ABSTRACT
Resumen La expansión de la producción agrícola y ganadera ha sido un factor clave en la deforestación en el mundo y especialmente en la región tropical. En consecuencia, más de la mitad de la superficie terrestre del planeta se utiliza para el establecimiento de sistemas productivos, en este contexto las cercas vivas pueden generan efectos positivos sobre el ambiente y proveer bienes y servicios ambientales. En este trabajo hacemos una revisión sobre los efectos que tienen las cercas vivas sobre los sistemas productivos, analizando los usos y percepciones que tienen los agricultores. Esta revisión abarca las diferentes regiones tropicales del mundo. Se encontró que las cercas vivas estuvieron principalmente vinculadas a la delimitación de predios y potreros. No obstante, sus usos y beneficios son múltiples, entre los que se encontraron suministrar forraje, extracción de madera, proveer frutos, servir como rompevientos, generar medicinas, evitar la erosión del suelo, retener la humedad y suministrar aportes nutricionales. Además, se encontraron percepciones a favor como aumentar la conectividad del paisaje, aumentar los ingresos económicos, reducir los costos productivos, reducir la presión sobre la vegetación remanente, tener bajo costos de mantenimiento, contribuir al control de plagas y mejoran la fertilidad. Sin embargo, también se encontraron percepciones negativas como el excesivo trabajo al repararlas o podarlas, la sombra puede afectar la producción agrícola, la falta de información desestimula su establecimiento, costos elevados de establecimiento, generación de conflictos de propiedades y dificultad de manejo. Se encontró que los usos por parte de los agricultores están enfocados a mejorar los rendimientos de los sistemas productivos, pero también a la conservación de recursos naturales como el suelo y la biodiversidad. Se proponen temas de investigación para el futuro como determinar los criterios en la elección de especies nativas para establecer y enriquecer las cercas vivas dando valor a aspectos ecológicos y socioeconómicos, además, se debe profundizar en los beneficios que producen sobre los rendimientos de los sistemas productivos Se sugiere realizar estudios sobre las cercas vivas en la región tropical de Australasia debido a que no se encontraron estudios en esta región, así se podría conocer el estado de su biodiversidad y servicios que brinda a la comunidad rural. Por último, lo que se busca con esta revisión es generar iniciativas que fomenten la formulación de políticas rurales, la creación de programas que estimulen el establecimiento de cercas vivas, ya sea por medio de pagos por servicios ambientales, compensaciones tributarias u otro tipo de mecanismos. Proveer información adecuada a agricultores y ganaderos es un aspecto central de dinamiza el establecimiento de las cercas vivas.
Abstract The expansion of agricultural and livestock production has been a key factor in deforestation in the world and especially in the tropical region. Currently, more than half of the Earth's surface is used for the establishment of production systems; in this context, live fences can generate positive effects on the environment and provide environmental goods and services. In this work, we reviewed the effects of live fences on production systems from the tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, analyzing the uses and perceptions of farmers that have made use of these fences. It was found that live fences were mainly related to the delimitation of farms and pastures. However, their uses and benefits are manifold, among which we found: provide forage, wood extraction, fruit supply, windbreaks, medicinal, to avoid soil erosion, moisture retention and nutritional support. In addition, other positive perceptions were: increasing landscape connectivity, increasing economic incomes, reducing production costs, reducing pressure on remaining vegetation, keeping maintenance costs down, contributing to pest control, and improving fertility. However, negative perceptions included the excessive work in repairing or pruning them, shade negative impact on agricultural production, lack of information discourages establishment, high establishment costs, generation of property conflicts and management difficulty. It was found that the uses by farmers are focused on improving the yields of productive systems, but also on the conservation of natural resources especially soil and biodiversity. We proposed research topics for the future, as determining the criteria in the selection of native species to establish and enrich living fences valuing ecological and socioeconomic aspects; in additionally, we must deepen the benefits they produce on the yields of productive systems. We suggest the development of live fences studies in the tropical region of Australasia, because no data was found for this region, in order to know the biodiversity and services status that they provide to the rural communities. As a conclusion, it will be important to generate initiatives that encourage the formulation of rural policies, the creation of programs that encourage the establishment of live fences, whether through payments for environmental services, tax compensation or other mechanisms. Providing adequate information to farmers and livestock farmers is a key aspect on dynamizing the establishment of live fences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 739-753. Epub 2018 June 01.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Zones/analysis , Crops, Agricultural/adverse effects , Natural Resources Exploitation , Conservation of Natural Resources , Biodiversity , Sustainable Agriculture , Environmental Damage Minimization , Environmental Performance , Animal Husbandry/trendsABSTRACT
Los alcances acumulativos de la acción humana, aunados al poderío tecno-científico, llevan hoy a que nuestra especie no solo se cuestione los límites de la capacidad que tiene la Tierra para asimilar y reciclar luego los desechos de la actividad humana, sino también los límites de nuestro especieísmo en la trama de la existencia. No ha sido la excepción, sino más bien la regla, que en una constante nuestra especie haya aumentado en población, sobreutilizando el entorno y malogrando un desarrollo que deteriora el medio ambiente cada vez más. El ser humano ha escrito la historia de la humanidad de forma especieísta, ensalzando su rol histórico que ha hecho obra contra el ser ecológico. Sin embargo, aisladas y frágiles treguas entre animales humanos y no humanos posibilitan cuestionarnos el sentido y significado filosófico del conservacionismo en eras del más crudo especieísmo.
The cumulative scope of human action, combined with the techno-scientific power nowadays take our species not only to question the limits of the Earth capacity to assimilate and recycle the waste products of human activities, but also the limits of speciesism within the weave of existence. It has not been the exception but rather the rule, that our species has constantly increased its population, overusing the environment and ruining a development that deteriorates the environment increasingly. Human beings have written the history of humanity in a speciesist form, extolling their historic role which has made work against the ecological being. However, isolated and fragile truces between human and nonhuman animals allow questioning the meaning and philosophical significance of conservationism in an age of the crudest speciesism.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biodiversity , Animal Rights , Conservation of Natural Resources , Environmental Damage MinimizationABSTRACT
O artigo analisa a evolução das políticas públicas contra as secas praticadas no Nordeste a partir do período Colonial. Uma proposta de periodização com base nas políticas predominantes é apresentada. A periodização é organizada em cinco fases: 1) defrontando-se com as secas; 2) a busca do conhecimento; 3) a hidráulica da solução; 4) o desenvolvimento regional; 5) a gestão das águas e o desenvolvimento sustentável. As lógicas e os pensamentos dos principais intelectuais que deram suporte a essas políticas são objetos de análise e discussão.
The article analyzes the evolution of public policies against drought in the Northeast since the colonial period. A timeline based on the prevailing policies is proposed. The periodization was divided into five phases: 1) facing the droughts, 2) the construction of the knowledge, 3) the hydraulic phase of the solution, 4) the regional development, 5) the water management and sustainable development. The logic and the thoughts of the leading intellectuals who have supported these policies are subject to review and discussion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Arid Zone , Climate Effects , Droughts , Public Policy , Public Policy , Water Collection , Death , Environmental Damage Minimization , Infrastructure Projects , Poverty , Water ResourcesABSTRACT
Este artigo pretende contribuir com o debate sobre mudanças ambientais e climáticas no nível local a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa na cidade de São Paulo. Busca compreender como tais mudanças são entendidas pelos indivíduos e percebidas (ou não) no cotidiano, em particular para aqueles que vivem em aglomerados urbanos bastante adensados, nos quais as questões climáticas podem agravar os riscos aos quais estão expostos. Para a análise, as autoras consideram as especificidades de São Paulo, particularmente das duas localidades estudadas em profundidade, dialogando com reflexões críticas provenientes das Ciências Humanas e buscando destacar, neste movimento de resposta aos problemas urbanos e riscos climáticos, a importância de considerar a população como parte integrante, se não fundamental, para as mudanças socioambientais diante da crise que se aproxima.
This article aims to contribute to the recent debate of environmental and climate change at local level. Drawing on qualitative research in São Paulo city, we seek to comprehend how people understand and perceive (or not) environmental and climate change in their daily life, in particular whom are living in densely populated urban areas where climate issues may bring a set of hazards that would further exacerbate the urban problems and risks. In this analysis, we consider some specificities of São Paulo (including specificities of two neighborhoods which have been studied in depth), and make references to reflections and critical perspectives from Human Sciences. In this movement of responses to urban and climate issues, we seek to highlight the role of local communities, who are central to the societal and environmental changes to deal with the approaching crisis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , City Planning , Climate Change , Climatic Processes , Environmental Damage Minimization , Environment , Environmental Hazards , Sociology , Sustainable Development , Water Resources Planning , Dryness , Population Growth , Urban AreaABSTRACT
La provincia de Santiago de Cuba tiene concesionados 10 yacimientos donde se explotan geo-recursos destinados a la producción de materiales para la construcción. Las áreas dañadas por la explotación de materiales de la construcción en la provincia ocupan alrededor de 43 ha, lo cual provoca un fuerte impacto al medio ambiente. Por tal razón se propuso como Objetivo: elaborar un procedimiento para recuperar las áreas minadas en las canteras de materiales de construcción de Santiago de Cuba que permita lograr una minería responsable. En la metodología: se aplicaron métodos científicos que permitieron el análisis de los factores que influyen en la elección de los usos de recuperación en áreas minadas de la zona de estudio. Alcanzando como resultado: un procedimiento que consta de cinco etapas principales. Y como conclusión: se demostró que se puede mejorar la calidad ambiental, social y económica en las zonas afectadas por la actividad minera.
The province of Santiago de Cuba has 10 mining deposits franchised where geo-resources for production of building materials are exploited. The areas that are damaged by the exploitation of construction materials in the province occupy about 43 ha, which is provoking a strong environmental impact. For this reason the proposed objective of this research was: To develop a method to restore the areas affected by mining in the building materials quarries in Santiago de Cuba which allowed achieving responsible mining. Methodology: scientific methods were applied which allowed the analysis of the factors that influence in the selection of the restoration uses in mining areas in the study zone. Results: A process consisting of five major stages. Conclusion: it was demonstrated that it is possible to improve the environmental, social and economic quality in the areas affected by mining activities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Environment , Environmental Damage Minimization , Recycling , MiningABSTRACT
This study assesses the change in fish exploitation patterns of the sábalo fisheries of the lower Paraná River basin based on hydrological, biological, and fishery indicators. From historical catch records, we recorded a shift from a lightly and moderate exploited status before 2001 to a heavily exploited one, as a result of the development of sábalo exports from 2001 onwards. Channel and floodplain connectivity indices demonstrated that the Paraná exhibited highly favorable hydrological conditions between 1972 and 1999 but more adverse conditions from 1999 to 2009, as a consequence of flood pulses reduction coincident with a fishing mortality increment. A total catch of 15,000 tons, including local consumption, regional market, informal sales, and exportation volumes, was estimated as the maximum sustainable catch. That level was instead exceeded 3 fold in 2004, in parallel with a decrease in the mean fish length from 48 to 42 cm, along with a reduction in both the mesh size from 16 to 12 cm and megaspawner proportion, and an increase of fishing mortality. Although growth overfishing was not noted, an analysis of the spawning potential ratio trend indicated that recruitment overfishing took place during 2005, since the fishing mortality rate was 4 times greater than the natural mortality rate. These observations suggest that less favorable hydrological conditions after 1999 coupled with a coincident high fishing pressure could have impacted the sábalo population biomass. Management of sábalo fisheries requires to set aside a single economic vision of the resource use moving to an ecosystem-oriented approach that incorporate, among others components, the hydrological regime, species life history traits, fishing impacts on other species, and main stakeholders socioeconomic requirements as key elements for the preservation of fishery sustainability.
Este estudio evalúa el cambio en los patrones de explotación de las pesquerías de sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) en la baja cuenca del río Paraná basado en indicadores hidrológicos, biológicos y pesqueros. A partir de registros históricos de capturas se notó un desplazamiento de un estado de explotación ligera o moderada previa a 2001 a otro de explotación intensiva como resultado del desarrollo de una pesquería para exportación a partir de ese año. Los índices de conectividad hidrológica demostraron que el Paraná exhibió condiciones muy favorables para el sábalo entre 1972 y 1999, pero más adversas entre 1999 y 2009 al reducirse el caudal, que coincidió con un aumento en la mortalidad por pesca. Se estimó en 15.000 toneladas la captura máxima sostenible, incluyendo tanto la destinada al consumo local, venta informal y en mercados regionales, como la asignada a exportación. Este nivel, sin embargo, se triplicó en 2004, siendo acompañado por una disminución de la talla media y máxima de captura de 48 a 42 cm y de 64 a 58 cm respectivamente, una reducción de abertura de malla de 16 a 12 cm y un descenso en la proporción de megareproductores. Aun cuando no se detectó sobrepesca de crecimiento, el análisis de la tendencia de cambio del cociente de desove potencial muestra que hubo sobrepesca de reclutamiento en 2005, con stocks sobrepescados debido a que la tasa de mortalidad por pesca excedió en 4 veces la tasa de mortalidad natural. Estas observaciones sugieren que la existencia de condiciones hidrológicas menos favorables a partir de 1999, coincidentes con una elevada presión de pesca, pudieron haber impactado sobre la biomasa de esta especie. El manejo de esta pesquería requiere dejar de lado la visión exclusivamente economicista de uso del recurso ...
Subject(s)
Animals , Characiformes/anatomy & histology , Fishing Industry , Environmental Damage MinimizationABSTRACT
New information about the effects of seismic surveys on cetaceans is causing increasing concern about the impact of this type of activity on marine life. The effects described include behavioral responses and changes in vocalization patterns, diversion of migratory routes, damage to the auditory system, and an increase in strandings. Although such effects could affect the diversity of species in areas where seismic research has been carried out, there is no scientific information on this subject. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between seismic surveys, oceanographic data and diversity of cetaceans recorded in Brazil following the stepping up of seismic survey activities between 1999 and 2004. The study is based on oceanographic data from the Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA Project), sightings made during seismic surveys, progress reports from Brazilian research projects to the International Whaling Commission, Brazilian seismic survey reports available at the Escritório de Licenciamento de Petróleo e Nuclear of the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (ELPN-Ibama) and complementary data from the webpage of the Agencia Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (ANP). The results suggest a decrease in the diversity of species in the face of an increase in the number of seismic surveys during the years 2000 and 2001, even though there was no significant change in oceanographic patterns in this period, and that a relationship exists between diversity of cetaceans and intensity of seismic surveys between 1999 and 2004. It is recommended that data collection be improved in order to evaluate this hypothesis properly. The results suggest that species diversity might be used as a long-term indicator of the impact of seismic surveys on cetaceans.
Tem sido constante o surgimento de novas informações sobre o efeito das sísmicas marítimas em cetáceos, demonstrando uma crescente preocupação com essa atividade. Os efeitos da atividade incluem respostas comportamentais e mudanças nos padrões de vocalização, alterações nas rotas migratórias, danos no sistema auditivo e aumento dos encalhes. Embora todos esses efeitos possam afetar a diversidade de espécies nas áreas de realização de sísmicas marítimas, não existem informações acadêmicas nesse sentido. Este estudo buscou verificar as relações entre as sísmicas marítimas, dados oceanográficos e a diversidade de cetáceos registrados no Brasil após a intensificação das operações a partir de 1999 até o ano 2004. Foram utilizados dados de observações de cetáceos realizadas durante as sísmicas marítimas e complementadas por relatórios de progresso do Brasil enviados para a Comissão Internacional Baleeira, dados oceanográficos disponibilizados pelo projeto Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) e informações de sísmicas marítimas arquivadas no Escritório de Licenciamento de Petróleo e Nuclear do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Sustentáveis (ELPN-Ibama) e outras disponibilizadas na página da Internet da Agencia Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural (ANP). Os resultados indicam decréscimo na diversidade de espécies durante os anos 2000 e 2001, enquanto uma intensificação das sísmicas marítimas foi registrada para os mesmos anos. Os dados oceanográficos não apresentaram variações significativas entre os anos estudados. Os resultados sugerem alguma relação de efeito e causa entre a diversidade de cetáceos e a intensidade de sísmicas marítimas ocorridas no Brasil entre 1999 e 2004. O aprimoramento na coleta de dados com foco mais específico para avaliar os efeitos imediatos na diversidade é recomendado para melhor avaliação da hipótese e utilização da diversidade de espécies como indicador de longo...
Subject(s)
Cetacea/abnormalities , Cetacea/growth & development , Cetacea/injuries , Environment/analysis , Environment/adverse effects , Environmental Damage Minimization/analysis , Environmental Damage Minimization/adverse effectsABSTRACT
En el primer capítulo se detalla los conceptos generales e interdisciplinarios para comprender mejor el problemaen cuestión, tratándose de ir desde lo ambiental hacia lo jurídico. En el segundo, se introduce en el mundo jurídico, analizando la nueva concepción de la propiedad. En los capítulos tres y cuatr, se estudia la responsabilidad civil extracontractual y los mecanismos procesales en el derecho comparado respectivamente. Finalmente, el capítulo cinco desarrolla los principios, estrategias, metas e instrumentos rectores de una política ambiental dirigida a lograr un verdadero desarrollo sostenible. Asimismo, incluye las conclusiones y la bibliografía pertinentes