Investigation of circulating anti-coxsackie B, anti- polio and anti-adeno IgG in newly diagnosed T1DM children

Viruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [T1DM], either through direct beta-cell infection or as triggers of autoimmunity. To investigate the presence of specific anti- viral IgG antibodies for Coxsackie virus type B [CVB5], Poliovirus, and Adenovirus which proposed to be involved in the etiology of T1DM. A total of 60 Iraqi T1DM children were included in the present study. They were new onset of the disease [diagnosis was from one week up to five months]. For the purpose of comparisons, 50 apparently healthy control subjects were selected. Serum IgG against Coxsackie virus type B[5], Adenovirus type 3, 4, and 7, and Poliovaccin Trivalent were detected quantitatively with an indirect ELISA. High proportion of anti-CVB5 IgG [20%][p<0.05] and anti- Polio IgG [31.67%] were found in T1DM children compared to controls [8%, 26% respectively], while anti- Adeno IgG were detected in diabetic patients only [6.67%][p<1.0001]

Echovirus 4 associated to hand, foot and mouth disease / Echovirus 4 associado à doença de mão, pé e boca

Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious enteroviral infection occurring primarily in children and characterized by vesicular palmoplantar eruptions and erosive stomatitis. Echovirus 4 (EV-4) has been commonly associated with aseptic meningitis. The association of HFMD with EV-4 has not been reported previously. Two samples of a 14-month child who presented mild fever, sores in the mouth, rash with blisters on the palm of hands and soles of feet were sent to Enteric Viruses Laboratory of Adolfo Lutz Institute. Clinical samples were inoculated in three different cell lines, and those which presented cytopathic effect (CPE), were submitted to Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) and "one step" RT-PCR. Agarose gel electrophoresis from RT-PCR product, showed a product with 437 bp, which is characteristic of Enterovirus group. Echovirus 4 was identified by IFA. Although HFMD is a viral infection associated mainly with Enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), our results demonstrate a diversity of serotype related to HFMD and stress the importance of epidemiological surveillance to this disease and its complications.

A Doença de Mão, Pé e Boca (DMPB) é uma infecção enteroviral contagiosa que ocorre principalmente em crianças sendo caracterizada por erupções palmoplantares vesiculares e estomatite. Echovirus 4 (EV-4) é comumente associado a meningite asséptica. A associação de DMPB por EV-4 não foi descrita anteriormente. Duas amostras provenientes de uma criança de 14 meses apresentando febre, secreções na garganta e exantemas nas palmas das mãos e dos pés, foram enviadas para o Laboratório de Vírus Entéricos do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. As amostras foram inoculadas em três diferentes linhagens celulares; aquelas que apresentaram efeito citopático (ECP), foram submetidas a ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) e "one step" RT-PCR. A eletroforese em gel de agarose realizada com o produto de PCR apresentou um produto de 437pb, característico de grupo Enterovirus. O sorotipo EV-4 foi identificado por IFI. Apesar da DMPB ser uma infecção viral associada principalmente com Enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) e Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), nossos resultados enfatizam a necessidade de estudos epidemiológicos e laboratoriais direcionados ao EV-4 como agente causador de DMPB.

Detection of Coxsackievirus B 4 antibodies in cases of suspected encephalopathy by microneutralization test.

A retrospective study of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from suspected viral encephalitis and encephalopathy cases was carried-out and it included 100 CSF and 89 serum samples from Goa, collected during 1990-1994. These samples which were negative for antibodies to Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile (WN), Dengue-2 (DN-2) and herpes viruses, were tested for Coxsackievirus B 4 specific antibodies by 'in vitro' microneutralization technique along with 80 negative control serum samples. Out of 189 specimens (100 CSF and 89 serum), 23 CSF and 41 serum samples were positive for Coxsackievirus B 4 neutralizing antibodies. Antibody profile seemed to be IgG as revealed by mercaptoethanol treatment. The presence of neutralizing antibodies to coxsackievirus B 4 with titres as high as 1:512 in 8 CSF and 19 serum samples seemed to be suggestive of viral meningitis due to Cox B-4 viruses.

cross reactivity for IGM response between coxsackieb viruses and hepatitis A virus

A solid phase enzyme imunoassay [Elisa] was used to study the pattern of cross reactivities between immunoglobulin M [IgM] specific for coxsackie B viruses [CBV] serotypes in 26 sample of human sera. It was found that 42% of the samples were showing a cross reactivities with different CBV serotypes. Interstingly 55% of those cross reacting sera were showing cross reactivities. Thus, a cross reactivities among the CBV serotypes may be an indication for other cross reactivities within the Enteroviruses family

Coxsackie B virus infection and myopericarditis in Thailand, 1987-1989.

Serum specimens of 363 myopericarditis patients from the hospital all over the country were examined for coxsackie B virus antibody during 1987-1989 by means of microneutralization test in order to assess association between myopericarditis and coxsackie B virus infection. The data established that certain virus infection rates were 24.3%, 19.4% and 23.6% respectively, no differences in incidence were found between sex (p > 0.05) and the incidence rate between age groups below 15 years and 15 years and older was significantly different (p < 0.05). It was found that the epidemic happened throughout the year and the most common serotype in 1987 and 1989 was B4 whereas in 1988 it was B3.

Coxsackie B virus in the etiology of heart diseases in Delhi.

Coxsackie B group of viruses have been long considered as the precipitating factor in heart diseases. Their association with various heart diseases especially pericarditis, myocarditis and myopericarditis is known, but now their association is also known with cardiomyopathy and ischaemic heart diseases. A study was carried out on 87 patients suffering from various heart diseases and the role of Coxackie B virus infection was studied. The study included 25 control subjects. Thirty patients (34.5%) were found to be having high antibody titre for at least one of coxsackie B virus group with coxsackie B3 and B4 being the two commonest types. Serum IgM immunoglobulins were raised in acute infective disorders like pericarditis, myocarditis and myopericarditis but IgG, IgA and IgM levels were normal in ischaemic heart diseases and cardiomyopathy.

Coxsackie virus infections in rheumatic fever.

The close relationship between Group A beta Hemolytic Streptococci (GABS) and rheumatic fever is a well established one. However, the concept of the streptococcus as the sole etiologic agent of the rheumatic heart disease (RHD) has been challenged over the past years. Since coxsackievirus group B (CVB) has long been proposed as a cause of acquired valvular disease simulating rheumatic fever, we attempted in this study to document infections with this group of viruses in patients with rheumatic fever. We obtained blood samples from 106 patients with old (quiescent) rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease [group I], 94 patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) [group II], and 74 normal matched controls. We tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to the 6 serotypes of CVB by a micro neutralization test. We have found that infection with CVB, especially types B2 and B4, was common in the studied population. Forty-two percent of normal individuals had evidence of infection with any of the 6 serotypes of CVB. Patients of group I had significantly more frequent infections with CVB 2. Patients in group II had significantly more frequent infections with CVB 2 and CVB 6. There was no clear correlation between such infections and the clinical course of rheumatic fever. There was no difference in the incidence of CVB infections between patients with definite ARF, and patients with suspected ARF. We set a low order association between rheumatic fever and infection with CVB types B2 and B6. We emphasize the importance of pursuing the investigation of the role of CVB in relation to RHD.

Receptor presente en eritrocitos humanos para la variante RD del virus coxsackie B3 / Present receptor in human erythrocytes for the coxsackie virus B3 variant RD

Se efectuó un estudio comparativo de los receptores para la variante RD del virus coxsacki B3 presentes en la membrana plamática de eritrocitos humanos y de células de rhabdomiosarcoma (RD). Para ello se usó un anticuerpo monoclonal, obtenido a partir del receptor presente en la célula RD, el cual fue marcado con 125l. El ligando marcado se unió a los receptores de los eritrocitos humanos e impidió que el virus se uniera a ellos. El anticuerpo monoclonal saturó los receptores, lo que permitió calcular el número de sitios de unión, que fue de 1.95x10 3 por eritrocito, número aproximadamente 10 veces menor que los calculados para las células RD. Los receptores de ambas células fueron bloqueados en su unión al ligando, cuando dos proteasas usadas, la quimotripsina y la pronasa, ejercieron su acción proteolítica, modificando la estructura de los receptores. Los presentes en la membrana plasmática de las células RD fueron más sensibles a la acción proteolítica que los presentes en los eritrocitos. Otra proteasa usada, la tripsina, bloqueó los receptores sobre los eritrocitos en un porcentaje similar a como lo hicieron las otras dos enzimas. Por el contrario, los receptores presentes en las células RD fueron casi insensibles al tratamiento con la tripsina.Las glicoforinas A, tipos MN y MM, fueron capaces de competir por ambos receptores, no así la tipo NN. Se concluye de esto que los receptores presentes en la membrana plasmática de los eritrocitos humanos y de las células RD, son de naturaleza proteica y comparten epítopes. El receptor presente en los eritrocitos humanos para el virus coxsackie B3, variante RD, que es bloqueado por el anticuerpo monoclonal, podría ser la glicoforina A, tipo MN y/o MM

Virus Coxsackie B em crianças com miocardite aguda / Coxsackie B virus in children with acute myocarditis

Estudar aspectos etiopatológicos e de evoluçäo em portadores de miocardite. Dentre 44 crianças com miocardite aguda estudadas clínica e virologicamente, foram selecionados 16 casos positivos para Coxasackie B. O protocolo clínico incluiu dosagens enzímicas, radiografia de tórax, eletro e ecocardiograma. A investigaçäo virológica para Coxsacke B1, B3, B4, B5 e B6 se baseou em cultura, teste de neutralizaçäo e pesquisa de IgM por imunofluorescência indireta. Obtivemos vírus B4 em 9 (57%), B5 em 4 (25%), B1 em 2 (12%) e B3 em 1 (6%). Nenhum paciente foi submetido à terapêutica imunossupressora. A evoluçäo de pelo menos 1 ano foi; 7 (43%) permaneceram com miocardiopatia dilatada, 1 (6%) faleceu e 4 (25%) tiveram alta hospitalar, mas näo seguiram o acompanhamento. Uma das pacientes que teve evoluçäo crônica (extra-sístoles ventriculares, BAV do 2§ grau) está agora assintomática. Näo observamos diferença significativa entre os vários tipos de Coxsackie B em relaçäo à evoluçäo clínica