Antecedentes e elementos da vinculação do programa de alimentação escolar do Brasil com a agricultura familiar / Antecedentes y elementos de la vinculación del programa de alimentación escolar de Brasil con la agricultura familiar / Background and elements of the linkage between the Brazilian school feeding program and family farming

Resumo: Desde 2009, legislação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar do Brasil (PNAE) institucionaliza a sua vinculação com a agricultura familiar ao estabelecer a obrigatoriedade de que, pelo menos, 30% do total dos recursos financeiros repassados pelo governo federal aos estados e municípios para a alimentação escolar devem ser utilizados na compra de produtos diretamente desse setor. Este estudo analisa o processo de construção desta legislação mediante contextualização histórica, focando nos elementos relacionados à compra da agricultura familiar e, também, apresenta uma representação gráfica com os principais elementos da vinculação: objetivos, público-alvo, ações implementadas e resultados esperados. Foram entrevistados atores envolvidos na construção da legislação. As análises evidenciam que a compra da agricultura familiar pelo PNAE é uma iniciativa de amplo alcance, do ponto de vista conceitual, de execução e de resultados. Também se evidenciou que, para o seu êxito, é fundamental uma ampla articulação entre os atores e órgãos dos vários setores envolvidos, assim como múltiplas estratégias implementadas pelas distintas esferas de governo. Dessa maneira, setores da educação, agricultura, planejamento, compras e sociedade civil devem articular-se em nível nacional, estadual e local. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que iniciativas como essas, de compras institucionais da agricultura familiar, que estão sendo implantadas atualmente em vários países, configuram-se como importante estratégia de segurança alimentar e nutricional, de cumprimento do direito humano à alimentação adequada e de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável a longo prazo.

Resumen: Desde 2009, la legislación del Programa de Nacional Alimentación Escolar de Brasil (PNAE) institucionaliza su vinculación con la agricultura familiar, al establecer la obligatoriedad de que por lo menos un 30% del total de los recursos financieros asignados por el gobierno federal a los departamentos y municipios para la alimentación escolar, deben ser utilizados en la compra de productos directamente de ese sector. Este estudio analiza el proceso de creación de esta legislación, mediante contextualización histórica, enfocándose en los elementos relacionados con la compra de la agricultura familiar y, también, presenta una representación gráfica con los principales elementos de la vinculación: objetivos, público-objetivo, acciones implementadas y resultados esperados. Se entrevistaron a actores involucrados en la construcción de la legislación. Los análisis evidencian que la compra de la agricultura familiar por parte del PNAE es una iniciativa de amplio alcance, desde el punto de vista conceptual, de ejecución y de resultados. También se evidenció que, para su éxito, es fundamental una amplia articulación entre los actores y órganos de los diferentes sectores involucrados, así como múltiples estrategias implementadas por las distintas esferas de gobierno. De esta manera, sectores de educación, agricultura, planeamiento, compras y sociedad civil deben coordinarse en nivel nacional, departamental y local. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que iniciativas como estas, de compras institucionales de la agricultura familiar, que están siendo implantadas actualmente en varios países, constituyen importante estrategia de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, de cumplimiento del derecho humano a la alimentación adecuada y de promoción del desarrollo sostenible a largo plazo.

Abstract: Since 2009, legislation of the National School Feeding Program of Brazil (PNAE) institutionalizes its linkage with family farming as it establishes the requirement that at least 30% out of the total financial resources allocated by the federal government to the states and municipalities for school feeding must be used in the purchase of products directly from this sector. This study analyzes the process of drafting this legislation, focusing on the elements related to the procurement from family farming, through a historical contextualization, and it also presents a graphical representation with the main elements of this linkage: its objectives, target population, actions implemented and expected results. Actors involved with the drafting of the legislation were interviewed. The analyses show that the procurement from family farming is a far-reaching initiative in terms of the concept, execution and results. It has also showed that a strong articulation between the actors and institutions of the different sectors involved is critical to its success. The education, agriculture, planning, procurement and civil society sectors should work articulately at national, state and local level. The results of this study demonstrate that initiatives like this, of institutional procurement from family farming, which are currently being implemented in several countries, constitute as an important strategy of food and nutrition security, for the fulfillment of the human right to adequate food and the promotion of long-term sustainable development.

How to engage across sectors: lessons from agriculture and nutrition in the Brazilian School Feeding Program

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To provide insights for nutrition and public health practitioners on how to engage with other sectors to achieve public health goals. Specifically, this study provides lessons from the example of integrating family farming and a nutrition into a legal framework in Brazil on how to successfully shift other sectors toward nutrition goals. METHODS The study analyzed policy processes that led to a Brazilian law linking family farming with the National School Feeding Program. Main actors involved with the development of the law were interviewed and their narratives were analyzed using a well-established theoretical framework. RESULTS The study provides five key lessons for promoting intersectorality. First, nutrition and health practitioners can afford to embrace bold ideas when working with other sectors. Second, they should engage with more powerful sectors (or subsectors) and position nutrition goals as providing solutions that meet the interests of these sector. Third is the need to focus on a common goal - which may not be explicitly nutrition-related - as the focus of the intersectoral action. Fourth, philosophical, political, and governance spaces are needed to bring together different sectors. Fifth, evidence on the success of the intersectoral approach increases the acceptance of the process. CONCLUSIONS This study on policy processes shows how a convergence of factors enabled a link between family farming and school feeding in Brazil. It highlights that there are strategies to engage other sectors toward nutrition goals which provides benefits for all sectors involved.

Adiccion a la comida como causa de obesidad

La obesidad y sus consecuencias, son motivo de preocupación constante en el ámbito asistencial. Los intrincados mecanismos de control del apetito, han sido extensamente debatidos y estudiados y aunque aún no están del todo dilucidados, se han logrado grandes avances en lo que respecta a su comprensión. A pesar de este conocimiento, con frecuencia los tratamientos farmacológicos y dietéticos fracasan y la tasa de recaídas son muy elevadas. La obesidad, comparte muchos puntos en común con otras adicciones y si lo observamos desde este punto de vista, podemos identificar sustancias con alto poder adictivo que se encuentran en muchos alimentos hipercalóricos, pudiendo ser esta la causa por la cual, los tratamientos pierden efectividad y los pacientes recaen víctimas de un craving, de manera similar a como lo hacen con otras drogas.

Obesity and its consequences are cause for concern incessant in the field of care setting. The intricate appetite control mechanisms, have been extensively studied and debated, and although they are not yet fully understood, there has been great strides in regards to their understanding. Despite this knowledge, often pharmacological and dietary treatments fail and relapse rates are very high. Obesity share mach in common with other addictions and if you look at it from this point of view, we can identify with highly addictive substances that are found in many high calorie foods, this may be the reason why, treatments lose effectiveness and patients fall victim to a craving, similarly as with other drugs do so.

O crescimento do restaurante self-service: aspectos positivos e negativos / The growth of the restaurant self-service: negative and positive aspects

O hábito de realizar refeições fora do domicílio está se tornando cada vez mais rotineiro, e uma das formas de atender esta demanda são os restaurantes self-services, principalmente à quilo, o que determinou seu crescimento nos últimos anos. Porém, este crescimento apresenta pontos positivos, tais como: a variedade de opções, a rapidez de atendimento e às vezes, o custo mais acessível. Entretanto, alguns fatores preocupam os profissionais da área de alimentação, tais como: a insegurança dos alimentos, pelo maior tempo de exposição em temperaturas inadequadas e a falta de educação alimentar da clientela na escolha dos alimentos, que podem contribuir para o aumento da desnutrição e/ou o fenômeno da “fome oculta”.

Parcerias verticais de carne bovina e serviços de alimentaçäo / Vertical partnerships of beef and food services

Parcerias verticais, ou alianças, constituem um tipo de coordenaçäo da cadeia produtiva que objetiva transformar uma mercadoria sem especificaçöes técnicas num produto com características bem definidas de qualidade, principalmente sanitária. A experiência recente de países europeus, com zoonoses, demonstra que a parceria vertical constitui o caminho mais curto para a segurança de qualidade da carne. A carne bovina é um alimento nutricionalmente denso, importante para a manutençäo da saúde, amplamente utilizado em refeiçöes institucionais, que requer inspeçäo sanitária rigorosa, conservaçäo adequada e controle total de qualidade. Os serviços de alimentaçäo dependem de um fornecimento seguro de matérias primas, para processar refeiçöes equilibradas e saudáveis; portanto, podem se beneficiar das parcerias verticais que estäo atualmente sendo desenvolvidas em alguams áreas do mercado brasileiro.

Inovaçöes tecnológicas na produçäo de refeiçöes: conceitos e aplicaçöes básicas / Technological innovations in production of meals: concepts and basic applications

Discute as características básicas do processo de produçäo de refeiçöes coletivas, bem como as inovaçöes tecnológicas disponíveis para o setor, visando a melhoria tanto da qualidade das refeiçöes como das condiçöes de trabalho dos operadores.

Evolución del consumo de alimentos en América Latina / The evolution of food consumption in Latin America

El análisis del consumo alimentario es una herramienta de gran importancia para el establecimiento de políticas y estrategias de seguridad alimentaria y nutrición en los diversos sectores de los países relacionados con el desarrollo social y económico. En América Latina existe una gran diversidad de patrones alimentarios, los que han sufrido cambios en las últimas décadas debido a múltiples factores. Entre éstos, se destacan principalmente los ingresos, la localización urbana o rural de las familias, el proceso de urbanización intensiva, la incorporación de servicios o componente terciario en la alimentación, y la publicidad. En general la Región presentó una tendencia a mejorar el consumo de energía y proteína hasta 1980, en que se vio afectada por la crisis económica. Cabe destacar que aunque no hubo una caída generalizada de la disponibilidad, se produjo una sustitución de fuentes de energía de mayor costos por otras más baratas. Entre los comienzos de las décadas del 60 y 90 se produjo una contribución creciente e importante de la energía aportada por los aceites y en menor grado por carnes y lácteos, ocurriendo lo inverso con las grasas de origen animal. Además aumentó la energía proveniente del arroz al igual que la del trigo, aunque la de este último tiende a bajar ligeramente en los últimos años. La energía suministrada por las leguminosas descendió para presentar últimamante un ligero repunte, en cambio la energía de raíces y tubérculos presentó una disminución progresiva. El modelo de consumo alimentario que está adoptando América Latina es el de los países desarrollados. Este patrón no es sustentable desde el punto de vista energético, al menos si se pretende su generalización en términos de equidad para toda la población.

Nutrition situation in metro Manila.

Summarizing the general characteristics of food consumption pattern and dietary status of the country's central urban region, the following are brought to focus: Metro Manila as compared to all urban and rural areas consumes less cereal grains but more sugars and fats and oils; consumes more of the high quality protein foods such as meat, poultry, eggs, milk and dried beans; and consumes less of fruits and vegetables. Availability and affordability of foods in the respective sectors could have affected to a large extent the magnitude of consumption differences. Although urban households had the advantage of a more varied and quantitatively higher food consumption, their nutrient intake was not really very different from rural households. Metro Manila still had a 13.7 percent calorie gap in its intake in 1987, and intake of ascorbic acid was notably lower than the rural sector. However, intake of thiamin and riboflavin as well as fat was appreciably higher in the metropolis. Briefly identifying the trends in food consumption with reference to six survey year periods from 1974 to 1987 (excluding 1984 and 1985), Metro Manila diet disclosed the following: increasing trend for sugars and syrups as well as dried beans, nuts and seeds and decreasing trend for cereal products, fruits and vegetables and condiments and others. There was a decrease in overall food consumption among Metro Manila households during the economic crisis that transpired in 1984 and 1985. However, there was a steady consumption of rice which was under price control, and a significant increase in the intake of some food items particularly green leafy and yellow vegetables which were among the cheapest food items available in Metro Manila markets. Some food adjustments were evidently resorted to during the period of economic dislocation showing the resiliency of the urban population. Metro Manila has been apparently drawing inordinately large amounts of the food supply from the rest of the country. There is therefore an "urban bias" of food supply to Metro Manila, that is, there is a much higher demand capacity for Metro Manila to draw food supply because of its higher income level and bigger population. The impact of this situation in terms of nutrition and food supply in the rural areas should be carefully examined so as not to put the rural areas in extreme disadvantage. FNRI nutrition surveys have shown that dietary energy inadequacy remains rampant in Metro Manila, while protein continues to be a marginal problem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Nutritional situation of Beijing residents.

Beijing is the capital of China with the population of 10.32 million in 1990 and the area of 1687.8 km2. It is the economic and cultural center of the country. Since the founding of new China, the development of Beijing city has been very fast. The gross national product (GNP) of Beijing in 1988 is 2.78 times the average GNP of the whole country. The sanitary institution has increased 71 times from 1949 to 1989. The prevalence of infectious diseases decreased significantly. The infant mortality is 11.6 per thousand approaching the figure of developed countries. The main food products increased rapidly. The grain, meat and egg increased from 100.7 kg and 0.48 kg per capita per year in 1949 to 217.1 kg and 20.17 kg in 1988 respectively. The food consumption of residents have been increasing consistently with the increasing of food production in Beijing. The food available in Beijing is well both in quantity and in quality. The results of the nutritional survey in 1985 showed that the daily average energy intake was 2549 kcal per capita. The average protein intake was 70g per person per day. The fat intake as the percentage of the total energy was 25.7. The average nutrients intake of Beijing residents meets the Chinese RDA basically. The nutritional status of people living in the city is good in general. But there are still some nutritional problem exist. Zn and Fe deficiencies anemia are common in infants and children along with the decreasing rate of breast feeding. Riboflavin, Zn and Ca intakes are inadequate in a lot of adults and the elderly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)