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1.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;31: e2024009, 2024. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1557931

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo analisa as reações dos católicos vinculados às associações leigas na cidade do Salvador, no período da gripe espanhola (1918) e da varíola (1919). Os jornais foram as principais fontes utilizadas para a identificação das festas e dos ritos, tanto dos praticados para pedir a intercessão dos santos quanto daqueles que foram suspensos em função da necessidade de isolamento social. Apesar de ambas as doenças serem transmissíveis e do curto espaço de tempo entre as duas epidemias, a análise das fontes evidenciou diferentes reações dos fiéis quanto às medidas de proteção e busca da cura.


Abstract This article analyzes the reactions of Catholics linked to lay associations in the city of Salvador, in the period of the Spanish flu (1918) and smallpox (1919). Newspapers were the main sources used to identify the festivals and rites, both those practiced to ask for the intercession of the saints, and those that were suspended due to the need for social isolation. In spite of both diseases being transmissible and the short interval between the two epidemics, the analysis of the sources showed different reactions from the faithful regarding the measures of protection and the search for a cure.


Subject(s)
Smallpox/history , Catholicism , Faith Healing , Influenza, Human/history , Epidemics/history , Religion and Medicine , Brazil , History, 20th Century
2.
Rev. Asoc. Méd. Argent ; 136(3): 31-38, sept. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1553365

ABSTRACT

La viruela fue una de las enfermedades epidémicas más temidas desde la antigüedad debido a su alta mortalidad y a las secuelas que dejaba en aquellos que lograban sobrevivir. En el presente trabajo se abordará el ingreso de esta enfermedad en nuestro continente, así como su manifestación a través de epidemias, brotes y focos endémicos. Al mismo tiempo se verá qué reacciones provocó dentro del ámbito médico durante los años del Virreinato del Río de la Plata. Se analizarán los problemas que surgieron con el uso de la vacuna importada, así como el hallazgo de nuestra vacuna local, finalizando con los comienzos de la organización de los servicios de vacunación obligatoria. (AU)


Smallpox was one of the most feared epidemic diseases since ancient times due to its high mortality and the sequelae caused in those that managed to survive. In the present work, the introduction of this disease into our continent will be addressed as well as its manifestation through epidemics, outbreaks, and endemic foci. At the same time, the reactions this disease caused inside the medical field during the years of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata will be observed. The problems that arose from the usage of the imported vaccine and the discovery of our local vaccine will be analyzed, and it will finish with the beginnings of the organization of the mandatory vaccination services. (AU)


Subject(s)
History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , Smallpox/history , Smallpox/epidemiology , Smallpox Vaccine/history , Americas , Smallpox/prevention & control , Mass Vaccination/organization & administration , Disease Outbreaks/history , Vaccination/history , Epidemics/history
3.
Prensa méd. argent ; Prensa méd. argent;109(1): 31-34, 20230000.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1427934

ABSTRACT

El cólera es una toxoinfección alimentaria ocasionada por la ingesta de agua y alimentos contaminados por el Vibrio cholerae. Es una de las enfermedades más antiguas de la humanidad y las primeras descripciones corresponden a Hipócrates. La primera epidemia documentada, sucedió en la India en 1817 y se extendió a Turquía y a los países árabes. En nuestro país, el primer brote ocurrió en 1856 en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, asociada a la llegada de navíos con enfermos y a las deficientes condiciones sanitarias de la ciudad. Los sucesivos brotes se acompañaron de una alta mortalidad, a tal punto que el Dr. José María Penna señaló que costó más vidas a la nación que la guerra con Paraguay. En el presente artículo se analizan los sucesivos brotes de cólera en nuestro país


Cholera is a food poisoning caused by the ingestion of food and water contaminated by Vibrio cholerae. It is one of the oldest diseases of humanity and the first descriptions correspond to Hippocrates. The first documented epidemic occurred in India in 1817 and spread to Turkey and the Arab countries. In our country, the first outbreak occurred in 1856 in the city of Bahía Blanca, associated with the arrival of ships with patients and poor sanitary conditions in the city. The successive outbreaks were accompanied by high mortality, to the point that Dr. José María Penna pointed out that it cost the nation more lives than the war with Paraguay. This article analyzes the successive outbreaks of cholera in our country


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cholera/history , Cholera/epidemiology , Epidemics/history
4.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;30(supl.1): e2023041, 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1506294

ABSTRACT

Resumen Estas notas abordan la proliferación de discursos con enfoques improvisados, desinformados, apocalípticos y voluntaristas. Enfatizan cuestiones como la ignorancia sobre la historia de las epidemias, y también la incapacidad para lidiar con las incertidumbres que reinan durante las pandemias, así como los anuncios que este extraordinario evento sanitario produciría un profundo parteaguas en todos los órdenes de la vida y en todos los rincones del mundo. Finalmente, estas notas buscan señalar cómo el presente puede iluminar el estudio del pasado - o, de modo más personal, lo que creo haber aprendido como historiador en los tiempos de la pandemia de la covid-19.


Abstract These notes address the proliferation of discourses with improvised, uninformed, apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches. They emphasize issues such as the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics, and the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times, as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world. Finally, these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past - or, more personally, what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the covid-19 pandemic.


Subject(s)
Address , Epidemics/history , COVID-19 , Disinformation , Historiography , History, 21st Century
6.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 31(2): e2021115, 2022. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1384890

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão narrativa foi elencar alguns aspectos históricos da vigilância epidemiológica, modelo tecnológico de intervenção inicialmente desenhado para auxiliar no controle das doenças transmissíveis, no último século. Métodos: Narrativa construída a partir de textos selecionados, para registrar o desenvolvimento da vigilância epidemiológica nos Estados Unidos e no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: São apresentadas as origens de algumas das ações componentes do repertório da vigilância epidemiológica, e uma breve história da construção do originalmente nomeado Center for Disease Control, agência dos Estados Unidos exemplar na forma como se faz vigilância em praticamente todo o mundo. Do mesmo modo, são delineados os caminhos que levaram à organização do sistema de vigilância no estado de São Paulo, traçando alguns paralelos com o sistema brasileiro. Conclusão: A narrativa é concluída com uma diferenciação conceitual entre vigilância epidemiológica, monitoramento e vigilância em saúde.


Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es enumerar algunos aspectos históricos de la vigilancia epidemiológica modelo tecnológico de intervención diseñado para apoyar en el control de las enfermedades transmisibles en el último siglo. Métodos: Narrativa construida a partir de textos seleccionados y la experiencia del autor, para registrar el desarrollo dsen en los Estados Unidos y en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Resultados: Se presentan los orígenes de algunas de las acciones que componen el repertorio de la vigilancia epidemiológica, así como una breve historia de la construcción del Center for Disease Control, una agencia de Estados Unidos que es ejemplar por la forma en que realiza la vigilancia en, prácticamente, todo el mundo. Asimismo, se delinean los caminos que llevaron a la organización del sistema de vigilancia en el estado de São Paulo, trazando algunos paralelos con el sistema brasileño. Conclusión: Finalmente, concluye con la diferenciación entre vigilancia epidemiológica, monitoreo y vigilancia en salud.


Objective: The objective of this narrative review was to list some historical aspects of epidemiological surveillance, a technological intervention model initially designed to help control communicable diseases in the last century. Methods: This narrative was built based on texts selected to record the development of epidemiological surveillance in the United States and in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: The origins of some of the actions that constitute epidemiological surveillance activities are presented, as well as a brief history of the establishment of the originally named Center for Disease Control, a United States agency that is held up as an example in relation to the way surveillance has been performed, practically all over the world. Likewise, we outline the paths that led to the establishment of the surveillance system in the state of São Paulo, drawing some parallels with the Brazilian system. Conclusion: The narrative concludes with a conceptual differentiation between epidemiological surveillance, monitoring and health surveillance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Population Surveillance/methods , Epidemics/history , Epidemiological Monitoring , United States/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./history , Health Surveillance System
7.
Rev. medica electron ; 43(5): 1469-1478, 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1352126

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Se describen los principales aspectos de la labor del Dr. Juan Guiteras con relación a la sanidad cubana y a los avances de la ciencia de su época. Se presenta la situación higiénico-epidemiológica y las principales actividades de control realizadas bajo su dirección. Se siguió el método histórico-lógico, apoyado en la técnica de la revisión documental. En documentos del Archivo Histórico Provincial José Jacinto Milanés, y en artículos científicos del período, se revisaron informaciones y estadísticas de las principales epidemias ocurridas en Cuba entre 1900 y 1925: viruela, paludismo, fiebre amarilla, poliomielitis, peste bubónica, la gripe de 1918-1919 y la tuberculosis. Estas enfermedades se caracterizaron por una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La respuesta institucional ante las epidemias fue acertada y oportuna, a partir de los recursos y avances científicos con los que contaban: permitió erradicar la fiebre amarilla (1908), la peste bubónica (1915), la viruela (1923), y disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la gripe, la tuberculosis, la fiebre tifoidea, la poliomielitis y el paludismo. El Dr. Guiteras tuvo una participación decisiva en el control de las epidemias y en la sanidad de la Isla, desde sus altos cargos en el ramo (AU).


ABSTRACT The main aspects of Juan Guiteras Gener's work in relation to Cuban health care and to the scientific advances of his times are described. The hygienic-epidemiological situation of those times and the main control activities carried out under his direction are presented. The historical-logical method was followed, based on documental review technique. Information and statistics of the main epidemics that occurred in Cuba in the period 1900-1925: smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, bubonic plague, 1918-1919 influenza, and tuberculosis were reviewed in documents of the Archivo Histórico Provincial José Jacinto Milanés[Provincial Historic Archive Jose Jacinto Milanes] and in scientific articles of the period. Those diseases were characterized by a high morbidity and mortality. The institutional answer toward epidemics was successful and timely, based on the resources and scientific advances then had: it allowed to eradicate yellow fever (1908), bubonic plague (1915), smallpox (1923) and decrease the morbidity and mortality of influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, poliomyelitis and malaria. Doctor Guiteras made a decisive contribution in the control of epidemics and health in the Island, due to his high responsibilities in the field (AU).


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Physicians/history , Disease/history , Science/history , Science/trends , Public Health/history , Cuba , Epidemics/history
8.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;28(3): 869-874, jul.-set. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339968

ABSTRACT

Resumen Este artículo describe el inicio de las preocupaciones sanitarias vinculadas a las epidemias ocurridas durante el siglo XX en La Pampa, provincia argentina. Las epidemias, como las de la viruela, fueron un estímulo para estas políticas que frecuentemente tuvieron origen en Buenos Aires, la capital del país. El contagio de muchas epidemias dependía de carencias de infraestructura: agua, desagüe y desecho adecuado de basuras, de la ausencia de un número suficiente de trabajadores de salud, de la presencia de vectores transmisores de enfermedades como los mosquitos y, en última instancia, de la pobreza. La experiencia histórica descrita en este texto resalta la importancia de analizar el impacto del SARS-CoV-2 más allá de las grandes ciudades.


Abstract This article describes the emergence of health concerns relating to the epidemics that occurred during the twentieth century in La Pampa, a province in Argentina. Epidemics such as smallpox drove such policies, which frequently originated in Buenos Aires, the country's capital. The spread of many epidemics was due to shortages: water, sewage and adequate refuse disposal, an insufficient number of health care workers, the presence of disease transmission vectors such as mosquitos, and, ultimately, poverty. The historical experience described in this text highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 beyond the big cities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Child , History, 20th Century , Smallpox/history , Epidemics/history , COVID-19/history , Argentina/epidemiology , Poverty/history , Sewage , Water Supply/history , Smallpox/prevention & control , Smallpox/epidemiology , Indians, South American/history , Indians, South American/statistics & numerical data , Refuse Disposal/history , Vaccination/history , Vaccination/legislation & jurisprudence , Cities/history , Cities/epidemiology , Health Personnel/history , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Disease Eradication/history , Disease Eradication/organization & administration , COVID-19/epidemiology , Health Policy/history , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , Insect Vectors , Military Personnel/history
9.
Rev. cuba. inform. méd ; 13(1): e401, ene.-jun. 2021.
Article in Spanish | CUMED, LILACS | ID: biblio-1251736

ABSTRACT

La COVID-19 ha desatado una emergencia internacional en Salud Pública al afectar millones de personas, provocar muertes, y causar una crisis humanitaria nunca antes vista. Esto ha saturado los sistemas de información en salud de los países afectados, donde resultan de utilidad las herramientas informáticas para el manejo de un gran número de casos, al menor costo económico posible. En este contexto resalta el paquete de programas epidemiológicos Epi InfoTM, que permite crear formularios electrónicos para la recolección de datos. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir las ventajas y facilidades de implementar Epi InfoTM para los casos de COVID-19. Con módulos para analizar la información mediante cálculos y representaciones de medidas epidemiológicas, además de crear mapas de casos sospechosos o confirmados, Epi InfoTM cuenta también con complementos para dispositivos móviles y la web; todos con experiencias probadas en situaciones de epidemias como la del Ébola, VIH y el MERS. Por lo que Epi InfoTM es una aplicación robusta y libre de costo muy útil para su implementación en los sistemas de información en salud para el manejo adecuado de casos de COVID-19(AU)


COVID-19 has unleashed an international Public Health emergency by affecting millions of people, causing deaths, and a humanitarian crisis never seen before. This has saturated the health information systems of the affected countries, where computer tools are useful for managing a large number of cases, at the lowest possible economic cost. In this context, the Epi InfoTM package of epidemiological programs which allows creating electronic forms for data collections, stands out in addition with modules to analyze the information through calculations and representations of epidemiological measures. It also allows creating maps of suspected or confirmed cases and has applications for mobile devices and web; all with proven experiences in epidemic situations such as Ebola, HIV, and the previous outbreaks of Coronavirus. Therefore, Epi InfoTM is a robust and free of cost application, very useful for its implementation in health information systems for the adequate management of COVID-19 cases(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Geographic Information Systems/standards , Epidemics/history , Epidemiological Monitoring , Health Information Systems/organization & administration , COVID-19/transmission
12.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 91(3): 440-448, jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1126184

ABSTRACT

Resumen: En nuestro país, la enfermedad meningocóccica presenta una baja endemia y alta letalidad, con exis tencia de brotes epidémicos, algunos de ellos de carácter histórico, como el acaecido durante la pri mera mitad del siglo pasado. La acción de un grupo de médicos, pioneros en los aspectos clínicos, de investigación y docencia, junto al personal de salud que constituía su equipo, inmersos en una política pública sanitaria exitosa, permitieron consolidar el cuidado necesario del niño enfermo de esta grave patología, como también de muchas otras, posibilitando así el desarrollo de una propuesta estructurada y científica a la luz del conocimiento disponible en aquella época. Por ello, luego de 80 años, es importante revisar los diversos aspectos clínicos, fisiopatológicos y terapéuticos, además del contexto hospitalario y social de esta exitosa historia del sistema de salud público chileno.


Abstract: In our country, meningococcal disease has a low endemic and high lethality, with epidemic out breaks; some of them of historical character, like the one happened during the first half of the last century. The action of a group of doctors, pioneers in clinical, research and teaching aspects, together with the health personnel that constituted their team, immersed in a successful public health policy, allowed to consolidate the necessary care of the sick child of this serious pathology, as well as many others, thus enabling the development of a structured and scientific proposal, in the light of the knowledge available at that time. Therefore, after 80 years, it is important to review the various clini cal, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects, in addition to the hospital and social context, of this successful history of the Chilean public health system.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Shock, Septic/history , Epidemics/history , Meningococcal Infections/history , Pediatrics/history , Shock, Septic/diagnosis , Shock, Septic/therapy , Shock, Septic/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Meningococcal Infections/diagnosis , Meningococcal Infections/therapy , Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology
13.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1097177

ABSTRACT

La historia de la humanidad ha estado marcada por devastadoras epidemias, muchas veces ocasionaron más muertes que las que se generaron en las guerras. Los conceptos de su origen, prevención y manejo han ido cambiando, atrás quedaron las creencias ancestrales de su origen mitológico, divino, un dios enfadado que al ver que su pueblo quebranta el programa de vida trazado decide castigarlo. Tucídides en la historia de la guerra del Peloponeso (428 A.C), documentó la Peste de Atenas con graves consecuencias económicas y estratégicas como la muerte de más 5.000 pobladores, 12.000 soldados e incluso con la muerte de Pericles.


Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus Infections , Epidemics/history , Betacoronavirus , Pandemics
14.
Salud pública Méx ; 62(1): 114-117, ene.-feb. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1365998

ABSTRACT

Resumen En este ensayo se discute la situación de la atención a la salud en Mesoamérica antes e inmediatamente después de 1519. En los primeros 50 años después de la Conquista, los españoles hicieron un uso muy extensivo de la medicina náhuatl. Sin embargo, con el tiempo, el ámbito de influencia de esta tradición se vio limitado debido a la rápida imposición de un sistema de atención muy diferente que poco aprovechó, entre otras cosas, la riqueza terapéutica de la medicina prehispánica.


Abstract This paper discusses the situation of healthcare in Mesoamerica before and immediately after 1519. In the first 50 years after the Conquest, the Spaniards made extensive use of Nahuatl medicine. However, the influence of this medical tradition was limited due to the rapid imposition of a very different medical system which took little advantage of, among other things, the therapeutic wealth of pre-Hispanic healing traditions.


Subject(s)
History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , Delivery of Health Care/history , Medicine, Traditional/history , Delivery of Health Care/ethnology , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Epidemics/history , Hospitals/history , Mexico
15.
Salud colect ; 16: e2129, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1101904

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, la provincia de Mendoza presentaba un estado sanitario marcado por el crecimiento demográfico y urbanístico, la escasez de los servicios públicos y la destrucción de la antigua ciudad colonial como consecuencia del terremoto de 1861, lo que propiciaba un ambiente favorable para el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades infectocontagiosas. El objetivo de este artículo es indagar cómo se fue profesionalizando y expandiendo el sistema de salud en la provincia de Mendoza a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, y cómo esos factores, junto con las representaciones sobre la enfermedad que predominaban en el discurso de la elite gobernante, incidieron en las políticas públicas para combatir las dolencias de la época. Para ello se consultaron diversos documentos escritos y fotográficos que permitieron analizar las modificaciones del discurso y las políticas públicas implementadas.


ABSTRACT From the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th, the province of Mendoza presented problematic sanitary conditions due to rapid demographic and urban growth, the scarcity of public services, and the poor state of the old colonial city (destroyed by the 1861 earthquake), which facilitated the spread of various infectious diseases. The objective of this article is to inquire into the ways in which the healthcare system in the province of Mendoza both expanded and became increasingly professionalized from the late 19th to early 20th century. We explore how these factors, along with the predominant social representations of disease that permeated the discourses of governing elites, influenced public policy aimed at combating the diseases of the time. To that end, we consulted a wide range of written documents and photographic material that allowed us to analyze changes in discourse as well as public policy.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Health Care Sector/history , Delivery of Health Care/history , Professionalism/history , Argentina , Politics , Public Policy/history , Social Conditions/history , Socioeconomic Factors/history , Urban Renewal/history , Quarantine/history , Hygiene/history , Communicable Diseases/history , Communicable Diseases/transmission , Population Growth , Health Care Sector/standards , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Epidemics/history , Social Determinants of Health/history , Health Services Accessibility/history
16.
Rev. Enferm. UERJ (Online) ; 27: :e40236, jan.-dez. 2019.
Article in Portuguese | BDENF, LILACS | ID: biblio-1024524

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: apresentar narrativa dos acontecimentos históricos sobre a epidemia de Influenza e suas interfaces com a saúde pública e enfermagem. Conteúdo: destaca-se a cultura, e os modos de ver a história ao longo dos anos para compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da Influenza no Brasil, suas epidemias e o que se apreendeu e construiu após 100 anos cuidando e estudando sobre este agravo durante as epidemias que ocorreram no Brasil. Conclusão: entender que a imunização é a estratégia mais eficaz no controle de doenças transmissíveis e, no caso da Influenza, como imunobiológico potente, deve ser o legado apreendido das grandes epidemias deste agravo, mas também, a vigilância e educação em saúde das populações para tal, principalmente com foco nos movimentos antivacinas.


Objective: to present a narrative of historical events regarding the influenza epidemic and its interfaces with public health and nursing. Content: the study highlights culture and ways of seeing history over the years, in order to understand the epidemiological behavior of influenza in Brazil, its epidemics, and what has been learned and built after 100 years' caring for and studying this condition during epidemics that occurred in Brazil. Conclusion: immunization is the most effective strategy for controlling communicable diseases and, in the case of Influenza, is a powerful immunobiological resource. This should be the legacy learned from the major epidemics of this disease, as well as health surveillance and education of the public for the same purpose, with a special focus on anti-vaccine movements.


Objetivo: presentar narrativa de los sucesos históricos sobre la epidemia de Influenza y sus interfaces con la salud pública y la enfermería. Contenido: se destacan la cultura y los modos de ver la historia a lo largo de los años, para comprender el comportamiento epidemiológico de la Influenza en Brasil, sus epidemias y lo que se aprendió y construyó después de 100 años cuidando y estudiando sobre este agravio durante las epidemias que ocurrieron en Brasil. Conclusión: entender que la inmunización es la estrategia más eficaz en el control de enfermedades transmisibles y, en el caso de la Influenza, como inmunobiológico potente, ese debe ser el legado comprendido de las grandes epidemias. Asimismo, se debe llevar en cuenta la vigilancia y la educación en salud de las poblaciones, principalmente con foco en los movimientos antivacunas.


Subject(s)
Brazil , Public Health , Immunization , Influenza, Human/history , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Epidemics/history , Nursing , Influenza, Human/diagnosis , Influenza, Human/etiology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Influenza, Human/blood
17.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;26(3): 823-839, jul.-set. 2019.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039955

ABSTRACT

Resumo O artigo analisa a chegada e identificação do mosquito africano Anopheles gambiae no Brasil em 1930 e as primeiras reações de cientistas e autoridades de saúde pública contra as epidemias de malária causadas por essa espécie. Apesar de ter sido reconhecido como perigoso vetor da malária, sua presença em território nacional foi negligenciada a partir de 1932, após ações emergenciais na capital do Rio Grande do Norte, favorecendo um alastramento silencioso que resultou em uma grande epidemia de malária em 1938. São abordadas questões científicas e políticas que contribuíram para que o combate ao mosquito fosse colocado em segundo plano nas articulações entre a Divisão Sanitária Internacional da Fundação Rockefeller e autoridades brasileiras até 1937.


Abstract The article analyzes the arrival and identification of the African mosquito Anopheles gambiae in Brazil in 1930, and the initial reactions of scientists and public health authorities against the epidemics of malaria caused by this species. Although this mosquito was recognized as a dangerous vector of malaria, its presence in Brazil was neglected after initial emergency actions in the city of Natal in 1932; this encouraged it to spread silently, resulting in a major malaria epidemic in 1938. This article examines scientific and political issues which caused the fight against mosquitoes to be pushed into the background until 1937 in cooperative efforts between the Rockefeller Foundation's International Health Division and the Brazilian authorities.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Mosquito Control/history , Epidemics/history , Mosquito Vectors , Malaria/history , Anopheles , Brazil/epidemiology , Mosquito Control/methods , Federal Government/history , Epidemics/prevention & control , Foundations/history , Malaria/epidemiology
18.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;26(2): 537-554, abr.-jun. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012195

ABSTRACT

Resumo Uma epidemia de varíola que vitimou fatalmente 1% da população de Porto Alegre em 1874 é o tema deste artigo. Com base em ampla pesquisa documental e no cruzamento de informações produzidas por ocasião da morte dos indivíduos atingidos durante o evento, buscamos problematizar as razões pelas quais a varíola apresentou-se em formato epidêmico na cidade. De posse dos mapas de vacinados nos anos anteriores à eclosão da epidemia, pudemos constatar a baixa adesão da população de Porto Alegre ao preventivo, cujo benefício poderia ser ignorado pelos distintos grupos sociais que teciam relações dentro da cidade. Com a chegada de soldados doentes, oriundos de outras localidades, a moléstia se espalhou rapidamente pela cidade, causando a morte de centenas de pessoas.


Abstract This article examines a smallpox epidemic which killed 1% of the population of Porto Alegre in 1874. Through extensive documentary research and comparison with data from those who died, we problematize why smallpox manifested as an epidemic in the city. Maps showing vaccination in the years preceding the outbreak reveal that only low levels of the population of Porto Alegre participated in prevention efforts, and the benefits of these efforts were ignored by the different social groups which were interconnected within the city. As sick soldiers arrived from other places, the disease spread rapidly through the city and caused the death of hundreds of people.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , History, 19th Century , Smallpox/history , Smallpox Vaccine/history , Epidemics/history , Brazil/epidemiology , Smallpox/transmission , Smallpox/epidemiology , Vaccination/history , Military Personnel/history
19.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;26(2): 445-464, abr.-jun. 2019. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1012202

ABSTRACT

Resumen Tras la Guerra Civil, las deficientes condiciones higiénico-dietéticas de gran parte de la población española favorecieron la aparición de enfermedades epidémicas. El tifus exantemático puso en jaque a las autoridades sanitarias, especialmente durante la primavera de 1941, cuando el ciclo epidemiológico de la enfermedad y la falta de infraestructuras se aliaron para provocar una grave crisis sanitaria. El régimen franquista, consciente de que esta situación dificultaba su legitimación, no dudó en utilizar la exclusión social como parte de su política sanitaria contra esta epidemia. El artículo analiza en profundidad el caso de Valencia, una ciudad que durante la guerra, por hallarse en la retaguardia republicana, había acogido sucesivas oleadas de refugiados a medida que avanzaban las tropas franquistas.


Abstract After the Spanish Civil War, poor hygiene and nutritional deficiencies among a large part of Spain's population contributed to the rise of epidemic diseases. Exanthematic typhus posed a challenge to the health authorities, especially during the spring of 1941, when the epidemiological cycle of the disease and the lack of infrastructures combined to create a serious health crisis. The Franco regime, aware that this situation posed a threat to its legitimacy, promptly used social exclusion as part of its health policy against the epidemic. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the case of Valencia, a city that was behind Republican lines during the war, and therefore received successive waves of refugees as Franco's troops advanced.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/history , Communicable Disease Control/history , Epidemics/history , Spain/epidemiology , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/prevention & control , Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne/epidemiology , Quarantine/history , Hygiene/history , Epidemics/prevention & control
20.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos;26(1): 187-207, Jan.-Mar. 2019. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-989874

ABSTRACT

Resumen El artículo busca indagar en los proyectos de disciplinamiento sancionados por el Estado de la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina) durante la epidemia de cólera ocurrida en el verano de 1886 y 1887. Si bien los planes tenían como finalidad mejorar el estado sanitario de toda la población y de la ciudad, apuntaron y se aplicaron con mayor intensidad sobre los sectores populares y sus espacios. Esto se debió a las ideas y representaciones que en torno de la enfermedad y la muerte construyó el grupo dirigente durante estos periodos.


Abstract The article takes a look into the disciplinary projects approved by the authorities in the province of Mendoza (Argentina) during the cholera epidemic that took place during the summer of 1886-1887. Although the projects were intended to ameliorate the sanitary conditions of the whole of the population, these were focused and applied more intensively on the underprivileged sectors and their areas of inhabitance. This follows the ideas and representations created by the State regarding the illness and its death during this period.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , Sanitation/history , Cholera/history , Epidemics/history , Argentina/epidemiology , Poverty Areas , Cholera/prevention & control , Cholera/epidemiology , Epidemics/prevention & control
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