Clinical efficacy comparison of saccharomyces boulardii and lactic acid as probiotics in acute pediatric diarrhea

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii and lactic acid producing probiotics in addition to usual treatment regimen to cure diarrhea among children [6 months to 5 years of age]

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, from February to July 2015

Methodology: Children suffering from acute diarrhea were orally administered Saccharomyces boulardii and lactic acid producing probiotics for 5 days. The efficacy of administered probiotics was monitored. Patients were given Saccharomyces boulardii and lactic acid producing probiotics randomly to remove the bias

Results: Two hundred patients randomly selected for trials; out of which, 100 were treated with Saccharomyces boulardii while the other 100 were supplemented with lactic acid concomitantly along with conventional diarrhea treatment. Results indicated that Saccharomyces boulardii treatment group has significantly higher efficacy rate [45%] compared to lactic acid producing probiotics [26%]

Conclusion: This study concluded that Saccharomyces boulardii has a better efficacy compared to lactic acid and may be adopted as a probiotic of choice

Zinc supplementation for treating diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Administración de suplementos de zinc para tratar la diarrea infantil: revisión sistemática y metanálisis

OBJECTIVE: To update the available evidence about zinc use for treating diarrhea in children and to assess its effect on the malnourished population, a subgroup that has not been fully explored in previous analyses. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of randomized clinical trials that assessed children up to 5 years old with acute diarrhea who received zinc supplementation. Controls received a placebo or oral rehydration therapy. After searching the main databases, without language restrictions, two independent reviewers selected eligible studies, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analyses were calculated using Mantel-Haenszel or inverse variance random effects. RESULTS: Eighteen of 1 041 studies retrieved were included in the review (n = 7 314 children). Zinc was beneficial for reducing the duration of diarrhea in hours (mean difference [MD] = -20.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -29.15 to -11.09, I² = 91%). The effect was greater in malnourished children (MD = -33.17, 95% CI = -33.55 to -27.79, I² = 0%). Diarrhea prevalence on days 3, 5, and 7 was lower in the zinc group. The incidence of vomiting was significantly greater in the group that received zinc than in the control group. Included randomized controlled trials were of low risk of bias in most domains assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Oral zinc supplementation significantly decreases diarrhea duration and has a greater effect on malnourished children. Zinc supplementation seems to be an appropriate public health strategy, mainly in areas of endemic deficiencies.

OBJETIVO: Actualizar los datos probatorios disponibles acerca del uso del zinc en el tratamiento de la diarrea infantil y evaluar su efecto en la población malnutrida, un subgrupo no plenamente estudiado en análisis anteriores. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que evaluaban a niños de hasta 5 años de edad con diarrea aguda y a los que se les había administrado suplementos de zinc. A los controles se les había administrado un placebo o terapia de rehidratación oral. Después de efectuar búsquedas en las principales bases de datos, sin restricciones en cuanto a idiomas, dos revisores independientes seleccionaron los estudios idóneos, extrajeron los datos y evaluaron el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios incluidos. El metanálisis se efectuó mediante el modelo de efectos aleatorios de Mantel-Haenszel o de la varizanza inversa. RESULTADOS: En la revisión se incluyeron 18 estudios de los 1 041 recuperados (n = 7 314 niños). El zinc tuvo un efecto beneficioso en la reducción de la duración de la diarrea en horas (diferencia media [DM] = -20,12, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC] de -29,15 a -11,09, I² = 91%). Este efecto fue más intenso en niños malnutridos (DM = -33,17, IC del 95% = de -33,55 a -27,79, I² = 0%). La prevalencia de diarrea en los días 3, 5 y 7 fue inferior en el grupo tratado con zinc. La incidencia de vómitos fue significativamente mayor en el grupo tratado con zinc que en el grupo de referencia. Los ensayos aleatorizados controlados que fueron incluidos mostraron un bajo riesgo de sesgo en la mayoría de los dominios evaluados. CONCLUSIONES: La administración oral de suplementos de zinc reduce significativamente la duración de la diarrea y tiene un efecto aún mayor en niños malnutridos. La administración de suplementos de zinc parece ser una estrategia de salud pública apropiada, principalmente en las zonas afectadas por carencias endémicas.

Physicians’ responsibility for antibiotic use in infants from periurban Lima, Peru / Responsabilidad del médico en el uso de antibióticos en niños menores de 1 año de zonas periurbanas de Lima, Perú

Objetivo. Describir el uso de antibióticos en niños de 2 a 12 meses de edad en entornos donde estos medicamentos se pueden obtener sin prescripción. Métodos. Se analizaron los datos de un estudio de cohorte efectuado entre septiembre del 2006 y diciembre del 2007 en 1 023 niños menores de 2 meses de la zonaperiurbana de Lima, Perú, cuyo seguimiento se realizó hasta el año de edad. Resultados. De los 1 023 niños, 770 (75,3%) tomaron 2 085 tandas de tratamiento antibiótico. Se registraron dos tandas por niño por año (rango 0–12). Las tasas más elevadas de uso de antibióticos se encontraron en los niños de 3 a 6 meses (37,2%). Los niños recibieron antibióticos para 8,2% de los resfriados comunes, 58,6% de las faringitis, 66,0% de las bronquitis, 40,7% de las diarreas, 22,8% de las dermatitis y 12,0% de las obstruccionesbronquiales. La prescripción de un médico fue la razón más frecuente para el uso de antibióticos (90,8%). Se comprobó el uso de medicamentos sin prescripción en 6,9% de los niños, y en 63,9% de ellos este fue precedido por una prescripción médica. Conclusiones. En el entorno estudiado, los niños menores de 1 año a menudo estánexpuestos a los antibióticos. El abuso de los antibióticos es frecuente ante enfermedades como faringitis, bronquitis, obstrucción bronquial y diarrea, pero por lo general es inadecuado (83,1% de las tandas de tratamiento antibiótico) según las etiologías más comunes en este grupo etario. Las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar el uso de los antibióticos deben concentrarse en los médicos, ya que la prescripción médica fue la razón más común para el uso de antibióticos.

Objective. To describe the use of antibiotics in Peruvian children under 1 year in a setting where they are available without a prescription. Methods. Data were analyzed from a cohort study between September 2006 and December 2007 of 1 023 children < 2 months old in periurban Lima, Peru, followed until they were 1 year old. Results. Seven hundred seventy of 1 023 (75.3%) children took 2 085 courses of antibiotics. There were two courses per child per year (range 0–12). Higher rates of antibiotic usewere found in children 3–6 months old (37.2%). Antibiotics were given to children for 8.2% of common colds, 58.6% of all pharyngitis, 66.0% of bronchitis, 40.7% of diarrheas, 22.8%of dermatitis, and 12.0% of bronchial obstructions. A physician’s prescription was the most common reason for antibiotic use (90.8%). Medication use without a prescription was found in 6.9% of children, and in 63.9% of them it was preceded by a physician’s prescription. Conclusions. Infants are often exposed to antibiotics in this setting. Overuse of antibiotics is common for diagnoses such as pharyngitis, bronchitis, bronchial obstruction, and diarrhea but is typically inappropriate (83.1% of courses) based on the most common etiologies for this age group. Interventions to improve the use of antibiotics should focus on physicians, since a physician’s prescription was the most common reason for antibiotic use.

Rotavirus / Rotavirus

la infección por rotavirus es responsable de 125 millones de casos, de más 500.000 defunciones anuales y de 40% de la hospitalización por diarrea en menores de 5 años de edad. en países en desarrollo la tasa de infección es más alta en el grupo de edad de 3 a 11 meses, quienes presentan mayor letalidad producto de la desnutrición y de la dificultad para acceder oportunamente a los servicios de salud; se observa que al año de vida, 65-80 % de los niños han desarrollado anticuerpos contra el rotavirus y 95% a los 2 años. Actualmente se utilizan dos vacunas contra el rotavirus, las cuales han demostrado ser seguras, eficaces y poco relacionadas con invaginación intestinal. En venezuela, la vacuna monovalente-humana se introdujo en el Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones en abril de 2006. un estudio previo mostró que la administración masiva de dos dosis de esta vacuna contra el rotavirus es altamente costo-efectiva. cuatro años después en un estudio nacional se evaluó el impacto y se evidenció reducción de 50% de la tasa de mortalidad en los menores de 5 años, siendo mayor en el grupo de menores de 1 año con 55% y en el grupo de 1-4 años de 44%. sin embargo el seguimiento de este programa nos indica que las coberturas de inmunización contra rotavirus en venezuela siguen siendo bajas

Infection by rotavirus is responsible for 125 million cases, 500,000 annual deaths and 40% of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children under 5 years of age. In developing countries the rate of infection is higher in the group of 3 to 11 months of age, which present a higher lethality, product of undernourishment and difficulties to accede opportunely to health services. during the first year of life, 65 to 80%of children have developed antibodies against rotavirus and 95% will achieve this by the age of two. At the moment two vaccines against rotavirus are available, and have demonstrated to be safe, effective and with very low association with intestinal invagination. In venezuela, the monovalent-human vaccine was introduced in the extended Program of Immunizations in April of 2006. A previous study showed that the massive administration of two doses of this vaccine against rotavirus is highly cost-effective. Four years later, a national study showed a reduction of mortality rate of 50% in children under 5 years of age, 55% reduction in those less than one year and 44% reduction in the group of 1-4 years of age. nevertheless the follow up of this program indicates that immunization coverage against rotavirus in venezuela continues to be low

Tratamiento anti-infeccioso de diarreas en pediatría: [revisión] / Anti-infective treatment of diarrhea in pediatrics: [review]

La diarrea es una de las causas más comunes de enfermedad en pediatría y la segunda causa de muerte infantil en el mundo. Cobra la vida de cerca de 4.000 niños cada día. La carga es mayor en el mundo en desarrollo donde el acceso al agua potable, saneamiento y atención médica son a menudo limitadas. Las características de las evacuaciones permiten orientar la terapia inicial. Las diarreas de etiología bacteriana se tratan según criterios muy bien especificados, la mayoría se autolimitan en más del 50 por ciento de los casos. Los virus constituyen la etiología más fecuente de las diarreas (más de 40 por ciento de los episodios agudos). Existen múltiples parásitos causales para los cuales existen también alternativas terapéuticas. La terapia anti-infecciosa cuando este indicado se debe iniciar precozmente, de esta manera, se reduce la duración y gravedad de la enfermedad, se previenen complicaciones, se disminuye la excreción del agente infeccioso y se evita la transmisión del patógeno.

Diarrhea disease is ona of the most commun causes of illness and the second leading cause of child dealth in the world. It claims the lives of nearly 4000 children each day. The burden is greatest in the developing world where access to safe water, sanitation, and medical care are often limited. Viruses are the most common cause of diarrhea (more than 40% of acute episodes). Episodes of bacterial diarrhea are self-limited in more than 50% of cases. There are multiple causative parasites for which there are also therapeutic alternatives. Anti-infective therapy should be initiated early, thus reducing the duration and severity of the disease, preventing complications, decreasing the excretion of the infectious agent and preventing the transmission of the pathogen.

Probióticos en diarrea aguda infecciosa / Probiotics in acute infectious diarrhea

Background: Acute infectious diarrhea in children represents a worldwide problem and it relates to desnutrition, morbility and death. Objective: Determine the usefulness of probiotics in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children by reviewing the scientific information available in the form of meta-analysis. Methods: A detailed search was performed in electronic databases. Four of the articles found met inclusion criteria. Results: The four meta-analysis studied demonstrated that the administration of probiotics in children with acute infectious diarrhea decreased the episode duration in approximately one day with minimal adverse events. Conclusions: Despite methodological limitations of the analysed articles, the studies showed the same trend towards observing a benefit in the use of probiotics in acute infectious diarrhea in children. The latter supports the consistency of this association. In general, the use of probiotics in children with acute infectious diarrhea would be useful in general practice reducing diarrhea duration in approximately one day.

Antecedentes: La diarrea aguda infecciosa en niños constituye un problema a nivel mundial y se traduce en desnutrición, morbilidad y muerte. Objetivos: Determinar la utilidad de los probióticos en el tratamiento de la diarrea aguda infecciosa en los niños mediante la revisión de la información científica disponible en forma de meta-análisis. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda detallada en bases de datos electrónicas de uso frecuente. Cuatro de los artículos encontrados cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Los cuatro meta-análisis revisados evidenciaron que la administración de probióticos en niños con diarrea aguda infecciosa disminuía la duración del cuadro en aproximadamente un día con mínimos efectos adversos. Conclusiones: A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas de los trabajos analizados, la mayoría de los estudios presentan una misma tendencia al observar beneficio en el uso de los probióticos en diarrea aguda infecciosa en niños. Lo anterior le otorga mayor consistencia a la asociación. En general, el uso de probióticos en niños con diarrea aguda infecciosa sería útil en la práctica clínica diaria, disminuyendo la duración de la diarrea en aproximadamente un día.

A randomized double-blind clinical trial of the effect of non-absorbable oral polymyxin on infants with severe infectious diarrhea

The present study evaluated the effect of non-absorbable oral polymyxin on the duodenal microflora and clinical outcome of infants with severe infectious diarrhea. Polymyxin was chosen because classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was more sensitive to this antibiotic. Twenty-five infants were randomly assigned to a 7-day treatment with oral polymyxin (2.5 mg/kg in 4 daily doses) or placebo. Duodenal and stool cultures were performed before and after the treatment. Five patients were excluded during the study because of introduction of parental antibiotic therapy due to clinical sepsis (N = 3) or rapid clinical improvement (N = 2). In the polymyxin group, small bowel bacterial overgrowth occurred in 61.5 percent of the cases (8/13) before treatment and in 76.9 percent (10/13) after treatment. In the placebo group these values were 71.4 percent (5/7) and 57.1 percent (4/7), respectively. By the 7th day, clinical cure was observed in 84.6 percent of the cases (11/13) in the polymyxin group and in 71.4 percent (5/7) in the placebo group (P = 0.587). Considering all 25 patients included in the study, clinical cure occurred on the 7th day in 12/14 cases (85.7 percent) in the polymyxin group and 6/11 cases (54.5 percent) in the placebo group (P = 0.102). Clinical sepsis occurred in 3/11 (27.3 percent) of the patients in the placebo group and in none (0/14) in the polymyxin group (P = 0.071). Oral polymyxin was not effective in reducing bacterial overgrowth or in improving the clinical outcome of infants hospitalized with severe infectious diarrhea. Taking into account the small sample size, the rate of cure on the 7th day and the rate of clinical sepsis, further studies with greater number of patients are necessary to evaluate these questions.

Effect of supplemented zinc on treatment period of acute diarrhea in 6 to 36 months old children

Despite the rapid diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea, it is still a health problem among infants and children. It has been shown that zinc deficiency, which is common in Iran, is one of the important causes of the diarrhea, Therefore, the aim of this study was to find the effects of zinc supplement on treatment period of acute diarrhea in 6 to 36 month old children. This double-blind clinical trial study was performed on 200 children with non-invasive acute diarrhea hospitalized in Amir Kabir hospital Arak. They were divided into two groups of the case and control by simple random assignment. The case and the control group had 3 mg/kg/day zinc and placebo, respectively. Independent t-test was used for analysis. The mean age of the children was 14.07 +/- 8.18 months. The average of hospital admission days for the case and control group was 3.14 +/- 0.125 and 3.59 +/- 1.83 days, respectively [p<0.05]. Also, the mean of admission days for children with moderate dehydration in the case and control groups was 2.69 +/- 0.73 and 3.11 +/- 1.29 days, respectively [p<0.05]. In the children with severe dehydration in the case and control group, it was 4.65 +/- 1.46 and 5.22 +/- 2.7 days, respectively [p<0.05]. The duration of admission of the case group was 3.29 +/- 1.41 days for children with 6-12 months, 3 +/- 0.98 days for children with 13-24 months, and 2.9 +/- 1.25 days for children with 35-36 months old [p>0.05]. Based on the results, zinc supplement reduces duration of diarrhea in the children with acute diarrhea. Therefore, it is recommended for treatment of this syndrome in these children

Acceptability of and adherence to dispersible zinc tablet in the treatment of acute childhood diarrhoea.

Zinc treatment is now recommended by the World Health Organization as part of the routine management of acute childhood diarrhoea. A dispersible zinc tablet formulation was developed taking into account the taste, cost, and feasibility to distribute and store. Only limited information is available on the acceptability of and adherence to dispersible zinc tablet. No study has formally assessed whether the formulation is acceptable to children and if caretakers can adhere to the instructions regarding preparation, dosage, and duration of treatment. This community-based study aimed at determining the acceptability of and adherence to a dispersible zinc tablet formulation in a cohort of children (n=320) aged less than five years. Caretakers of children with acute childhood diarrhoea were prescribed zinc tablet treatment and followed up after 2-3 weeks. The formulation was acceptable to children; 90.1% of 303 caretakers perceived that the tablets were equally or even more acceptable to their children compared to other medicines. Ninety-eight percent of the children received the standard dose of one tablet per day, and 55.8% completed the full 10-day course of zinc treatment. Adherence rates did not vary by age or gender of the child. These findings indicate that the tablet formulation is acceptable, but further efforts are required to enhance adherence.

Clorhidrorrea congénita / Congenital chloride diarrhea

Congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) is a rare hereditary disease, with a prenatal onset, secondary to a deficit in the intestinal chloride transport. In the present study, we describe the clinical characteristics of three patients with congenital watery diarrhea, two of them females, aged between 9 and 14 months at the first visit. All patients presented perinatal antecedents of polyhydramnios and prematurity, watery stools since birth and growth failure. Metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia and hypochloremia were found. Stool ionogram with elevated doses of chloride, exceeding both sodium and potassium, confirmed the diagnosis of CCD. Substitute treatment with sodium and potassium chloride was started with good results. CCD should be considered as a differential diagnosis to congenital watery diarrhea, since early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are mandatory for the normal development of the child, avoiding severe complications such as neurological sequelae and even death.

La clorhidrorrea congénita (CHC) es una enfermedad hereditaria rara, de comienzo prenatal secundaria aun defecto en el transporte intestinal de cloro. En este trabajo describimos las características clínicas de tres pacientes con diarrea acuosa congénita, dos desexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entre 9 y 14meses al momento de la consulta. Todos presentaban antecedentes perinatales de polihidramnios y prematurez,deposiciones líquidas desde el nacimiento y mal progreso ponderal. Se comprobó alcalosis metabólica,hipokalemia e hipocloremia. El ionograma en materia fecal, con dosajes de cloro elevado que superaban la sumade sodio y potasio, permitió confirmar el diagnóstico de CHC. Se instituyó tratamiento sustitutivo con cloruro de sodio y de potasio, con evolución favorable. Es de suma importancia tener en cuenta la CHC dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de diarrea acuosa congénita, ya que el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado permiten un desarrollo normal, evitandocomplicaciones graves, como secuelas neurológicas e incluso la muerte.

Zinc therapy for diarrhoea increased the use of oral rehydration therapy and reduced the use of antibiotics in Bangladeshi children.

Excessive use of antibiotics for diarrhoea is a major contributing factor towards increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Zinc therapy for diarrhoea has been shown to be beneficial in controlled efficacy trials, and it is of interest to determine if availability of zinc syrup for treatment of diarrhoea would satisfy the demand for a 'medicine' for diarrhoea, thus reducing the use of antibiotics, without competing with the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). This community-based controlled trial was conducted from November 1998 to October 2000, and all children aged 3-59 months in the study area were included. In this trial, the availability of zinc supplements, along with ORT and appropriate education programmes, was associated with significantly higher use of ORT and lower use of antibiotics.

Non-antibiotic associated C. difficile diarrhea in a 7 week-old infant.

We describe a rare case of non-antibiotic associated severe C. difficile diarrhea in a 7-week-old boy. He had massive fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance. He required total parentral nutrition for 10 days and eventually recovered with oral metronidazole. Most of the reported cases in literature are associated with prior antibiotic exposure or in hospitalized patients.

Association of vitamin A and zinc status with altered intestinal permeability: analyses of cohort data from northeastern Brazil.

To examine the association of intestinal barrier function with vitamin A deficiency and whether supplementation of micronutrients improves intestinal function and/or linear growth, height-for-age z-score (HAZ), concentrations of serum retinol and zinc, and intestinal permeability were determined in a cross-sectional sample of 75 children in northeastern Brazil. Effects of vitamin A and supplementation of zinc on intestinal permeability and growth were also determined comparing results before and after treatment in 20 children and age-matched controls. Lactulose:mannitol (L/M) permeability ratios inversely correlated with serum retinol concentrations (r = -0.55, p < 0.0005). Increased L/M permeability ratios with reduced concentrations of serum retinol were predominantly attributable to lower absorption of mannitol (r = 0.28, p = 0.02). L/M permeability ratios (p = 0.001) and HAZ scores (p = 0.007) improved with supplementation. It is concluded that impaired intestinal barrier function and linear growth shortfalls improve following supplementation of vitamin A and zinc in this setting.

Diarreia persistente: revisao dos principais aspectos fisiopatologicos, fatores de risco e implicacoes terapeuticas / Persistent diarrhea: review of physiopatogenic feature, risk factors and therapeutic

Objetivo : revisar a literatura sobre a diarreia persistente em relacao aos fatores de risco e terapeutica. Fontes pesquisadoras : bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, de 1988 a 1999. Sintese dos dados : a diarreia persistente apresenta como principais fatores...

Desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico y ácido-base en la diarrea / Water-electrolyte and acid-base imbalance in diarrhea

Se realiza una revisión de los principios básicos del equilibrio hidromineral y acido-básico y se profundiza en los mecanismos homeostáticos más frecuentes en la edad pediátrica relacionados con las enfermedades diarreicas agudas. Se describe la clasificación y el manejo de la deshidratación con las sales de rehidratación oral (SRO) (planes A y B) y soluciones endovenosas (plan C), así como la fisiología y el tratamiento con bicarbonato de sodio en la acidosis metabólica. Se exponen los elementos relacionados con la regulación del sodio, del potasio y del equilibrio ácido-básico. Se hace referencia a la predisposición a la translocación bacteriana que presenta la hipovolemia mantenida más de 8 horas

Uso de probióticos en niños / Use of probiotics in children

En años recientes ha surgido el interés de estudiar la función de la microflora intestinal en varias condiciones clínicas, así como de evaluar formas de modificarla. Para alterar la microflora intestinal se han utilizado: probióticos, prebióticos y el uso simultáneo de ambos (simbióticos). Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que tienen un efecto benéfico en el huésped. Los más utilizados son los Lactobacillus, aunque también se han observado beneficios con algunas especies de Saccharomyces, Bifidobacterium y Streptococcus. Para el crecimiento y actividad de estas bacterias se requieren prebióticos como los fructooligosacáridos. El uso de probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos tiene beneficios en: diarrea, malabsorción de lactosa, síndrome de intestino irritable, alergia intestinal, cáncer, vaginitis, infecciones de vías urinarias e hipercolesterolemia. Se han realizado múltiples estudios utilizando probióticos, prebióticos y simbióticos; sin embargo, aún se requiere de mayor investigación antes de considerarlos como agentes de uso cotidiano.

Probióticos / Probiotics

Los Probióticos son agentes terapéuticos biológicos emergentes, con utilidad probada en diarrea asociada a antibióticos, diarrea en la infancia y del viajero. Hay trabajos recientes que cifran esperanzas en la terapia de la diarrea asociada a C. difficile, en enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, (tanto en tratamiento agregado a la terapia convencional de la crisis, como en la prevención de rebrotes). Por su excelente tolerancia, disponibilidad y acepatación por la población, debe considerarse dentro del recetario gastroenterológico con interés y expectación