sobre un total de 340 trasplantes en 328 pacientes desde el advenimiento de la ciclosporina como droga inmunosupresora en el país en enero de 1986 hasta el 11 de abril de 1996. No hubo defunciones ni pérdidas del injerto directamente vinculadas a la HDA. La baja incidencia de HDA estaria relacionada a la profilaxis perioperatoria con bloqueantes H2 y a la rigurosa selección de los receptores. La cirugía profiláctica pre trasplante no está indicada. El tratamiento quirúrgico esta indicado en los casos refractarios a la terapéutica médica. El adecuado tratamiento y profilaxis de cualquier patología causante de una potencial HDA, especialmente la enfermedad ulceropéptica, y la selección de los pacientes receptores aseguran un trasplante renal con muy baja incidencia de complicaciones hemorrágicas esofagogastroduodenales