Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en Estados Unidos y México: comparación de los estudios HABLE y ENASEM / Cardiovascular risk factors in Mexico and the United States: a comparative cross-sectional study between the HABLE and MHAS participants

Resumen Introducción: En Estados Unidos se dispone de información acerca de la población mexicoamericana por el Estudio de Salud y Envejecimiento del Cerebro en Latinos Mayores (HABLE); en México se dispone de los resultados del Estudio Nacional de Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM). Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre hombres y mujeres de HABLE y ENASEM. Método: Se analizó transversalmente la prevalencia de hipertensión, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia y obesidad abdominal en 559 participantes de HABLE y se comparó con datos de 13 663 participantes del ENASEM. La comparación se realizó mediante t de Student y chi cuadrada, según el tipo de variable. Resultados: El análisis demostró que la prevalencia de hipertensión (50 %, IC 95 % = 41.8-51.8), diabetes (35.5 %, IC 95 % = 27.6-43.8) y obesidad abdominal (59.3 %, IC 95 % = 50.5-68.1) fueron significativamente mayores en hombres del HABLE, mientras que las mujeres presentaron una prevalencia más elevada de diabetes (36.8 %, IC 95 % = 32.2-41.5) y obesidad abdominal (89.6 %, IC 95 % = 86.6-92.5). La hipercolesterolemia tuvo una prevalencia más elevada en mujeres del ENASEM (53.3 %, IC 95 % = 50.3-56.2). Conclusión: La prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular fue mayor en mexicoamericanos participantes del HABLE, que en mexicanos participantes del ENASEM.

Abstract Introduction: In the United States, information on the Mexican-American population is available through the Health and Aging Brain among Latino Elders (HABLE) study; in Mexico, the results of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) are available. Objective: To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors between men and women of the HABLE and MHAS studies. Method: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and abdominal obesity was transversely analyzed in 559 HABLE participants and compared with data from 13,663 MHAS participants. The comparison was made using Student’s t-test and the chi-square test, according to the type of variable. Results: The analysis showed that the prevalence of hypertension (50 %, 95 % CI = 41.8-51.8), diabetes (35.5 %, 95 % CI = 27.6-43.8) and abdominal obesity (59.3 %, 95 % CI = 50.5-68.1) were significantly higher in HABLE males, whereas females had a higher prevalence of diabetes (36.8 %, 95 % CI = 32.2-41.5) and abdominal obesity (89.6 %, 95 % CI = 86.6-92.5). Hypercholesterolemia had a higher prevalence in MHAS females (53.3%, 95% CI = 50.3-56.2). Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was higher in Mexican American HABLE participants, than in Mexican MHAS participants.

Educación diabetológica de pacientes en el Hospital "28 de Agosto". Cabinda, Angola. 2013-2014 / Diabetic education of patients in the Hospital "28 de Agosto". Cabinda, Angola. 2013-2014

Introducción: se realizó un estudio experimental de intervención, prospectivo comparativo en el Hospital "28 de Agosto" de Cabinda, Angola, año 2013 -2014. Objetivo: determinar la Influencia de la educación diabetológica en el control de los pacientes diabéticos. Materiales y Métodos: el universo del estudio fue 76 pacientes y la muestra 50 pacientes con edades entre 20 y 75 años, fue realizada una entrevista para evaluar sus conocimientos de educación diabetológica y una glicemia en ayunas durante la primera consulta y después de un año de realización de actividades educativas. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó la historia clínica individual y una entrevista sobre educación diabetológica, los aspectos fueron evaluados en conocimientos suficientes o insuficientes. Resultados: el 58 % de los pacientes correspondió al sexo femenino y predominó el grupo de edades de 45-69 años con 44 % y el nivel escolaridad primario con 32 % seguido del nivel secundario con 30 %; antes de la realización de las actividades educativas los pacientes mostraron conocimientos suficientes como promedio en 8,5 % de los aspectos evaluados y después de las actividades educativas alcanzó 36,25 %; los porcentajes más altos en los aspectos de alimentación y síntomas de hiperglicemia con 50 % y 48 % respectivamente, seguidos por ejercicios físicos con 46 %. La media de las glicemias en ayunas antes de realizar las actividades educativas fue de 232,7mg/dl y después de 171,6 mg/dl. Conclusiones: Se produjo un incremento en los conocimientos de educación diabetológica con una disminución de las cifras de glicemia en ayunas (AU).

Introduction: an experimental interventional and prospective comparative study was carried out in the Hospital "28 de Agosto", of Cabinda, Angola, in the period 2013 -2014. Objective: to determine the influence of the diabetic education in the control of diabetic patients. Materials and methods: the universe of the study was 76 patients and the sample 50 patients aged 20-75 years. An interview was carried out to evaluate patients´ knowledge on diabetic education and a fasting glucose during the first consultation and after a year of performing educational activities. The individual clinical history and an interview about diabetic education were used for gathering the information; the aspects were evaluated as sufficient or insufficient. Results: 58 % of the patients were female and there it was a prevalence of the 45-69 years age group with 44 %, and the primary level scholarship with 32 % followed by the secondary level with 30 %; before performing the educational activities the patients showed sufficient knowledge in an average of 8,5% of the evaluated aspects and after the educational activities it reached 36.25 %; the highest percentages were reached in the aspects of feeding and hyperglycemic symptoms with 50 % and 48 % respectively, followed by physical exercises with 46 %. The average of fasting glucoses before carrying out the educative activities was 232.7mg/dl and 171.6 mg/dl after them. Conclusion: an increase in the knowledge of diabetic education took place with a decrease of the fasting glucose levels (AU).

Associação entre cor/raça, obesidade e diabetes em idosos da comunidade: dados do Estudo FIBRA / Asociación entre color/raza, obesidad y diabetes, en ancianos de la comunidad: datos del Estudio FIBRA / Association between race, obesity and diabetes in elderly community dwellers: data from the FIBRA study

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da cor/raça em medidas indicadoras de adiposidade corporal (índice de massa corporal - IMC, circunferência de cintura - CC e relação cintura-quadril - RCQ), bem como sua relação com o diabetes, em idosos residentes na área urbana de sete localidades brasileiras, conforme o gênero. O estudo transversal foi realizado com uma amostra probabilística composta por 2.566 idosos de 65 anos ou mais, participantes do Estudo FIBRA (Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros). Foram utilizadas variáveis sociodemográficas autorrelatadas (gênero, idade, cor/raça, escolaridade e renda familiar), medidas antropométricas indicadoras de obesidade geral (IMC) e abdominal (CC e RCQ) e diabetes autorreferida. Ajustando-se para escolaridade e renda, a cor/raça branca associou-se a maiores valores de CC (p = 0,001) e RCQ (p > 0,001), no gênero masculino, independentemente do diabetes. Entretanto, ao considerar apenas a amostra de diabéticos, a cor/raça preta passou a associar-se à obesidade geral (IMC) (p = 0,007) e central (CC) (p > 0,001), apenas entre as mulheres.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el efecto del color/raza en las medidas indicadoras de adiposidad corporal (índice de masa corporal - IMC, circunferencia de cintura - CC y relación cintura-cadera - RCC), así como su relación con la diabetes, en ancianos residentes en el área urbana de siete localidades brasileñas, conforme género. El estudio transversal se realizó con una muestra probabilística compuesta por 2.566 ancianos de 65 años o más, participantes del Estudio FIBRA (Fragilidad en Ancianos Brasileños). Se utilizaron variables sociodemográficas autorrelatadas (género, edad, color/raza, escolaridad y renta familiar), medidas antropométricas indicadoras de obesidad general (IMC), abdominal (CC y RCC) y diabetes autorreferida. Ajustándose a la escolaridad y renda, el color/raza blanca se asoció a mayores valores de CC (p = 0,001) y RCQ (p > 0,001), en el género masculino, independientemente de la diabetes. No obstante, al considerar sólo la muestra de diabéticos, el color/raza negra pasó a asociarse a la obesidad general (IMC) (p = 0,007) y central (CC) (p > 0,001), solamente entre las mujeres.

Abstract: This study sought to investigate the effect of race on measures of body fat (body mass index - BMI, waist circumference - WC and waist-hip ratio - WHR), as well as its relationship with diabetes, among elderly individuals living in urban areas in seven places in Brazil, according to gender. This is a cross-sectional study carried out with a probabilistic sample comprising 2,566 individuals with 65 years of age or more who participated in the FIBRA Study (Frailty in Elderly Brazilians). We used several self-reported sociodemographic variables (gender, age, race, schooling and family income), anthropometric measures of general (BMI) and abdominal obesity (WC and WHR) and self-reported diabetes. Adjusting for schooling and income, white race was associated with higher WC values (p = 0.001) and WHR (p > 0.001) for male gender, regardless of diabetes status. However, when we considered only diabetic individuals, black race became associated with general (BMI) (p = 0.007) and central obesity (CC) (p > 0.001), only among women.

Prevalência de diabetes mellitus e fatores associados em mulheres indígenas do Município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated factors in indigenous women in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil / Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus y factores asociados en mujeres indígenas del municipio de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a prevalência de glicemia capilar casual alterada, sugestiva de diabetes mellitus, e sua associação com os fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, antropométricos e clínicos em mulheres indígenas do Município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com amostra probabilística composta por mulheres de 18-59 anos, residentes nas aldeias Bororó e Jaguapiru. Foi utilizado um questionário padronizado para a coleta das informações, e a análise estatística, realizada por meio dos testes Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney e do modelo linear generalizado. Entre as 385 mulheres, 7% apresentaram glicemia capilar casual alterada sugestiva de diabetes mellitus. No modelo linear generalizado, permaneceram associadas, no modelo final, as variáveis idade (p < 0,001), pressão arterial sistólica (p = 0,002) e etnia (p = 0,022). Este estudo demonstra a necessidade de mudanças comportamentais, com o auxílio de intervenções educativas como estratégia de prevenção e controle do diabetes mellitus.

Abstract: This study's objective was to estimate the prevalence of abnormal casual capillary blood glucose, suggestive of diabetes mellitus, and the associations with socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric, and clinical factors in indigenous women in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of women 18 to 59 years of age in the Bororó and Jaguapiru villages. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data, and statistical analysis used the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and generalized linear model tests. Of the 385 women, 7% showed abnormal casual capillary blood glucose, suggestive of diabetes mellitus. In the final generalized linear model, the following remained associated with the outcome: age (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.002), and ethnicity (p = 0.022). The study shows the need for behavior changes, using educational interventions as a strategy for the prevention and control of diabetes mellitus.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de glucemia capilar casual alterada, indicadora de diabetes mellitus, y su asociación con los factores socioeconómicos, demográficos, antropométricos y clínicos en mujeres indígenas del municipio de Dourados, MS. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con una muestra probabilística compuesta por mujeres de 18 a 59 años, residentes en las aldeas Bororó y Jaguapiru. Se utilizó un cuestionario estandarizado para la recogida de información, y el análisis estadístico, realizado mediante los test Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney y el modelo lineal generalizado. Entre las 385 mujeres, un 7% presentaron glucemia capilar casual alterada indicadora de diabetes mellitus. En el modelo lineal generalizado, permanecieron asociadas en el modelo final las variables edad (p < 0,001), presión arterial sistólica (p = 0,002) y etnia (p = 0,022). Este estudio demuestra la necesidad de cambios comportamentales, con ayuda de intervenciones educativas como estrategia de prevención y control de la diabetes mellitus.

Visceral Fat Mass Has Stronger Associations with Diabetes and Prediabetes than Other Anthropometric Obesity Indicators among Korean Adults

PURPOSE: This study determined which obesity measurement correlates the best with diabetes and prediabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1603 subjects (611 men, 992 women; age 30-64 years) at the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-height ratio, waist-hip ratio, waist-thigh ratio, and visceral fat were used as measures of obesity. Visceral fat was acquired using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The prevalences of diabetes and prediabetes were defined using the criteria in the American Diabetes Association 2015 guidelines. RESULTS: After adjusting for age and other potential confounding factors, participants with a visceral fat mass in the upper 10th percentile had a higher odds ratio (OR) for diabetes and prediabetes than the upper 10th percentile of other adiposity indices [men, OR=15.9, 95% confidence interval (CI)=6.4-39.2; women, OR=6.9, 95% CI=3.5-13.7]. Visceral fat mass also had the highest area under the curve with diabetes and prediabetes in both men (0.69, 95% CI=0.64-0.73) and women (0.70, 95% CI=0.67-0.74) compared to other anthropometric measurements of obesity. CONCLUSION: Visceral fat mass measured using DXA is an indicator of diabetes or prediabetes, due to its ability to differentiate between abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat.

Lifespan extension and increased resistance to environmental stressors by N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine in Caenorhabditis elegans

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine the effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a modified sulfur-containing amino acid that acts as a strong cellular antioxidant, on the response to environmental stressors and on aging in C. elegans. METHOD: The survival of worms under oxidative stress conditions induced by paraquat was evaluated with and without in vivo N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment. The effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the response to other environmental stressors, including heat stress and ultraviolet irradiation (UV), was also monitored. To investigate the effect on aging, we examined changes in lifespan, fertility, and expression of age-related biomarkers in C. elegans after N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment. RESULTS: Dietary N-acetyl-L-cysteine supplementation significantly increased resistance to oxidative stress, heat stress, and UV irradiation in C. elegans. In addition, N-acetyl-L-cysteine supplementation significantly extended both the mean and maximum lifespan of C. elegans. The mean lifespan was extended by up to 30.5% with 5 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment, and the maximum lifespan was increased by 8 days. N-acetyl-L-cysteine supplementation also increased the total number of progeny produced and extended the gravid period of C. elegans. The green fluorescent protein reporter assay revealed that expression of the stress-responsive genes, sod-3 and hsp-16.2, increased significantly following N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment. CONCLUSION: N-acetyl-L-cysteine supplementation confers a longevity phenotype in C. elegans, possibly through increased resistance to environmental stressors. .

Empleo de la Tarjeta Amarilla y el Formato NOM220 para las notificaciones de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos / Use of Yellow Card and of NOM220 Format for reporting of suspected adverse drug reactions

Introducción: la notificación de reacciones adversas a medicamentos es una obligación a nivel mundial. Aunque se han establecido muchas metodologías para esta acción, en la actualidad existen problemas. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de sospecha de reacciones adversas a la administración de medicamentos en pacientes y comparar la accesibilidad del llenado del formato de la NOM220 de la Secretaría de Salud y la Tarjeta Amarilla propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Métodos: estudio transversal y observacional. Participaron 50 médicos responsables de las clínicas de diabetes del Estado de Hidalgo. Inicialmente, los médicos fueron capacitados para identificar las sospechas de reacciones adversas a la administración de medicamentos en los pacientes atendidos. Se realizó un diseño cruzado, en el que el 50 por ciento de los médicos utilizaron por tres meses el formato de la NOM220 y 50 por ciento la Tarjeta Amarilla. Después intercambiaron formatos y los utilizaron durante los tres meses siguientes. Al cabo de este periodo, respondieron un cuestionario para determinar la utilidad, claridad, tiempo de llenado y practicidad de ambos formatos. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis bivariado para determinar los factores asociados a las sospecha de reacciones adversas a medicamentos, con el software SPSS (versión 17). Resultados: se registraron 46 sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos en 46 pacientes con el formato de la NOM220 y 78 sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos con la Tarjeta Amarilla en 78 pacientes. Todas las sospechas de reacciones adversas a la administración de medicamentos fueron tipo A. Los médicos recomiendan la utilización de la Tarjeta Amarilla, consideran claro el formato, sencillo, legible, fácil de llenar, entendible y accesible (p< 0,05). Conclusiones: los resultados permiten proponer la Tarjeta Amarilla como una alternativa más accesible para la notificación de sospechas de reacciones adversas a medicamentos, o se hagan adecuaciones al formato de la NOM220(AU)

Introduction: the reporting of adverse drug reactions is a global obligation. Although many methods have been implemented, there are still problems at present. Objective: to determine the frequency of suspected adverse reactions in patients and to compare the access to filling out the NOM220 formats of the Secretaría de Salud and the Yellow Card suggested by the World Health Organization. Methods: a cross-sectional and observational study was made. Fifty physicians responsible for the diabetes clinics in the state of Hidalgo participated in the study. First, the physicians were trained to identify the suspected adverse drug reactions in their patients. A crossover design was created where 50 percent of physicians used the NOM220 format and 50 percent the Yellow Card. Three months later, they exchanged the formats and used them during the following three months. After this period, questionnaire was administered to determine the usefulness, clarity, filling out time and convenience of the formats. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were applied to determine the factors associated with the suspected adverse drug reactions with SPSS software (version 17). Results: a total of 46 suspected adverse reactions were registered in 46 patients using NOM220 format and 78 with the Yellow Card in 78 patients. All the suspected adverse reactions were type A. The physicians recommended the use of Yellow Card since they considered that it is practical, simple, readable, understandable, accessible and requires less time to fill it out (p< 0.05). Conclusions: the results allow selecting the Yellow Card as the most accessible choice for reporting suspected drug adverse reactions; additionally, they suggest that adjustments should be also made in the NOM220 format(AU)

Measuring progress of collaborative action in a community health effort / Medición del progreso de las actividades de colaboración en una iniciativa de salud comunitaria

OBJECTIVE: To measure the progress made by the collaborative actions of multisectorial partners in a community health effort using a systematic method to document and evaluate community/system changes over time. METHODS: This was a community-based participatory research project engaging community partners of the Latino Health for All Coalition, which based on the Health for All model, addresses health inequity in a low-income neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America. Guided by three research questions regarding the extent to which the Coalition catalyzed change, intensity of change, and how to visually display change, data were collected on community/system changes implemented by the community partners from 2009-2012. These changes were characterized and rated according to intensity (event duration, population reach, and strategy) and by other categories, such as social determinant of health mechanism and sector. RESULTS: During the 4-year study period, the Coalition implemented 64 community/system changes. These changes were aligned with the Coalition's primary goals of healthy nutrition, physical activity, and access to health screenings. Community/system efforts improved over time, becoming longer in duration and reaching more of the population. CONCLUSIONS: Although evidence of its predictive validity awaits further research, this method for documenting and characterizing community/system changes enables community partners to see progress made by their health initiatives.

OBJETIVO:Medir el progreso alcanzado por las actividades de colaboración de los socios multisectoriales en una iniciativa de salud comunitaria mediante el empleo de un método sistemático para verificar y evaluar los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas con el transcurso del tiempo. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un proyecto comunitario de investigación participativa en el que colaboraron los socios comunitarios de la Coalición Salud para Todos los Latinos, que, con base en el modelo de Salud para Todos, aborda las desigualdades en materia de salud en un vecindario de bajos ingresos de Kansas City, en el estado de Kansas (Estados Unidos). Adoptando como guía tres preguntas de investigación referentes a en qué medida la Coalición catalizó los cambios, qué intensidad alcanzaron y cómo mostrarlos gráficamente, se recogieron datos sobre los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas introducidos por los socios comunitarios del 2009 al 2012. Estos cambios se describieron y evaluaron según su intensidad (la duración del acontecimiento, el porcentaje de población expuesta y la estrategia) y según otras categorías, tales como el mecanismo implicado como determinante social de la salud y el sector afectado. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de estudio de cuatro años, la Coalición había introducido 64 cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas. Estos cambios estaban alineados con las principales metas de la Coalición: nutrición sana, ejercicio físico y acceso a los tamizajes de salud. Las iniciativas de la comunidad y los sistemas mejoraron con el transcurso del tiempo, eran más duraderas y llegaban a una parte más importante de la población. CONCLUSIONES:Aunque se requieren investigaciones adicionales para establecer datos probatorios de su validez predictiva, este método para verificar y caracterizar los cambios en la comunidad y los sistemas permite a los socios comunitarios observar el progreso alcanzado por sus iniciativas en pro de la de salud.

Binational utilization and barriers to care among Mexican American border residents with diabetes / Utilización binacional y barreras a la atención en las personas con diabetes que residen en la frontera mexicano-estadounidense

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether U.S.-Mexico border residents with diabetes 1) experience greater barriers to medical care in the United States of America versus Mexico and 2) are more likely to seek care and medication in Mexico compared to border residents without diabetes. METHODS: A stratified two-stage randomized cross-sectional health survey was conducted in 2009 - 2010 among 1 002 Mexican American households. RESULTS: Diabetes rates were high (15.4%). Of those that had diabetes, most (86%) reported comorbidities. Compared to participants without diabetes, participants with diabetes had slightly greater difficulty paying US$ 25 (P = 0.002) or US$ 100 (P = 0.016) for medical care, and experienced greater transportation and language barriers (P = 0.011 and 0.014 respectively) to care in the United States, but were more likely to have a person/place to go for medical care and receive screenings. About one quarter of participants sought care or medications in Mexico. Younger age and having lived in Mexico were associated with seeking care in Mexico, but having diabetes was not. Multiple financial barriers were independently associated with approximately threefold-increased odds of going to Mexico for medical care or medication. Language barriers were associated with seeking care in Mexico. Being confused about arrangements for medical care and the perception of not always being treated with respect by medical care providers in the United States were both associated with seeking care and medication in Mexico (odds ratios ranging from 1.70 - 2.76). CONCLUSIONS: Reporting modifiable barriers to medical care was common among all participants and slightly more common among 1) those with diabetes and 2) those who sought care in Mexico. However, these are statistically independent phenomena; persons with diabetes were not more likely to use services in Mexico. Each set of issues (barriers facing those with diabetes, barriers related to use of services in Mexico) may occur side by side, and both present opportunities for improving access to care and disease management.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar si las personas con diabetes que residen en la frontera mexicano-estadounidense 1) encuentran mayores barreras para obtener atención médica en los Estados Unidos de América que en México; y 2) acuden a México en busca de atención y medicación con mayor probabilidad que las personas no diabéticas que residen en la frontera. MÉTODOS: Durante el 2009 y el 2010, en una muestra de 1 002 hogares mexicano-estadounidenses, se llevó a cabo una encuesta transversal de salud en dos etapas, estratificada y aleatorizada. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de diabetes eran elevadas (15,4%). La mayor parte de las personas con diabetes (86%) notificaron comorbilidades. En comparación con los participantes no diabéticos, los afectados de diabetes experimentaban dificultades algo mayores para pagar US$ 25 (P = 0,002) o US$ 100 (P = 0,016) por recibir atención médica, y encontraban mayores barreras en materia de transporte e idioma (P = 0,011 y 0,014, respectivamente) para ser atendidos en los Estados Unidos, aunque era más probable que contaran con una persona o lugar adonde acudir en busca de atención médica y para ser sometidos a tamizaje. Una cuarta parte de los participantes acudían a México en busca de atención o medicamentos. Una edad menor y el haber vivido en México se asociaban con la búsqueda de atención en México, pero no el padecer diabetes. La presencia de múltiples barreras financieras se asociaba independientemente con una probabilidad aproximadamente tres veces mayor de acudir a México en busca de atención médica o medicación. Las barreras idiomáticas se asociaban con la búsqueda de atención en México. La confusión acerca de los trámites para recibir atención médica y la percepción de no recibir siempre un trato respetuoso por parte de los proveedores de atención médica en los Estados Unidos se asociaban con la búsqueda de atención y medicación en México (odds ratio, 1,70 - 2,76). CONCLUSIONES: La notificación de barreras modificables a la atención médica fue frecuente entre los participantes y algo más frecuente entre 1) las personas con diabetes; y 2) los que buscaban se atendidos en México. Sin embargo, estos fenómenos son estadísticamente independientes; no era más probable que las personas con diabetes utilizaran servicios en México. Ambos conjuntos de problemas (las barreras que deben afrontar las personas con diabetes, las barreras relacionadas con el uso de servicios en México) pueden coexistir, y proporcionan oportunidades para mejorar el acceso a la atención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades.

Diabetes mortality in Panama and related biological and socioeconomic risk factors / Mortalidad por diabetes en Panamá y factores de riesgo biológicos y socioeconómicos relacionados con la enfermedad

OBJECTIVE: To estimate mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) for the period 2001-2011 in the Republic of Panama, by province/indigenous territory, and determine its relationship with biological and socioeconomic risk factors. METHODS: Cases for the years 2001-2011 with DM listed as the principal cause of death were selected from Panama's National Mortality Registry. Crude and adjusted mortality rates were generated by sex, age, and geographic area. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between DM mortality and biological and socioeconomic risk factors. A composite health index (CHI) calculated from biological and socioeconomic risk factors was estimated for each province/indigenous territory in Panama. RESULTS: DM mortality rates did not increase for men or women during 2001-2011. Of the biological risk factors, being overweight had the strongest association with DM mortality. Of the socioeconomic risk factors, earning less than US$ 100 per month had the strongest association with DM mortality. The highest socioeconomic CHI scores were found in a province that is predominantly rural and in areas with indigenous populations. The highest biological CHI scores were found in urban-rural provinces and those with the highest percentage of elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: Regional disparities in the association between DM mortality and DM risk factors reaffirm the heterogeneous composition of the Panamanian population and the uneven distribution of biological and social determinant risk factors in the country and point to the need to vary management strategies by geographic area for this important cause of disability and death in Panama.

OBJETIVO: Calcular la mortalidad por diabetes sacarina durante el período del 2001 al 2011 en la República de Panamá por provincias o comarcas indígenas, y determinar su relación con los factores de riesgo biológicos y socioeconómicos de aparición de la enfermedad. MÉTODOS: Se escogieron del Registro Nacional de Mortalidad de Panamá del 2001 al 2011 los casos en los cuales la diabetes constituyó la principal causa de muerte. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad brutas y ajustadas desglosadas por sexo, edad y zona geográfica. Mediante análisis de regresión lineal se determinó la relación entre la mortalidad por diabetes y los factores de riesgo socioeconómicos y biológicos y se calculó un índice de salud compuesto con base en cada tipo de factores de riesgo en cada provincia o comarca indígena de Panamá. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de mortalidad por diabetes no aumentaron en los hombres ni las mujeres del 2001 al 2011. De los factores de riesgo biológicos, el exceso de peso exhibió la asociación más fuerte con la mortalidad por diabetes y el factor de riesgo socioeconómico que presentó una mayor asociación con la mortalidad fue un ingreso mensual inferior a US$ 100. Las puntuaciones más altas del índice de salud compuesto desde el punto de vista socioeconómico se obtuvieron en una provincia que es rural en su mayor parte y en zonas con poblaciones indígenas. Las puntuaciones más altas con los factores biológicos se observaron en las provincias urbanas y rurales y en las que contaban con el porcentaje más alto de personas ancianas. CONCLUSIONES: Las disparidades regionales de la asociación entre la mortalidad por diabetes sacarina y los factores de riesgo de padecer la enfermedad reafirman la composición heterogénea de la población de Panamá y la distribución desigual de los factores determinantes de riesgo biológicos y sociales en el país y ponen en evidencia la necesidad de diversificar las estrategias de manejo de esta importante causa de discapacidad y muerte, en función de las zonas geográficas en Panamá.

A behavioral intervention in a cohort of Japanese-Brazilians at high cardiometabolic risk / Intervenção comportamental em nipo-brasileiros com alto risco cardiometabólico

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of a health promotion program on cardiometabolic risk profile in Japanese-Brazilians. METHODS: A total of 466 subjects from a study on diabetes prevalence conducted in the city of Bauru, southeastern Brazil, in 2000 completed a 1-year intervention program (2005-2006) based on healthy diet counseling and physical activity. Changes in blood pressure and metabolic parameters in the 2005-2006 period were compared with annual changes in these same variables in the 2000-2005 period. RESULTS: During the intervention, there were greater annual reductions in mean (SD) waist circumference [-0.5(3.8) vs. 1.2(1.2) cm per year, p<0.001], systolic blood pressure [-4.6(17.9) vs. 1.8(4.3) mmHg per year, p<0.001], 2-hour plasma glucose [-1.2(2.1) vs. -0.2(0.6) mmol/L per year, p<0.001], LDL-cholesterol [-0.3(0.9) vs. -0.1(0.2) mmol/L per year, p<0.001] and Framingham coronary heart disease risk score [-0.25(3.03) vs. 0.11(0.66) per year, p=0.02] but not in triglycerides [0.2(1.6) vs. 0.1(0.42) mmol/L per year, p<0.001], and fasting insulin level [1.2(5.8) vs. -0.7(2.2) IU/mL per year, p<0.001] compared with the pre-intervention period. Significant reductions in the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes were seen during the intervention (from 58.4% to 35.4%, p<0.001; and from 30.1% to 21.7%, p= 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A one-year community-based health promotion program brings cardiometabolic benefits in a high-risk population of Japanese-Brazilians.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do programa de promoção de saúde no perfil de risco cardiometabólico de nipobrasileiros. MÉTODOS: Um total de 466 participantes de estudo de prevalência de diabetes em Bauru, SP, no ano de 2000 completou um programa de intervenção de um ano (2005-2006) baseado em aconselhamento sobre dieta saudável e prática de atividade física. Alterações em pressão arterial e parâmetros metabólicos entre 2005 e 2006 foram comparados com alterações anuais nessas mesmas variáveis entre 2000 e 2005. RESULTADOS: Durante a intervenção, foram observadas maiores reduções anuais médias (dp) na circunferência da cintura [-0,5(3,8) vs. 1,2(1,2) cm/ano, p < 0,001], pressão arterial sistólica [-4,6(17,9) vs. 1,8(4,3) mmHg/ano, p < 0,001], glicemia 2h pós-sobrecarga de glicose [-1,2(2,1) vs. -0,2(0,6) mmol/L/ano, p < 0,001], LDL-c [-0,3(0,9) vs. -0,1(0,2) mmol/L/ano, p < 0,001] e escore de Framingham [-0,25(3,03) vs. 0,11(0,66)/por ano, p = 0,02], mas não em triglicérides [0,2(1,6) vs. 0,1(0,42) mmol/L/ano, p < 0,001] e insulinemia de jejum [1,2(5,8) vs. -0,7(2,2) UI/mL/ano, p < 0,001], comparado com o período pré-intervenção. Ocorreram reduções significativas na prevalência de glicemia de jejum alterada e tolerância à glicose diminuída após um ano de intervenção (de 58,4% para 35,4%, p < 0,001; e de 30,1% para 21,7%, p = 0,004, respectivamente). CONCLUSÕES: O programa de intervenção de um ano em hábitos de vida traz benefícios ao perfil de risco cardiometabólico em indivíduos nipobrasileiros de alto risco.

Prevalência de diabetes mellitus em indivíduos atendidos pela estratégia saúde da família no município de Ubá-MG / Prevalence of diabetes mellitus of individuals assisted by the family?s health strategy

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) em pacientes atendidos pela Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) da zona urbana do munícipio de Ubá-MG, assim como a prática de exercícios físicos entre os pacientes com DM, de acordo com o gênero e a faixa etária. Desenvolveu-se um inquérito epidemiológico observacional de corte transversal, avaliando 42.477 indivíduos atendidos pela ESF em 2009, que realizaram exame clínico e sanguíneo. Os dados foram coletados das fichas que compõe o cadastrado do Sistema de Informação de Atenção Básica (SIAB). Após a identificação dos diabéticos, foram utilizadas informações complementares retiradas da Ficha b-diabetes, que são preenchidas pelos agentes comunitários de saúde em visita residencial através de entrevista individual. O tratamento estatístico constou da análise descritiva e cálculo da razão de chances, segundo gênero e prática de exercício físico, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Encontrou-se prevalência do DM de 2,5 %, sendo que, nos homens a prevalência foi de 1,6% e nas mulheres a prevalência foi de 3,5%. A razão de chance indicou que as mulheres têm 2,2 vezes mais chances [IC95% (2,0; 2,6)] de apresentarem o DM, que os homens. Entretanto, a prática de exercícios físicos, identificou maior adesão dos homens (28,2%), quando comparados às mulheres (21,5%). Conclui-se que a prevalência de DM foi abaixo da média nacional, contudo foi verificada uma baixa prevalência de prática de exercícios físicos nos pacientes diabéticos atendidos pela ESF na localidade estudada.

The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and habits of physical exercise practiced from patients assisted by the Family?s Health Strategy (FHS) at the urban area of Ubá, according to gender and age interval. The sample comprised 42.477 individuals attended by the FHS that were interviewed by community health agents in the August of 2009, which participated in a clinical and laboratorial exams. After the identification of the diabetics, complementary information were used from the File-b diabetes, that were filled out by health agents with residential visits, through individual visits. The data were drawn from the records from Basic Attention Information System (BAIS). Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive analysis, calculation of prevalence rates and odds ratios in diabetic patients according to gender and practice of physical exercise, with a range of confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%). Results: It was found a prevalence of DM of 2.5%. In men the prevalence was 1.6% and in women the prevalence was 3.5%. The odds ratio indicated that women have 2.2 times 95% CI: (from 2.0; 2.6) more likely to develop DM than men. However, relating the physical exercise it was identified a greater adherence of men 28,2%, when compared to women, 21.5%. DM prevalence rate in our sample was lower than the national average. However, it was verified a low physical exercise practice among the diabetics patients attended by the FHS.

A Preliminary investigation of periodontal disease and diabetes in Trinidad / Una investigación de la enfermedad periodontal y la diabetes en Trinidad

OBJECTIVES: To describe periodontal disease status in diabetic patients in Trinidad. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients attending a tertiary referral centre for diabetes at an out-patient clinic were invited to undergo oral examinations. The basic periodontal examination (BPE) was used to assess periodontal disease status. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients participated in the study. Mean age was 55.7 years, 54.2% were female, with 66.7% and 22.2% being of Indo-Trinidadian and Afro-Trinidadian ethnicity respectively. There were 61.1% who had not attended for dental treatment within the last year and 56.9% only attended when in pain; 15.3% had a history of cigarette smoking and 31.9% currently wore a denture. Plaque was detectable with the use of a probe in 40.3% of the 67% that underwent a BPE assessment; 38.8% were found to have advanced periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of periodontal disease in this sample of diabetic patients suggests that regular dental examinations, oral health education, and collaborative patient care between medical and dental practitioners should form part ofthe routine management ofdiabetic patients in Trinidad.

OBJETIVOS: Describir el estado de la enfermedad periodontal en los pacientes diabéticos en Trinidad. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal. Un número de pacientes que asistían a un centro terciario de remisión terciario para la diabetes en una clínica ambulatoria, fue invitado a recibir exámenes orales. Se usó el examen periodontal básico (EPB) para evaluar el estado de la enfermedad periodontal. RESULTADOS: Setenta y dos pacientes participaron en el estudio. La edad promedio fue 55.7 años, 54.2% fueron hembras; 66.7% y 22.2% fueron de etnicidad indotrinitense y afrotrinitense respectivamente. Hubo un 61.1% que no habían asistido para recibir tratamiento dental en el último año, y 56.9% que sólo asistieron cuando tuvieron dolor; el 15.3% tenía una historia de hábito de fumar cigarrillos, y el 31.9% usaba una prótesis dental. La placa era detectable usando una sonda dental en el 40.3% del 67% que recibió la evaluación del EPB, en tanto que se halló que el 38.8% tenía la enfermedad periodontal en estado avanzado. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal en esta muestra de pacientes diabéticos indica que los exámenes dentales regulares, la educación para la salud oral, y el cuidado colaborativo entre pacientes y trabajadores de la salud dental, deben formar parte del manejo de los pacientes diabéticos en Trinidad.

Atividade física na prevenção de diabetes em etnia negra: quanto é necessário? / Physical activity in the prevention of diabetes in black ethnicity: how much is required?

OBJETIVO: Analisar a quantidade (intensidade e duração) de atividade física total e em seus diferentes domínios (trabalho, deslocamento, atividade doméstica e tempo livre) como preditores da ausência de diabetes em população de etnia negra. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra de 2305 adultos negros de 20 anos a 96 anos de idade, sendo 902 (39,1 por cento) homens, residentes na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Foram construídas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) e comparadas às áreas entre a quantidade de atividade física em seus diferentes domínios e a ausência de diabetes. Verificou-se também a sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar os melhores pontos de corte da quantidade de atividade física para a ausência de diabetes. Com base nestes pontos de corte, construiu-se modelo multivariado para identificar associação entre atividade física e diabetes. RESULTADOS: Entre as diferentes quantidades de atividade física encontrou-se maior significância estatística nas áreas sob a curva ROC na atividade física total, nas atividades moderadas realizados no tempo livre e no trabalho entre os homens, e no deslocamento entre as mulheres. A caminhada isoladamente não foi bom preditor da ausência de diabetes entre homens. Observou-se também que 185 minutos/semana de atividade física acumulada nos diferentes domínios para homens e 215 minutos/semana para mulheres foram os melhores pontos de corte para predizer a ausência de diabetes, porém após análise multivariada encontrou-se associação entre atividade física e diabetes apenas entre os homens. CONCLUSÃO: A atividade física acumulada nos diferentes domínios deve ser sugerida em quantidades adequadas para a população de etnia negra visando contribuir para a prevenção do diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze how much total physical activity (intensity and duration) is required and its different domains (work, commuting, household, and leisure time) as predictors of absence of diabetes in the black ethnicity population. METHODS: The design was cross-sectional with a sample of 2305 adults from 20 to 96 years of age, 902 (39.1 percent) male, living in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (ROC) were constructed to compare the areas of amount of physical activity in their different domains with absence of diabetes. Sensitivity and specificity were also established to identify the best cutoffs for the amount of physical activity related to absence of diabetes. Based on these cutoff points, a multivariate model was constructed to identify the association between physical activity and diabetes. RESULTS: Among the different amounts of physical activity greater significance was found in areas under the ROC curve for total physical activity, moderate activities performed during leisure time and work among men and commuting among women. Walking by itself was not a good predictor of absence of diabetes among men. It was also observed that 185 minutes/week of physical activity accumulated in different domains for men and 215 minutes/week for women were the best cutoffs for predicting absence of diabetes. CONCLUSION: Physical activity accumulated in different domains should be suggested in amounts suitable for a black ethnicity population in order to contribute to diabetes prevention.

Associação do eletrocardiograma com diabete melito e síndrome metabólica em nipo-brasileiros / Relationship between electrocardiogram with diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in Japanese-Brazilians / Asociación del electrocardiograma con diabetes mellitus y síndrome metabólico en nipobrasileños

Fundamento: Ao migrarem para as Américas, os japoneses submeteram-se a processo de ocidentalização, com estilo de vida, especialmente dieta, muito diferente, podendo explicar o aumento de diabete melito (DM), síndrome metabólica (SM) e doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Analisar a presença de necrose miocárdica e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) pelo ECG e sua relação com DM e SM em população de nipo-brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou 1.042 nipo-brasileiros acima de 30 anos, 202 nascidos no Japão (isseis) e 840 nascidos no Brasil (nisseis), provenientes da segunda fase do estudo Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group iniciado em 2000. A SM foi definida pelos critérios da NCEP-ATP III modificados para os japoneses. A presença de DM e SM se associou ao encontro de necrose miocárdica pelo critério de Minnesota e de HVE pelo critério de Perugia no ECG. Utilizou-se o método estatístico do qui-quadrado para rejeição da hipótese de nulidade. Resultados: Dos 1.042 participantes 35,3% tinham DM (38,6% entre os isseis e 34,5% nos nisseis); 51,8% tinham SM (59,4% nos isseis e 50,0% nos nisseis). A presença de zona inativa nos isseis diabéticos não foi estatisticamente significante quando comparada com os não-diabéticos, porém entre os nisseis diabéticos a zona inativa estava presente em 7,5%. Houve correlação estatisticamente significante entre a SM e HVE nos isseis e nisseis. Conclusão: Distúrbios metabólicos tiveram alta prevalência em nipo-brasileiros com correlações significantes com necrose e hipertrofia pelo ECG.

Background: When the Japanese immigrated to the Americas, they were subjected to Westernization, with a great change in lifestyle, specially in dietary habits, and this may explain the increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease among them. Objective: To study the presence of myocardial necrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in a population of Japanese-Brazilians, using the ECG and its relationship with DM and MS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which evaluated 1,042 Japanese-Brazilians aged 30 or over, 202 of them born in Japan (Issei) and 840 of them born in Brazil (Nissei), from the second phase of the Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group initiated in 2000. MS was defined according to the NCEP-ATP III criteria modified for the Japanese. DM and MS were associated with the presence of myocardial necrosis (according to the Minnesota criteria) and LVH (according the Perugia score on the ECG). The statistic chi square method was used to reject the null hypothesis. Results: Of the 1,042 participants, 35.3% had DM (38.6% of the Issei and 34.5% of the Nissei); 51.8% had MS (59.4% of the Issei and 50.0% of the Nissei). The presence of an inactive zone in the diabetic Issei group was not statistically significant when compared to the non-diabetic group, but among the diabetic Nissei group an inactive zone was present in 7.5% of them. There was a statistically significant correlation between MS and LVH in the Issei and Nissei groups. Conclusion: Metabolic disorders presented a high prevalence in Japanese-Brazilians with significant correlations with necrosis and hypertrophy on the ECG.

Fundamento: Al migrar hacia las Américas, los japoneses se sometieron a un proceso de occidentalización, con estilo de vida, y especialmente dieta, muy diferente, lo que puede explicar el aumento de diabetes mellitus (DM), síndrome metabólico (SM) y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Analizar la presencia de necrosis miocárdica e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI), indicada en ECG, y su relación con DM y SM en población de nipobrasileños. Métodos: Estudio transversal que evaluó a 1.042 nipobrasileños con edad superior a 30 años: 202 nacidos en Japão (iseis) y 840 nacidos en Brasil (niseis), provenientes de la segunda fase del estudio Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group iniciado en 2000. Se definió el SM desde los criterios de la NCEP-ATP III, modificados para los japoneses. La presencia de DM y SM se asoció a la formación de necrosis miocárdica, según el de Minnesota, y de HVI según el criterio de Perugia, ambas reveladas en el ECG. Se utilizó el método estadístico del Chi-cuadrado para rechazo de la hipótesis de nulidad.Resultados: De los 1.042 participantes, el 35,3% presentaba DM (el 38,6% entre los iseis y el 34,5% en niseis); el 51,8% tenían SM (el 59,4% entre iseis y el 50,0% en niseis). La presencia de zona inactiva en los iseis diabéticos no se mostró estadísticamente significante, si se la compara a los no diabéticos; sin embargo, entre los niseis diabéticos la zona inactiva se presentaba en el 7,5%. Hubo correlación estadísticamente significante entre el SM y la HVE entre iseis y niseis. Conclusión: Disturbios metabólicos tuvieron alta prevalencia en nipobrasileños con correlaciones significantes con necrosis e hipertrofia reveladas por el ECG.

Candidate gene polymorphisms for diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer are associated with longevity in Koreans

Long-lived people may have a unique genetic makeup that makes them more resistant than the general population to prevalent age-related diseases; however, not much is known about genes involved in the longevity. To identify susceptibility variants controlling longevity, we performed a high-throughput candidate gene study using 137 Koreans over 90 yr old and 213 young healthy Koreans. We evaluated 463 informative markers located in 176 candidate genes mostly for diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancer under five genetic models. We estimated the odds ratios for each allele, genotype, haplotype, and gene-gene interaction using logistic regression analysis. Associations between 13 genes and longevity were detected at a P-value less than 0.01. Particularly, the rs671 (A) allele of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family (mitochondrial) (ALDH2) gene was associated with longevity only in men (OR 2.11, P = 0.008). Four genes, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1, P = 0.008), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, P = 0.003), paired box 4 (PAX4, P = 0.008), and V-yes-1 Yamaguchi sarcoma viral related oncogene homolog (LYN, P = 0.002) consistently yielded statistical evidence for association with longevity. The findings of the current study may provide a starting point for future studies to unravel genetic factors controlling longevity in Koreans.

Prevalência de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em mulheres diabéticas não insulino-dependentes acompanhadas por equipe de Programa de Saúde da Família em Diamantina-MG / Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetic women insulin-dependent accompanied by staff of the Family Health Program in Diamantina-MG / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en mujeres diabéticas insulino-dependiente acompañados por personal del Programa de Salud de la Familia en Diamantina-MG

Objetivo: identificar a prevalde fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) em mulheres diabéticas não insulino-dependentes acompanhadas por uma Equipe de Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) em Diamatina - MG. Métodos: Entrevistou-se 33 voluntárias em seus domicílios, utilizando-se um questionário composto dedados de identificação, antropométricos, socioeconômicos, história patológica pessoal e familiar, estilo de vida e avaliação dietética (questionário de frequência alimentar dividido em: Grupo I - alimentos de risco; e Grupo II - cardioprotetores). Os dados sofreram análise descritiva e teste estatístico, correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Os fatores de risco para DCVs em ordem decrescente de prevalência foram: circunferência da cintura (CC), história pessoal para hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), IMC maior ou igual 25kg/m², baixa renda, ensino fundamental incompleto, antecedentes familiares para HAS, idade maior ou igual 55 anos, antecedentes familiares para DCVs, sedentarismo, consumo de álcool e tabagismo. os alimentos de risco mais consumidos pelas voluntárias do estudo foram: carne de boi, leite integral, biscoito de polvilho,ovos e margarina; e entre os considerados cardioprotetores foram: verduras de folha, banana, cenoura, tomate e laranja. Não houve associação entre os escores de alimentos de risco e IMC e CC. No entanto, houve associação inversa entre os escores dos alimentos cardioprotetores e essas variáveis. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco mais prevalentes para DCVs neste estudo foram CC, história patológica pessoal para HAS e IMC e a alimentação não foi fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCVs.

Objective: To identify the prevalde risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in diabetic women insulin-dependent accompanied by a Team of the Family Health Program (FHP) in Diamatina - MG. Methods: We interviewed 33 volunteers in their homes using a questionnaire consisting dedados identification, anthropometric, socioeconomic, personal and family pathological history, lifestyle and dietary assessment (food frequency questionnaire divided into: Group I - foods Risk and Group II - cardioprotective). Data underwent descriptive analysis and statistical test, Spearman correlation. Results: The risk factors for CVD in descending order of prevalence were: waist circumference (WC), personal history for hypertension (HBP), BMI greater than or equal to 25kg / m², low income, basic education, family history for hypertension, age greater than 55 years, family history for CVD, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption and smoking. risk foods most consumed by the volunteers of the study were: beef, milk, biscuit recipes, eggs and margarine, and among those considered cardioprotective were leafy greens, banana, carrot, tomato and orange. There was no association between scores of unsafe foods and BMI and WC. However, there was an inverse association between the scores of food cardioprotective and these variables. Conclusion: The most prevalent risk factors for CVD in this study were CC, personal pathological history for hypertension and BMI and nutrition was not a risk factor for developing CVD.

Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo prevalde de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) en mujeres diabéticas insulino-dependiente acompañado por un equipo del Programa Salud de la Familia (PSF) en Diamatina - MG. Métodos: Se entrevistó a 33 voluntarios en sus hogares mediante un cuestionario que consta de identificación dedados, antropométricas, socioeconómicas, antecedentes patológicos personales y familiares, estilo de vida y la evaluación dietética (cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos divididos en: Grupo I - alimentos Riesgo y Grupo II - cardioprotectoras). Los datos se sometieron a análisis descriptivo y prueba estadística, la correlación de Spearman. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo de ECV en orden descendente de prevalencia fueron: circunferencia de la cintura (CC), antecedentes personales de hipertensión arterial (HTA), índice de masa corporal mayor o igual a 25 kg / m², de bajos ingresos, la educación básica, los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión, edad mayor de 55 años, antecedentes familiares de ECV, el sedentarismo, consumo de alcohol y el tabaco. alimentos de riesgo más consumidas por los voluntarios del estudio fueron: huevos de carne, leche, recetas de galletas y la margarina, y entre los considerados cardioprotectores verduras de hoja verde, plátano, zanahoria, tomate y naranja. No hubo asociación entre las puntuaciones de los alimentos inseguros y el IMC y WC. Sin embargo, hubo una asociación inversa entre las puntuaciones de los alimentos cardioprotectores y estas variables. Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo de mayor prevalencia de ECV en este estudio fueron CC, antecedentes personales patológicos de hipertensión y el IMC y la nutrición no era un factor de riesgo para desarrollar enfermedades cardiovasculares.

É muito dificultoso: etnografia dos cuidados a pacientes com hipertensão e/ou diabetes na atenção básica, em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil / It sure ain't easy: an ethnographic study of primary health care for patients with hypertension and/or diabetes in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil

O texto analisa os resultados de pesquisa avaliativa da Atenção Básica à Saúde do paciente com hipertensão e/ou diabetes em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. A abordagem etnográfica utilizou, como categorias analíticas centrais, o acesso aos serviços e a integralidade do cuidado, comparando-se as práticas sanitárias desenvolvidas em unidade do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e em unidade básica de saúde não-PSF. A facilitação do acesso à unidade de saúde da família implantada em comunidade carente é limitada pela precariedade de infra-estrutura urbana do seu entorno. A unidade básica de saúde tem, nas grandes distâncias, a sua principal barreira de acesso. A inexistência de sistema de referência entre os distintos níveis de complexidade compromete o acesso dos pacientes a exames e especialistas. O cuidado oferecido nas duas unidades é restrito às queixas físicas passíveis de abordagem farmacológica, comprometendo a integralidade. Há baixa capacidade de escuta dos profissionais para problemas distintos do foco da ação programática. Destacam-se as potencialidades da utilização da etnografia na pesquisa avaliativa de sistemas e serviços de saúde.

This paper analyzes the results of an evaluative study in the city of Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, on primary health care for patients with hypertension and/or diabetes. The ethnographic approach used access to services and comprehensiveness of health care as core analytical categories, comparing the health practices developed by Family Health Program (FHP) units with traditional non-FHP primary care units. Access to family health care units in low-income communities is limited by the precarious surrounding urban infrastructure. The main barrier to access to primary care units is distance. The lack of a referral system between the various levels of complexity jeopardizes patients' access to tests and specialists. The care supplied by the two units is limited to patient conditions that can be treated pharmacologically, thus compromising the comprehensiveness of care. The health professionals display a limited capacity to hear problems outside the immediate focus of the program activity. The paper highlights the potential for using ethnography in evaluative research on health systems and services.

The increase of diabetes mortality burden among Brazilian adults

OBJECTIVE: To estimate diabetes-related deaths among Brazilian adults between 1999 and 2003 and to investigate demographic factors associated with reporting diabetes as an associated cause of death. METHODS: All deaths with diabetes as the underlying or associated cause were identified using the Brazilian Mortality Data System. Analysis was performed by sex, age, year, state of residence, and place of death. Mortality rates were age standardized by the 2000 Brazilian population. FINDINGS: A total of 237 946 deaths (8.8 percent) were related to diabetes; in 4.2 percent of deaths it was the underlying cause and in 4.6 percent it was an associated cause. Between 1999 and 2003, age-standardized mortality rates for diabetes as the underlying cause increased 14 percent among males and 9 percent among females, while mortality with diabetes as an associated cause increased 22 percent and 28 percent, respectively. Diabetes appeared more often as an associated cause in death certificates among older individuals and in those residing in São Paulo State; it appeared less often as an associated cause among women, brown- and black-skinned populations, and in deaths occurring outside hospitals. Cardiovascular diseases accounted for 54.5 percent of the underlying causes of death when diabetes was an associated cause. CONCLUSION: Diabetes was related to almost 9 percent of the deaths in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Mortality from diabetes is increasing, especially deaths with diabetes as an associated cause. The probability of having diabetes as the underlying cause of death is greater among women and nonwhite individuals. Our results reinforce the importance of using multiple causes of death to monitor diabetes, because half the individuals with the disease will die of another cause, especially cardiovascular diseases.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar las muertes relacionadas con la diabetes en adultos brasileños entre 1999 y 2003 y analizar los factores demográficos asociados con el informe de la diabetes como causa asociada de muerte. MÉTODOS: Se identificaron todas las muertes en que la diabetes fue la causa principal o asociada, a partir del Sistema Brasileño de Datos de Mortalidad. El análisis se realizó según el sexo, la edad, el año, el estado de residencia y el lugar de muerte. Las tasas de mortalidad se estandarizaron por la edad según la población brasileña en 2000. RESULTADOS: En total, 237 946 muertes (8,8 por ciento) estuvieron relacionadas con la diabetes; en 4,2 por ciento de las muertes, la diabetes fue la causa principal y en 4,6 por ciento fue una causa asociada. Entre 1999 y 2003, las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas según la edad para las muertes en que la diabetes fue la causa principal aumentaron 14 por ciento en hombres y 9 por ciento en mujeres, mientras que la mortalidad con la diabetes como causa asociada aumentó a 22 por ciento y 28 por ciento, respectivamente. La diabetes apareció más frecuentemente como causa asociada en los certificados de defunción de la personas de mayor edad y en los que residían en el Estado de São Paulo, mientras que fue menos frecuente en mujeres, negros y mestizos y cuando la muerte ocurrió fuera de los hospitales. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares fueron la causa principal de 54,5 por ciento de las muertes en las que la diabetes se consideró como causa asociada. CONCLUSIONES: La diabetes estuvo relacionada con casi 9 por ciento de las muertes ocurridas en las regiones sur y suroriental de Brasil. La mortalidad por diabetes está en aumento, especialmente cuando la diabetes figura como causa asociada de muerte. La probabilidad de tener diabetes como causa principal de muerte es mayor en mujeres y en personas que no son blancas. Estos resultados confirman la importancia de utilizar la información de las múltiples...