Frontoplastia endoscópica para tratamiento del envejecimiento facial / Endoscopic Frontoplasty for Treating Facial Aging

Introducción: En el concepto moderno de rejuvenecimiento facial, lo principal es conseguir un resultado natural sin marcas quirúrgicas. El lifting endoscópico fronto-témporo-orbitario es en la actualidad, el mejor método para conseguirlo. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de la técnica de frontoplastia endoscópica para el tratamiento del envejecimiento facial. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de una serie de 28 casos con diagnóstico de envejecimiento facial atendidos en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso en el período comprendido entre enero de 2014 hasta enero de 2017. Se estudiaron las variables de: sexo, edad, estado civil, escolaridad, raza, tiempo quirúrgico y complicaciones transoperatorias. Resultados: La edad media fue de 54,4 (40-73) años. Predominó el sexo femenino (89,3 por ciento). El nivel medio de escolaridad 61,5 por ciento, estado civil casado 52,0 por ciento. La ptosis de las cejas con presencia de arrugas frontales y glabelares fue el diagnóstico más frecuente 13; 46,4 por ciento. El tiempo quirúrgico medio fue 80,9 (40-120) minutos. No existieron complicaciones intraoperatorias, conversiones, ni reintervenciones. En 27 pacientes (96,4 por ciento) hubo permanencia de los resultados en el tiempo. Se presentaron complicaciones en 4 pacientes (14,3 por ciento). Hubo 19 pacientes atendidos de manera ambulatoria (67,9 por ciento), con estancia hospitalaria de un día (32,1 por ciento). La totalidad mostró satisfacción con los resultados obtenidos. Conclusiones: La frontoplastia endoscópica es un método poco invasivo y muy efectivo para reposicionar las cejas descendidas además tratar las arrugas frontales y glabelares(AU)

Introduction: In the modern concept of facial rejuvenation, the main thing is to achieve a natural result without surgical marks. The endoscopic fronto-temporo-orbital lifting is currently the best method to achieve this. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the endoscopic frontoplasty technique for the treatment of facial aging. Methods: A descriptive observational study of a series of 28 cases with a diagnosis of facial aging treated at the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery in the period from January 2014 to January 2017 was carried out. The variables of: sex, age, marital status, schooling, race, surgical time and intraoperative complications. Results: The mean age was 54.4 (40-73) years. The female sex prevailed (89.3 percent). The average level of schooling 61.5 percent, married marital status 52.0 percent. Ptosis of the eyebrows with the presence of frontal and glabellar wrinkles was the most frequent diagnosis 13; 46.4 percent. The mean surgical time was 80.9 (40-120) minutes. There were no intraoperative complications, conversions, or reinterventions. In 27 patients (96.4 percent) there was permanence of the results over time. Complications occurred in 4 patients (14.3 percent). There were 19 patients treated as outpatients (67.9 percent), with a hospital stay of one day (32.1 percent). All showed satisfaction with the results obtained. Conclusions: Endoscopic foreheadoplasty is a minimally invasive and very effective method for repositioning lowered eyebrows, as well as treating frontal and glabellar wrinkles(AU)

Uleritema ofriógenes como entidad asociada al síndrome 18p- en un paciente pediátrico / Ulerythema ophryogenes as an entity associated with 18p- syndrome in a pediatric patient

El uleritema ofriógenes es un trastorno cutáneo benigno y poco frecuente que se presenta habitualmente en la infancia. Se caracteriza por pápulas foliculares eritematosas y queratósicas en el lateral de las cejas, que con el tiempo suelen evolucionar a alopecia cicatricial. Dicha entidad puede aparecer como manifestación clínica aislada o asociada a varios síndromes congénitos (18p-, Cornelia de Lange, Noonan y Rubinstein- Taybi, entre otros). Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 13 años con síndrome 18p- que consultó por lesiones puntiformes rugosas al tacto y pérdida de pelo en ambas cejas (uleritema ofriógenes), así como por hiperqueratosis pilar en brazos. Esta tríada, conocida como síndrome de Zouboulis, ha sido poco descrita en la literatura. Se considera que el reconocimiento del uleritema ofriógenes es de crucial importancia ya que, ante su presencia, debería realizarse una anamnesis y una exploración física exhaustivas en búsqueda de otras alteraciones que pudieran orientar a la existencia de un trastorno genético subyacente.

Ulerythema ophryogenes is a benign and rare skin disorder commonly presenting in childhood. It is characterized by erythematous and keratotic follicular papules located on the side of the eyebrows, and which over time tends to evolve into scarred alopecia. This entity may appear as an isolated clinical manifestation or associated with several congenital syndromes (18p-, Cornelia de Lange, Noonan, Rubinstein-Taybi, among others). We present a 13-year-old male with 18p- syndrome who consults for rough lesions and hair loss in both eyebrows (ulerythema ophryogenes), as well as for hyperkeatosis pilaris in both arms. This triad, known as Zouboulis syndrome, has been rarely reported in the literature. We consider that the recognition of ulerythema ophryogenes is of crucial importance since, in view of its presence, comprehensive anamnesis and physical examination should be performed in search of other alterations that could guide the existence of an underlying genetic disord

Long-term comparison of the efficacies of internal and external browpexy combined with blepharoplasty / Comparação a longo prazo da eficácia de browpexy interna ou externa associada à blefaroplastia

ABSTRACT Purpose: To perform a long-term comparison of the quantitative efficacy of internal and external browpexy in combination with upper-lid blepharoplasty based on lateral and central eyebrow positions. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated internal and external browpexy with upper-lid blepharoplasty surgeries that were performed during the period between January 2012 and December 2017 in the oculoplastic surgery department of our hospital. Patients who had undergone periorbital and forehead surgery, who had ophthalmologic or neurological diseases, and who were Botox users were not included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative measurements were made on photographs taken in the same position. The distances from the pupil center and from the point of intersection between the horizontal line passing through the pupil and the vertical line passing through the lateral canthus to the upper eyebrow borders were measured. Photogrammetric analysis of eyebrow position was analyzed using Corel Draw software. Results: Preoperative and postoperative photographs of 70 eyelids were analyzed. Measurements were taken 24 months after surgery. Mean elevations of 2.10 and 3.19 mm were observed in the central region and lateral regions, respectively, in the internal browpexy group. These elevations were 2.66 and 3.03 mm in the external browpexy group and 0.48 and 0.55 mm in the control group. Eyebrow elevations in the central and lateral regions were not significantly different from baseline in the control group (p=0.126 and p=0.25). Internal and external browpexy showed statistically similar elevation values in the central and lateral regions (p=0.636 and p=0.342). Conclusions: External and internal browpexy surgery afforded adequate and similar elevations of the central and lateral brow, which were significantly different from those in the standard blepharoplasty group during long-term follow-up.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a comparação, a longo prazo, da eficácia quantitativa da sobrancelha interna e externa em combinação com a blefaroplastia da pálpebra superior com base nas posições lateral e central da sobrancelha. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou as cirurgias interna e externa da braquiterapia com blefaroplastia de pálpebra superior realizadas entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2017 no setor de cirurgia Oculoplástica de nosso hospital. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia periorbitária e frontal, com doenças oftalmológicas ou neurológicas e usuários de Botox não foram incluídos no estudo. Medidas pré e pós-operatórias foram feitas em fotografias tiradas na mesma posição. Foram medidas as distâncias do centro da pupila e do ponto de intersecção entre a linha horizontal que passa pela pupila e a linha vertical que passa pelo canto lateral do olho até as bordas superiores da sobrancelha. A análise fotogramétrica da posição da sobrancelha foi analisada usando o software Corel Draw. Resultados: Foram analisadas fotografias pré e pós-operatórias de 70 pálpebras. As medidas foram feitas 24 meses após a cirurgia. Elevações médias de 2,10 e 3,19 mm foram observadas na região central e laterais, respectivamente, no grupo de sobrancelha interna. Essas elevações foram de 2,66 e 3,03 mm no grupo da sobrancelha externa e 0,48 e 0,55 mm no grupo controle (p=0,126, p=0,25). A sobrancelha interna e externa apresentou valores de elevação estatisticamente semelhantes nas regiões central e lateral (p=0,636, p=0,342). Conclusões: Cirurgia de sobrancelha externa e interna proporcionam elevações adequadas e semelhantes nas sobrancelhas central e lateral que foram significativamente diferentes daqueles no grupo de blefaroplastia padrão no acompanhamento a longo prazo.

Procedimentos cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos para elevação das sobrancelhas: revisão sistemática e fluxograma de abordagem / Surgical and non-surgical procedures for eyebrow lift: systematic review and decision flowchart

Introdução: Realizar levantamento na literatura médica sobre os tratamentos cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos da ptose de sobrancelha e apresentar um fluxograma de decisão para elevação da sobrancelha. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura disponível no banco de dados da PUBMED seguindo critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Elaboração de um fluxograma para abordagem da queda de sobrancelha baseado na experiência dos autores. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma abundância de artigos descrevendo diversas táticas cirúrgicas e não cirúrgicas para correção da ptose de supercílio. As táticas cirúrgicas mais comuns foram a elevação interna do supercílio, elevação direta, elevação via temporal e ritidoplastia coronal / pré-triquial / endoscópica. Para a abordagem não cirúrgica foram encontradas o uso de toxina botulínica, preenchimento e fios de sustentação. Conclusão: Há diversas táticas cirúrgicas e não cirúrgicas descritas na literatura para elevação da sobrancelha, demonstrando que não há uma tática ideal para todos os pacientes. O uso de fluxograma pode ajudar a realizar uma abordagem sistemática e personalizada e considerando característica de cada paciente.

Introduction: To review the medical literature regarding the surgical and non-surgical treatments of eyebrow ptosis and to present a decision flowchart for eyebrow lift. Methods: A systematic review of the literature available was held in PUBMED following inclusion and exclusion criteria. A flowchart was elaborated to systematize the approach to eyebrow ptosis based on the experience of the authors. Results: Several articles were included describing a variety of surgical and non-surgical correction techniques for eyebrow ptosis. The most common surgical approaches were internal eyebrow elevation, direct elevation, temporal elevation, and coronal/pretrichial/endoscopic rhytidoplasty. The non-surgical approaches found were botulinum toxin injections, fillers, and fixation threads. Conclusion: There are several surgical and non-surgical procedures described in the literature for lifting of the eyebrow, demonstrating that there is no ideal method for all patients. The use of a flowchart can help carry out a systematic and personalized approach according to the characteristics of each patient.

Alteraciones estomatognáticas del síndrome 3M: reporte de dos casos / Stomatognathic alterations of 3m syndrome: two cases report

Resumen El síndrome 3M es un desorden autosómico recesivo, heterogéneo, poco común, llamado así por los tres investigadores que lo describieron por primera vez, Miller, Mckusck y Malvaux. Las características principales son retraso en el crecimiento prenatal y postnatal severo, dismorfias faciales y anomalías radiológicas. En sus manifestaciones estomatológicas presentan dolicocefalia, abombamiento frontal, cara triangular, labios gruesos, cejas pobladas, hipoplasia maxilar severa, facies melancólicas, retraso en la erupción dental severa y falta de crecimiento del macizo facial. El objetivo del artículo es la descripción de casos gemelares de 8 años y 6 meses de edad, que acuden a la Clínica de Atención Dental Avanzada de la Universidad de Monterrey, con confirmación del síndrome 3M por prueba sanguínea a los 4 años de edad por parte del Servicio de Genética del Hospital Universitario. Se realiza rehabilitación bucal de ambas niñas, y, posteriormente, son referidas a interconsulta con ortodoncia interceptiva. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(2): 59-65

Abstract 3M syndrome is very rare, it's a heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder named after 3 researches who described it for the first time, Miller, Mckusck and Malvaux. Whose main characteristic are; delayed prenatal growth, severe postnatal growth, facial dysmorphia, radiological abnormalities, presence of dolichocephaly, frontal bulging, triangular face, thick lips, raised eyebrows, severe maxillary hypoplasia, melancholic facies, delayed severe dental eruption, lack of facial mass growth. The objective of the article is the description of twin cases that come to the Advanced Dental Care Clinic of the University of Monterrey; 8 years 6 months old, with confirmation of the 3M syndrome, with a blood test at 4 years of age by the Genetics Service of the University Hospital. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(2): 59-65

Analysis of long-term outcomes after surgery in patients with severe blepharoptosis

BACKGROUND: Blepharoptosis is the drooping of the margin of the upper eyelid, which narrows the palpebral fissure and makes it difficult to open the eye. Various surgical methods are used to correct blepharoptosis and have been investigated in different studies. After surgery, blepharoptosis can relapse over time, which affects a patient’s satisfaction with the operation. However, few studies have investigated the long-term outcomes of patients after blepharoptosis surgery. METHODS: From 1991 to 2013, 325 patients (480 eyelids) underwent frontalis muscle transfer or Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement in our clinic. We analyzed 12 patients (13 eyelids) with severe ptosis who had been followed-up for more than 5 years. Six patients underwent frontalis muscle transfer for the correction of seven eyelids, while Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement was performed on six patients (six eyelids). The marginal reflex distance (MRD1), area of corneal exposure (ACE), and height of the eyebrow were used to analyze the objective outcomes, and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory questionnaire was used for the analysis of subjective patient satisfaction. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the MRD1, ACE, and eyebrow height between the two methods used to correct ptosis. However, over the long-term (>5 years), the MRD1, ACE, and eyebrow height were better maintained in patients who underwent Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement than in patients who received frontalis muscle transfer. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgeries were effective for blepharoptosis correction. However, Müller-aponeurosis composite flap advancement was better for long-term maintenance after surgery than frontalis muscle transfer.

A case of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia presenting with pyrexia, atopic eczema, and food allergy

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED) is a rare hereditary disorder with a triad of sparse hair, dental hypoplasia, and anhidrosis. Here we report a case of AED with food allergy and atopic eczema. The patient was a 11-month-old boy admitted to our hospital with pyrexia for 2 weeks. He presented with a history of dry skin, eczema, and food allergy to egg. On clinical examination, his body temperature was 38.8°C, with dry skin and eczema almost all over the body, sparse eyebrows, and scalp hair. Laboratory investigations and physical examination did not show any evidence of infection. Radioallergosorbent test was positive to egg yolk, egg white, ovomucoid, milk, house dust, and house dust mite. As the child did not sweat despite the high fever, we performed the sweat test which revealed a total lack of sweat glands. Genetic examination revealed a mutation of the EDA gene and he was diagnosed as AED. His pyrexia improved upon cooling with ice and fan. His mother had lost 8 teeth and her sweat test demonstrated low sweating, suggestive of her being a carrier of AED. Atopy and immune deficiencies have been shown to have a higher prevalence in patients with AED. Disruption of the skin barrier in patients with AED make them more prone to allergic diseases such as atopic eczema, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergy. Careful assessment of the familial history is essential to differentiate AED when examining patients with pyrexia of unknown origin and comorbid allergic diseases.

Surgical treatment of esotropia and unilateral ptosis in a patient with Cornelia de Lange syndrome / 영남의대학술지

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multisystemic disorder that is characterized by mental retardation, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, limb anomalies, and distinctive facial features, which include arched eyebrows that often meet in the middle (synophrys), long eyelashes, low-set ears, small and widely spaced teeth, and a small and upturned nose. Ophthalmic manifestations include long eyelashes, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, myopia, ptosis, and strabismus. There has been no report of surgical treatment for esotropia and unilateral ptosis in patients with CdLS in Korea. I report a patient with CdLS who underwent surgical treatment for esotropia and unilateral ptosis with a good surgical outcome.

Comparison between Subjective Scoring and Computer-Based Asymmetry Assessment in Facial Nerve Palsy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a PC-based facial asymmetry assessment program (PC-FAAP) and to compare the results of PC-FAAP with subjective regional scoring by raters in acute unilateral peripheral facial nerve paralysis (FNP). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Participants were divided into 3 groups with 8 participants per group: group I, normal; group II, mild to moderate FNP; and group III, severe FNP. Using the PC-FAAP, the mouth asymmetry ratio (MAR), eyebrow asymmetry ratio (EAR), and complete eye closure asymmetry ratio (CAR) were calculated by comparing the movement of tracking points on both sides. The FNP grading scale (FGS) integrated each score, and the scores were weighted with a ratio of 5:3:2 (MAR:CAR:EAR). Subjective regional scoring was measured on a 0-100 scale score by three otologists. PC-FAAP and subjective scoring were compared in each group regarding the consistency of the results. RESULTS: The mean scores of the MAR, EAR, CAR, and FGS of each group were significantly different. PC-FAAP showed significant differences between the three groups in terms of MAR, EAC, CAR, and FGS. PC-FAAP showed more consistent results than subjective assessment (p < 0.001). The PC-FAAP was significantly more consistent in group I and group III (p < 0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). FGS in group III was the only parameter that showed a more consistent result in PC-FAAP than the subjective scoring (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: An FNP grading system using a PC-based program may provide more consistent results, especially for severe forms.

Repigmentation of Eyebrow Leukotrichia in Segmental Vitiligo Treated with Suction Blister Epidermal Grafting Following Hair Plucking

No abstract available.

Analysis of subbrow upper blepharoplasty by measuring the lid-to-brow distance

BACKGROUND: Conventional upper blepharoplasty through a supratarsal incision is commonly performed for periorbital rejuvenation. However, the drawbacks of this technique include insufficient removal of lateral hooding and an unnatural postoperative appearance. Subbrow upper blepharoplasty with submuscular fascia fixation was developed to avoid these shortcomings. Herein, we report our experiences with this technique and present an objective analysis of the results. METHODS: Subbrow upper blepharoplasty was performed in 30 patients between June 2016 and October 2017. All patients had preoperative frontal view photographs, and the distance from the upper lid margin to the lower edge of the eyebrow was measured at the lateral limbus (LBD-L). RESULTS: Between preoperative and postoperative measurements, the LBD-L was shortened by an average of 0.800 and 0.833 mm on the right and left, respectively (P=0.047 and P=0.070). Most patients were satisfied with their aesthetic appearance and the improvement of their visual field. CONCLUSIONS: The lid-to-brow distance was minimally changed by the procedure, but the results were aesthetically favorable. This seemingly paradoxical finding is explained by the characteristics of the surgical procedure and the related anatomy. Among the various possible blepharoplasty techniques, subbrow upper blepharoplasty with submuscular fascia fixation has definite value for Asians.

Peripheral osteoma on the medial eyebrow successfully extracted while preserving supratrochlear nerve

Osteomas are benign, slow-growing osteogenic lesions frequently found in the craniomaxillofacial region. They can be classified as peripheral, central, or extraskeletal. Reactive mechanisms to trauma or infection, as well as muscle traction, are thought to play a major role in the development of peripheral osteomas. In the present report, a 41-year-old woman presented with a slow-growing, painless mass on her left eyebrow. She had suffered trauma 15 years prior. In the computed tomography scan, a 2.5 × 2 × 0.7-cm radio-opaque tumor was detected just medial to the left supraorbital foramen, and a peripheral osteoma was clinically diagnosed. An elective operation under general anesthesia was planned. Following a suprabrow incision, subcutaneous and intramuscular dissection was performed. In the surgical plane deep to the corrugator muscles and superficial to periosteum, a branch of the supratrochlear nerve was encountered and preserved using a vessel loop. The osteoma beneath the periosteum was extracted in multiple fragments using a chisel and mallet to minimize trauma to the nerve. Contour and facial symmetry were corrected. To use a suprabrow incision, the surgeon must understand neighboring anatomical structures, including the course of the supratrochlear and supraorbital neurovascular bundles. When these structures are located adjacent to tumor lesions, careful surgical maneuvers should be performed to preserve them.

Phthirus pubis Infestation of the Scalp: A Case Report and Review of The Literature

Phthirus pubis usually infests the pubis, groin, buttocks and perianal region. It can sometimes infest the thighs, abdomen, chest, axillae and beard. Eyelashes and eyebrows may be involved in children. The involvement of the scalp is very rare. We describe a case of P. pubis infestation located exclusively on the scalp in an adult woman. Neither lice/nits nor skin lesions were observed elsewhere, including eyebrows, eyelashes, axillae, pubis, buttocks and perianal region (the patient was hairless in the axillae and pubis). A review of the literature is enclosed.

Delayed formation of sterile abscess after zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture treatment with bioabsorbable plates

We present a patient who showed a sterile abscess after facial bone fixation with bioabsorbable plates and screws. He had zygomaticomaxillary complex and periorbital fracture due to falling down. The displaced bones were treated by open reduction and internal fixation successfully using bioabsorbable plate system. However, at postoperative 11 months, abrupt painless swelling was noted on the previous operation sites, left lateral eyebrow and lower eyelid. By surgical exploration, pus-like discharge and degraded materials were observed and debrided. The pathologic analysis revealed foreign body reaction with sterile abscess. This complication followed by bioabsorbable device implantation on maxillofacial bone surgery has been rarely reported in which we call attention to the maxillofacial plastic surgeons.

Intradermal Injection of Botulinum Toxin: A Safer Treatment Modality for Forehead Wrinkles

Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A (BTXA) is commonly used for the treatment of forehead wrinkles. In practice, physicians often use an intradermal injection for this purpose, as they feel that there is a lower risk of adverse effects compared with intramuscular injection. However, there are no direct comparative studies between those two injection modalities. We conducted a 24-week long, double-blinded, split-face, pilot study of three participants to compare the efficacy and safety of intradermal or intramuscular injection of BTXA for the treatment of forehead wrinkles. Maximum improvement of wrinkles and the time to achieve maximum effect were similar for both methods. The brow level was lower on the intramuscular injection side throughout the follow-up period for all participants. Subjective satisfaction with wrinkles was similar on both sides, but patients felt more heaviness of the eyebrow on the intramuscular side. No serious side effects were noted. In conclusion, the anti-wrinkle effect of BTXA was not significantly different between intramuscular and intradermal injections. However, side effects such as eyebrow ptosis, and heaviness were more prominent after intramuscular injection.

Forehead reconstruction using modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flaps for severe skin necrosis after filler injection

Varying degrees of complications can occur after hyaluronic acid filler injections. Tissue necrosis due to interruption of the vascular supply is an early complication that can be severe. If the site of tissue necrosis due to the filler injection is the forehead, successfully reconstructing the region without distorting the key landmarks is challenging. We describe the case of a 50-year-old man who experienced widespread forehead skin necrosis after hyaluronic acid filler injection in the glabellar area. We successfully covered the forehead area with a 3×4-cm² midline necrotic tissue using the modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flap method. Although modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flap closure has the disadvantage of leaving a longer scar compared to conventional double-opposing rotation-advancement flap closure, the additional incision line made along the superior border of the eyebrow aids in camouflaging the scar and decreases eyebrow distortion. Therefore, it is believed that the modified double-opposing rotation-advancement flap technique is an excellent tool for providing adequate soft tissue coverage and minimal free margin distortion when reconstructing widespread skin necrosis in the central mid-lower forehead that can occur after filler injection in the glabellar area.

Delayed Granulomatous Reaction Occurring after Eyebrow Tattooing / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Evaluation of the donor site after the median forehead flap

BACKGROUND: Forehead flaps are useful for facial reconstruction. Studies of these flaps have mostly focused on the results of the reconstruction. However, due to the scarring and changes on the forehead caused by the median forehead flap (MFF), surgeons may be reluctant to perform this flap. Research into the donor site is needed for practical purposes. METHODS: We examined 42 patients who underwent an MFF at Pusan National University Hospital from 1996 to 2016. Based on a retrospective chart review, we examined the occurrence of complications. We also evaluated scars on the forehead using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and assessed changes in the eyebrow position of 22 patients. RESULTS: No complications occurred in the 42 patients. The mean VSS score of the 22 patients was 2.8±0.79. The ratio of the height of the eyebrow on each side to the distance between the medial canthi increased postoperatively, meaning that both the left and right brows were elevated slightly (P=0.026 and P=0.014). However, the symmetry between the left and right sides did not change (P=0.979). The ratio of the interbrow distance to the distance between the medial canthi decreased slightly, meaning that the interbrow distance narrowed mildly (P < 0.001). Moreover, there were no noticeable changes in the brow position as seen in a photo overlay. CONCLUSIONS: There were no notable complications in the forehead. Forehead scarring was acceptable. No change in brow symmetry was observed via photographic measurements and a photo overlay. Therefore, we propose that the MFF is a useful choice for minimizing scarring or deformation of the donor site.

Reduction of Closed Frontal Sinus Fractures through Suprabrow Approach

BACKGROUND: The traditional approach for reduction of frontal sinus fractures is coronal incision. Inherent complications of the coronal approach include long scar, hair loss, and long operation time. We describe a simple approach for the reduction of frontal sinus anterior wall fractures using a suprabrow incision that is commonly used for brow lift. METHODS: From March 2007 to October 2016, the authors identified patients with anterior wall frontal sinus fractures treated by open reduction through a suprabrow incision. Only cases with photographic/radiographic documentation and a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included. The incision line was designed to be at the upper margin of the eyebrow. Medical records and radiographic data were retrospectively reviewed. Surgical outcomes, cosmetic results, and complication were assessed. The patient scale of the patient and observer scar assessment scale was used to assess patient satisfaction for incisional scar at the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients underwent fracture reduction through a suprabrow approach during the study period, with a mean follow-up of 41 months. No patients showed any recurrent displacement, eyebrow asymmetry, or infection during follow-up. Thirteen patients reported their forehead paresthesia postoperatively, and 12 of them had preoperative symptom. One patient complained of incisional scar and underwent scar revision. All patients were satisfied with their eyebrow and forehead contour. CONCLUSION: The suprabrow approach allowed for an accurate reduction of the fractures in the anterior wall frontal sinus by providing direct visualization of the fracture. This transcutaneous approach can effectively restore forehead contour with acceptable postoperative complications and patient satisfaction.