ABSTRACT
The laccase (PpLAC) gene family members in peach fruit were identified and the relationship between their expression pattern and chilling induced browning were investigated. The study was performed using two varieties of peaches with different chilling tolerance, treated with or without exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during cold storage. Twenty-six genes were screened from the peach fruit genome. These genes were distributed on 6 chromosomes and each contained 5-7 exons. The PpLAC gene family members shared relatively similar gene structure and conserved motifs, and they were classified into 7 subgroups based on the cluster analysis. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the expression levels of PpLAC7 and PpLAC9 exhibited an increasing pattern under low temperature storage, and displayed a similar trend with the browning index of peach fruit. Notably, GABA treatment reduced the degree of browning and inhibited the expression of PpLAC7 and PpLAC9. These results suggested that PpLAC7 and PpLAC9 might be involved in the browning of peach fruit during cold storage.
Subject(s)
Food Storage , Fruit/genetics , Laccase/genetics , Prunus persica/geneticsABSTRACT
Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) constituyen un importante problema de salud pública debido a su alta incidencia a nivel mundial, las directrices para la higiene de los alimentos deben ser aplicadas, no solo por la población en general, sino también por los servicios médicos y sistemas hospitalarios. Por tal razón, esta investigación tiene como objetivo conocer las condiciones de higiene de los alimentos y determinar enfermedades de transmisión alimentaria en una clínica de especialidades médicas en la ciudad de Ambato, Ecuador. La investigación fue observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con una muestra de 117 personas de tres turnos de trabajo, a quienes se le aplicó un cuestionario de higiene alimentaria compuesto por 24 ítems distribuido en cinco (5) categorías, el análisis de los datos fue mediante la estadística descriptiva, aplicando el cálculo porcentual y análisis de distribución de frecuencias. Como resultado se evindeció mayor existencia de protocolo/norma para el lavado de manos (76,65%) y menor para la prohibición de uso de joyas y accesorios (29,91%), a pesar de esto, el cumplimiento de protocolo fue 100,00% en equipo de protección personal, prohibición de uso de joyas y accesorios, uso de uñas cortas, limpias y sin esmalte, accidentes cortopunzantes y manejo higiénico de personal con enfermedades dermatológicas, respiratorias y diarreicas. Por otra parte, se encontró un (1) caso de una intoxicación alimentaria causada por una cepa de la bacteria Scherichia coli enterotoxigénica (ETEC) sin identificación de nexo epidemiológico. Concluyendo, la higiene correcta de alimentos podría evitar la propagación de múltiplies enfermedades(AU)
Foodborne illnessare a major public health problem due to their high incidence worldwide, the guidelines for food hygiene must be applied, not only by the general population, but also by medical services and hospital systems. For this reason, this research aims to know the hygiene conditions of food and determine foodborne illness in a medical specialty clinic in the city of Ambato, Ecuador. The research was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, with a sample of 117 people from three work shifts, to whom a food hygiene questionnaire composed of 24 items distributed in five (5) categories was applied, the data analysis was through descriptive statistics, applying the percentage calculation and frequency distribution analysis. As a result, there was a greater existence of protocol/norm for hand washing (76.65%) and less for the prohibition of the use of jewelry and accessories (29.91%), despite this, compliance with the protocol was 100.00% in personal protection equipment, prohibition of the use of jewelry and accessories, use of short, clean nails without polish, sharps accidents and hygienic handling of personal with dermatological, respiratory and diarrheal diseases. On the other hand, one (1) case of food poisoning caused by a strain of enterotoxigenic Scherichia coli (ETEC) bacteria without identification of an epidemiological link was found. In conclusion, correct food hygiene could prevent the spread of multiple diseases(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Food Hygiene , Food Handling , Foodborne Diseases , Bacteria , Public Health , Food StorageABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations in the stability and nutrient concentration in concentrates for piglet feeding. Five treatments were established: T1 - Control, standard concentrate formulation (SCF); T2 - PXMore5, SCF with more 5% vitamin-mineral premix (VMP); T3 - PXLess5, SCF with less 5% VMP. All these three treatments used 400kg batches in an INTECNIAL mixer; T4 - FeedMixer, SCF using a 4,000kg batch in an IMOTO mixer; T5 - PremixMixer, SCF using a 1,200kg batch in an MUYANG mixer. For each treatment, bags of 20kg were stored in three storage places for four months where room temperature and relative humidity was recorded daily. The concentration of nutrients was evaluated through centesimal and mineral analysis. The water activity of concentrate was affected by temperature and relative air humidity in different storage places. The greatest variation in concentration of crude protein, mineral residue, copper, zinc, and selenium was due to the PremixMixer treatment. Regarding the guaranteed levels, the critical value was verified only for the chrome concentration.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as variações na estabilidade e na concentração de nutrientes em concentrados para alimentação de leitões. Foram estabelecidos cinco tratamentos: T1 - controle, concentrado com formulação padrão (CFP); T2 - PXMais5, CFP com 5% a mais de vitaminas e minerais da pré-mistura (PVM); T3 - PXMenos5, CFP com 5% a menos de PVM (todos os três tratamentos utilizaram lotes de 400kg em um misturador INTECNIAL); T4 - FeedMixer, CFP usando um lote de 4.000kg em um misturador IMOTO; T5 - PremixMixer, CFP usando um lote de 1.200kg em um misturador MUYANG. Para cada tratamento, sacos de 20kg foram armazenados em três ambientes distintos por quatro meses, onde a temperatura ambiente e a umidade relativa do ar foram registradas diariamente. A concentração de nutrientes foi avaliada por meio de análises centesimal e mineral. A atividade de água do concentrado foi afetada pela temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar nos diferentes locais de armazenamento. A maior variação na concentração de proteína bruta, resíduo mineral, cobre, zinco e selênio foi devido ao tratamento "MistPremix". Em relação aos níveis de garantia, foi verificado valor crítico apenas para a concentração de cromo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Sus scrofa , Date of Validity of Products , Food Storage , Animal Feed/analysis , Dietary Fats/analysis , Food QualityABSTRACT
Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as orientações necessárias para o controle de temperatura das geladeiras em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.
Esta Norma Técnica tiene como objetivo establecer las orientaciones necesarias para el control de la temperatura de los refrigeradores en los Bancos de Leche Humana y en los Centros de Recolección de Leche Humana, con el fin de asegurar la calidad de estos servicios y su certificación.
Subject(s)
Refrigeration/standards , Temperature , Milk Banks/standards , Cooled Foods , Food Storage/standardsABSTRACT
Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as condições necessárias para a estocagem do leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e sua certificação.
Esta Norma Técnica tiene por objetivo establecer las condiciones necesarias para el almacenamiento de la leche humana extraída pasteurizada con el fin de garantizar la calidad de los Bancos de Leche Humana y su certificación.
Subject(s)
Milk Banks/standards , Food Storage/standards , Breast Milk Expression/methods , Pasteurization/standards , Milk, HumanABSTRACT
Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer as condições necessárias para estocagem do leite humano ordenhado cru, visando a garantia da qualidade em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano e sua certificação.
Subject(s)
Milk Banks/standards , Food Storage , Breast Milk Expression , Milk, Human , BrazilABSTRACT
Esta Norma Técnica tem por objetivo estabelecer os critérios de recepção do leite humano ordenhado cru, em Bancos de Leite Humano e Postos de Coleta de Leite Humano, visando a garantia da qualidade nestes serviços e sua certificação.
Subject(s)
Food Packaging , Milk Banks/standards , Food Storage/standards , Milk, Human , Quality Control , BrazilABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, dry matter intake, apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of feedlot calves fed corn silage from the feed out face of trench silos with different types of sealing. The animals were divided into three treatments with four repetitions: Conventional seal - double-sided polyethylene of 110µm thickness; Double-sided seal - double-sided polyethylene of 200µm thickness; and Double seal - composed of double face polyethylene with a thickness of 80µm superimposed on a polyamide translucent vacuum film with a thickness of 20µm. The use of double face sealing provided 12.63% increase in average daily gain and improved food conversion by 0.62 percentage points. The apparent digestibility of the diet with double-face sealing system silage was 4.30% higher than the diet with double-face sealing silage and 11.00% higher than the diet with conventional sealing silage. It is recommended to use the double face sealing with 200µm polyethylene and double face sealing with 80µm thick polyethylene on top of a 20µm thick polyamide translucent vacuum film.(AU)
Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade aparente e o comportamento ingestivo de novilhos confinados, alimentados com silagem de milho da porção inicial de silos do tipo trincheira, conservada sob distintos tipos de vedação. Os animais foram divididos em três tratamentos, com quatro repetições: vedação convencional - polietileno tipo dupla face, com espessura de 110µm; vedação dupla face - polietileno tipo dupla face, com espessura de 200µm; e dupla vedação - polietileno tipo dupla face, com espessura de 80µm sobreposto a um filme vácuo translúcido de poliamida, com espessura de 20µm. O uso da vedação dupla face proporcionou incremento de 12,63% no ganho de peso médio diário e melhorou em 0,62 ponto percentual a conversão alimentar. A digestibilidade aparente da dieta com silagem do sistema de vedação dupla face foi 4,30% superior em relação à dieta com silagem da dupla vedação e 11,00% superior à dieta com silagem da vedação convencional. Recomenda-se a utilização tanto da vedação dupla face com polietileno de 200µm quanto da dupla vedação com polietileno tipo dupla face, com espessura de 80µm, sobreposto a um filme vácuo translúcido de poliamida com espessura de 20µm.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cattle , Silage/analysis , Weight Gain , Polyethylene , Eating , Food Storage/methods , Food Packaging/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: H2S is proved to be functioning as a signaling molecule in an array of physiological processes in the plant and animal kingdom. However, the H2S synthesis pathway and the responses to cold conditions remain unclear in postharvest mushroom. RESULTS: The biosynthesis of H2S in the Agaricus bisporus mushroom tissues exhibited an increasing tendency during postharvest storage and was significantly triggered by cold treatment. The cystathionine clyase (AbCSE) and cystathionine b-synthase (AbCBS) genes were cloned and proved responsible for H2S biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of AbCSE and AbCBS were crucial for the enzyme activities and subsequent H2S levels. However, the AbMST was not involved in this process. Moreover, the AbCSE and AbCBS genes displayed low identity to the characterized genes, but typical catalytic domains, activity sites, subunit interface sites, and cofactor binding sites were conserved in the respective protein sequences, as revealed by molecular modeling and docking study. The potential transcription factors responsible for the H2S biosynthesis in cold conditions were also provided. CONCLUSIONS: The H2S biosynthetic pathway in postharvest mushroom was unique and distinct to that of other horticultural products.
Subject(s)
Agaricus/chemistry , Cystathionine beta-Synthase/metabolism , Cystathionine gamma-Lyase/metabolism , Hydrogen Sulfide/chemical synthesis , Crop Production , Agaricus campestris , Cold Temperature , Food StorageABSTRACT
Poor storage conditions provide favorable environment to stored grain pests for their growth. The bio-pesticides are the best alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Present study was conducted to compare toxicity of Rubus fruticosus and Valeriana jatamansi against granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius and subsequent changes in enzyme activity responsible for grain damage. In current research 5 g of R. fruticosus fruit and V. jatamansi rhizome powders were tested separately against S. granarius, in 50 g wheat whole grains for seven days in comparison with the control. The enzymatic activity of malate dehydrogenase and α-amylase was observed in the cellular extracts of S. granarius. The insects were crushed and homogenized in phosphate-buffer solution and centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 5 minutes. For the enzymatic measurement supernatant was tested; the spectrophotometer was adjusted at 340 nm. The reagents were mixed and incubated at 25 °C for five minutes. The cuvettes were placed in the experimental and reference sites of spectrophotometer and recorded the change in absorbance for 3-4 minutes. There was 5.60% and 14.92% reduction in the activity of malate dehydrogenase in R. fruticosus and V. jatamansi, treated insects, respectively. The alpha amylase enzyme activity was 6.82% reduced and 63.63% increase in R. fruticosus and V. jatamansi, treated insects, respectively. Present study addresses that both plant powders are effective against granary weevil by altering enzyme activities so both the plant powders can be used as bio-pesticides against the stored grains pests.
As más condições de armazenamento proporcionam um ambiente favorável às pragas armazenadas para o crescimento. Os biopesticidas são as melhores alternativas aos pesticidas sintéticos. O presente estudo foi conduzido para comparar a toxicidade de Rubus fruticosus e Valeriana jatamansi contra gorgulhos, Sitophilus granarius e subsequentes alterações na atividade enzimática responsáveis ââpor danos aos grãos. Na pesquisa atual, 5 g de frutos de R. fruticosus e pós de rizoma de V. jatamansi foram testados separadamente contra S. granarius, em 50 g de grãos integrais de trigo por sete dias, em comparação com o controle. A atividade enzimática da malato desidrogenase e α-amilase foi observada nos extratos celulares de S. granarius. Os insetos foram esmagados e homogeneizados em solução tampão fosfato e centrifugados a 10000 rpm por 5 minutos. Para a medição enzimática, o sobrenadante foi testado; o espectrofotômetro foi ajustado a 340 nm. Os reagentes foram misturados e incubados a 25 °C por cinco minutos. As cubetas foram colocadas nos locais experimentais e de referência do espectrofotômetro e registradas as alterações na absorbância por 3-4 minutos. Houve redução de 5,60% e 14,92% na atividade da malato desidrogenase em R. fruticosus e V. jatamansi, insetos tratados, respectivamente. A atividade da enzima alfa amilase foi reduzida em 6,82% e aumento de 63,63% em R. fruticosus e V. jatamansi, insetos tratados, respectivamente. O presente estudo aborda que ambos os pós de plantas são eficazes contra o gorgulho do celeiro, alterando as atividades enzimáticas, de modo que ambos os pós de plantas possam ser usados ââcomo biopesticidas contra pragas de grãos armazenados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Valerian/toxicity , Weevils , Biological Control Agents/administration & dosage , Rubus/toxicity , Pest Control, Biological/methods , alpha-Amylases , Food Storage/standards , Malate DehydrogenaseABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to evaluate the sensitivity of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. tree legume seeds to desiccation and storage. In the drying experiment, the Melanoxylon brauna seeds were submitted to two drying conditions: a forced air circulation chamber (40.18 °C ± 0.13 and 28.48% ± 3.95 RH) and a silica gel desiccator (27.19 °C ± 1.28 and 26.19% ± 0.94 RH) for different times (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 144 hours). A completely randomized design in a 2 (drying methods) × 5 (drying times) factorial scheme plus control and 4 replications of 25 seeds was used. The following variables were evaluated before and after drying: seed moisture content, percentage of germinated seeds, germination speed index, percentage of mortality, normal and abnormal seedlings. In the storage experiment the seeds were divided into two batches: pre-dried (at 5.0% humidity) and without drying (control at 8.9% humidity). The seeds were then stored in plastic bags in three environments: refrigerator at 5 °C, freezer at 20 °C and room temperature (29 °C). The seeds were removed every four months and submitted to the humidity and germination test for 24 months. Data from this storage experiment were analyzed considering a randomized block design in a 2 (drying levels: presence and absence) × 3 (storage environments: refrigerator, freezer or room temperature) factorial scheme + 2 controls (with and without drying at baseline) and 4 repetitions of 25 seeds. Drying reduced initial seed water content from 8.9% to 5.0%, without loss of viability. Drying in the chamber at 40 °C was faster and more efficient than in silica gel. The results enable classifying the seeds of this species as orthodox, i.e. tolerant to desiccation. The fridge and freezer were efficient for storing the Melanoxylon brauna seeds up to 24 months, independent of previous drying, while storing the seeds at room temperature with previous drying makes them last longer than without drying, as the seeds can last up to 16 months with drying, or 12 months without drying.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade das sementes da leguminosa arbórea Melanoxylon brauna Schott à dessecação e ao armazenamento. No experimento de secagem as sementes de braúna foram submetidas a duas condições de secagem: câmara com circulação forçada de ar (40,18 °C ± 0,13 e 28,48% ± 3,95 UR) e dessecador com sílica gel (27,19 °C ± 1,28 e 26,19% ± 0,94 UR), por diferentes tempos (0, 12, 24, 36, 72, 144 horas). Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 (método de secagem) × 5 (tempo de secagem), mais a testemunha, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis antes e depois da secagem: teor de umidade da semente, porcentagem de sementes germinadas, índice de velocidade de germinação, porcentagem de mortalidade, de plântulas normais e de anormais. No experimento de armazenamento as sementes foram divididas em dois lotes: com secagem prévia (a 5,0% de umidade) e sem secagem (testemunha, a 8,9% de umidade), e foram armazenadas em embalagens sacos de plástico em três ambientes: geladeira a 5 °C, freezer a 20 °C e temperatura ambiente (29 °C). A cada quatro meses as sementes foram retiradas e submetidas ao teste de umidade e de germinação durante 24 meses. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio do delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições de 25 sementes, em esquema fatorial 2 (secagem) × 3 (ambiente de armazenamento) + 2 testemunhas. A secagem proporcionou a redução do teor de água inicial das sementes de 8,9% até 5,0%, sem perda da sua viabilidade. A secagem na câmara a 40 °C foi mais rápida e eficiente do que na sílica gel. Os resultados permitem classificar as sementes desta espécie como ortodoxas, ou seja, tolerantes à dessecação. A geladeira e o freezer foram eficientes para o armazenamento das sementes de braúna, até 24 meses, independente da secagem prévia das sementes, enquanto o armazenamento das sementes a temperatura ambiente é mais duradouro quando as sementes são submetidas previamente à secagem, podendo durar até 16 meses com secagem ou 12 meses sem secagem.
Subject(s)
Desiccation , Food Storage/methods , Food Preservation/methods , Fabaceae , Seeds , Temperature , GerminationABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a interferência do teor de gordura do leite no ponto de congelamento (PC) obtido pelo infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Uma fração de leite cru foi desnatada, obtendo-se creme e leite desnatado. O leite integral e o desnatado foram adicionados com água (0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%). O leite desnatado remanescente foi adicionado com creme (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) e água (0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%). As amostras foram analisadas para PC (crioscópio eletrônico e FTIR) e composição (FTIR). O PC medido por FTIR foi altamente correlacionado com o método do crioscópio eletrônico (acima de 98,5%) e, como esperado, a adição de água foi significativa (P≤0,001) ao aumentar o PC do leite em ambos os métodos. No entanto, o alto teor de gordura no leite cru resultou na redução do PC ao se utilizar o FTIR, enquanto o baixo teor de gordura resultou em aumento do PC (P≤0,001). Uma vez que a adição de água causou o efeito inverso do alto teor de gordura no PC medido por FTIR, é importante considerar o teor de gordura do leite para evitar interpretações erradas do PC quando se utiliza o método FTIR.(AU)
The objective of this study was to investigate the interference of milk fat content upon the Freezing Point (FP) obtained by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). A fraction of raw milk was skimmed, obtaining cream and skim milk. Whole and skim milk were added with water (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20%). The remaining skim milk was added with cream (5, 10, 15, 20%) and water (0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20%). Samples were analyzed for FP (thermistor cryoscope and FTIR) and composition (FTIR). FP measured by FTIR was highly correlated with the thermistor cryoscope method (above 98.5%) and, as expected, water addition was significant (P≤0.001) upon increasing milk FP in both methods. However, high fat content in raw milk resulted in decreasing FP when using FTIR, while low fat content resulted in increased FP (P≤0.001). Since water addition caused the inverse effect of high fat on FP measured by FTIR, it is important to regard the fat content of milk to avoid misinterpretation of FP when using the FTIR method.(AU)
Subject(s)
Milk/chemistry , Food Storage/methods , Raw Foods/analysis , Frozen Foods/analysis , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A key challenge for manufacturers of pro-health food containing active probiotic microorganisms is to develop a product with attractive sensory features along with maintenance of declared number of microorganisms during storage and transfer by alimentary tract. RESULTS: The highest concentration of polyphenols was observed in snacks without an additive of probiotics as well as those with an additive of L. rhamnosus and B. animalis bacteria and concentration of these compounds increased by 9.5% during six months of storage. None of the products distinguished itself in the sensorial assessment although each was assessed positively. The number of microorganisms was stable and comparatively high during six months of storage at a room temperature and in cooling conditions (108 cfu/g). In the digestion model, an influence of aggressive digestion conditions was examined in the alimentary tract on the number of microorganisms, which allowed to arrange strains from the most resistant (S. boulardii) to the most sensitive (B. breve). It must be noted that currently on the market there is no available snack containing probiotic yeast as well as there is no literature data on works on such formulation of food. CONCLUSIONS: In the newly developed snack made of chocolate, in which sugar has been replaced with maltitol, a raw material was added in the form of raspberry, prebiotic in the form of inulin and a strain of probiotic bacteria, including the unprecedented so far S. boulardii, which stands a high chance to occupy a good place on the market of functional food.
Subject(s)
Probiotics , Functional Food , Chocolate/microbiology , Sugar Alcohols , Temperature , Whole Foods , Digestion , Food Storage , Prebiotics , Synbiotics , Polyphenols , Snacks , Rubus , Maltose/analogs & derivativesABSTRACT
The food industry and the frozen fish sector in particular have benefitted greatly from advancements in food processing technologies. This study investigated the effect of adding natural antioxidants such as rosemary and thyme oil to frozen fillets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in order to preserve their quality for consumers. Fillets were treated with rosemary and thyme at two concentrations (1% and 1.5%) and then were stored at 4°C. Samples were analyzed over 4 days for bacteriological (aerobic plate count, psychotropic count, and coliform count), chemical (determination of pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS, and total volatile base nitrogen-TVB-N), and sensory quality examination (color, texture, and odor). Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed among different groups in terms of aerobic plate count, psychotropic count, and coliform count during the storage. Moreover, pH, TVB-N, and TBARS mean values in the treated groups were lower than those in the untreated group. The best sensory quality was obtained at the highest concentrations (1.5%) of thyme and rosemary oil.(AU)
A indústria de alimentos e o setor de peixes congelados, em particular, se beneficiaram dos avanços nas tecnologias de processamento de alimentos. Este estudo investigou o efeito da adição de antioxidantes naturais, como óleo de alecrim e tomilho, a filetes congelados de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), a fim de preservar sua qualidade para os consumidores. Os filés foram tratados com alecrim e tomilho em duas concentrações (1% e 1,5%) e, em seguida, foram armazenados a 4°C. As amostras foram analisadas durante 4 dias para análises bacteriológicas (contagem de placas aeróbicas, psicotrópicas e coliformes), químicas (determinação do pH, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico-TBARS e nitrogênio base volátil total-TVB-N) e exame da qualidade sensorial (cor, textura e odor). Diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas entre os diferentes grupos na contagem aeróbia de placas, contagem psicotrópica e contagem de coliformes durante o armazenamento. Além disso, os valores médios de pH, TVB-N e TBARS nos grupos tratados foram inferiores aos do grupo não tratado. A melhor qualidade sensorial foi obtida nas maiores concentrações (1,5%) de tomilho e óleo de alecrim.(AU)
Subject(s)
Rosmarinus , Thymus Plant , Food Storage/methods , Meat/analysis , Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances/analysis , Cichlids , Frozen Foods/analysisABSTRACT
The Brazil nut, fruit of Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K., a native plant of the Amazon region and may be considered one of the main extractivist products of countries like Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil. In Brazil this plant can be found in the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima and Tocantins. Species of the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, have been classified as pest potentials of Brazil nut under storage conditions. Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the main insect pests attacking grain stores worldwide. This specie may be observed attacking grains in the field and in storage facilities (cross-infestation), presenting a wide variety of hosts. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of adults of this species feed on Brazil nuts, and also to identify the type of injury as well as the life span of this coleopteran exposed to the meat of the Brazil nut. No feeding injury was observed on the surface of Brazil nuts and the life span of the insects was similar in treatments both with and without this food source in all populations evaluated. Due to the fact that S. zeamais adults do not injure, or feed on the Brazil nut, this beetle is not able to colonize this product and therefore may be considered a non-pest insect for stored Bertholletia excelsa almonds stored.
A castanha-do-brasil, fruto da Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K., que é uma planta nativa da região Amazônica e esse fruto pode ser considerado um dos principais produtos extrativistas de países como Bolívia, Colômbia, Guiana, Venezuela, Peru e Brasil. No Brasil, essa planta pode ser encontrada nos estados do Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima e Tocantins. Espécies de Coleoptera e Lepidoptera foram classificadas como potenciais pragas da castanha-do-brasil em condições de armazenamento. Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) é uma das principais pragas de insetos que atacam os armazéns de grãos em todo o mundo. Esta espécie pode ser observada atacando grãos no campo e em unidades armazenadoras (infestação cruzada), apresentando uma grande variedade de hospedeiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de adultos dessa espécie em se alimentarem de castanha-do-brasil, e também, identificar o tipo de lesão e o tempo de vida deste coleóptero exposto castanha-do-brasil. Não foi observada lesão na superfície da castanha-do-brasil e o tempo de vida dos insetos foram semelhantes nos tratamentos com e sem alimento em todas as populações avaliadas. Devido ao fato de que adultos de S. zeamaisnão lesionaram ou se alimentaram da castanha-do-brasil, este besouro não é capaz de colonizar este produto e, portanto, pode ser considerado um inseto não-praga para as amêndoas de Bertholletia excelsa armazenadas.
Subject(s)
Coleoptera , Bertholletia , Food StorageABSTRACT
This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of crambe grains produced with plant growth regulators in the 2014 and 2015 harvests and stored for 180 days. During crambe cultivation, two foliar sprayings were carried out with the following treatments: 1) control treatment with distilled water; 2) indole-3-acetic acid 100 mg L-1 (IAA); 3) 3-gibberellic acid P.A. 100 mg L-1 (GA3); 4) Stimulate®. After harvesting, the grains were analyzed initially and after 180 days of uncontrolled storage. We checked water content, lipids in hot extraction (HE), lipids in cold extraction (CE), proteins, acidity and antioxidant activity. The Tukey test was used to compare the averages (p<0.05) and the parameters were grouped using a multivariate clustering technique presented in dendogram. The CE and HE lipid contents were reduced after storage, whereas the protein content and antioxidant activity of the grains were not altered by storage. However, the grains that received IAA application showed an increase in the CE lipid content and their preservation after storage. GA3 application, on the other hand, reduced the protein content. Lipid contents remained constant at the end of storage, and the acidity was reduced due to the application of GA3 and Stimulate® plant growth regulators. The 180-day storage changed crambe quality and regulators can assist in preserving grain quality during storage. The CE and HE lipid content and the grain acidity were good indicators for evaluating effects.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a composição química dos grãos de crambe produzidos com reguladores vegetais nas safras de 2014 e 2015 e armazenados por 180 dias. Durante o cultivo do crambe, realizaram-se duas pulverizações foliares seguindo os tratamentos: 1) tratamento controle com água destilada; 2) ácido indol-3-acético 100 mg L-1 (AIA); 3) ácido 3-giberélico P.A. 100 mg L-1 (GA3); 4) Stimulate®. Após colhidos, os grãos foram analisados inicialmente e após 180 dias de armazenamento não controlado. Aferiu-se o teor de água, lipídeos em extração a quente (EQ), lipídeos em extração a frio (EF), proteínas, acidez e atividade antioxidante. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey (p<0,05) e os parâmetros agrupados pela técnica multivariada de agrupamento apresentado em dendograma. Os teores de lipídeos EF e EQ reduziram com o armazenamento enquanto que o teor de proteína e a atividade antioxidante dos grãos não foram alterados por esse fator. A aplicação de IAA destacou-se pelo aumento no teor de lipídeos EF e conservação desse após o armazenamento. A aplicação de GA3 reduziu o teor de proteínas. Os teores de lipídeos se mantiveram constante no final do armazenamento e houve redução no teor de acidez em decorrência da aplicação dos reguladores vegetais GA3 e Stimulate®. O armazenamento de 180 dias altera a qualidade de crambe e os reguladores podem auxiliar na preservação da qualidade dos grãos durante o armazenamento. O teor de lipídeos EF, EQ e a acidez dos grãos mostraram-se bons indicadores para avaliação dos efeitos.
Subject(s)
Crambe Plant , Antioxidants , Food StorageABSTRACT
The quality of raw milk depends on initial microbial contamination and conditions of storage until industry processing. Considering the influence of time and storage temperature on raw milk microbiota, the objective of this work was to quantify and monitor the multiplication of these groups under different conditions. For this purpose, 41 samples of raw milk were collected immediately after milking, stored in the following storage conditions: 25 °C/2 h; 35 °C/2 h; 7 °C/24 h; 7 °C/48 h and 7 °C/60 h and analyses of aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic and proteolytic psychrotrophic microorganisms. The milk samples analyzed in the study had an initial mean count of mesophilic aerobes of 5.38 Log CFU/mL at Time Zero. The milk stored at 25 °C/2 h and 35 °C/2 h kept the mesophilic aerobic counts within the limits established by the legislation (5.48 Log CFU/mL), with an increase in counts of psychrotrophic and proteolytic microorganisms. When stored at 7 °C/24 h and 7 °C/48 h, the count of mesophiles exceeded the established parameters. A significant increase in the count of proteolytic psychrotrophs and psychrotrophs was also observed during storage at 7 °C from 24 h. The results of this study indicate that the temperature of 7 °C is not suitable for the milk conservation, since it was not able to control the microbial multiplication. Thus, the results contribute to the change in milk storage temperature proposed by the new Brazilian legislation.(AU)
A qualidade do leite cru depende da contaminação microbiana inicial e das condições de armazenamento até o processamento na indústria. Considerando a influência do tempo e da temperatura de armazenamento na microbiota do leite cru, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar e monitorar a multiplicação desses grupos de microrganismos sob diferentes condições. Para tanto, foram coletadas 41 amostras de leite cru imediatamente após a ordenha, armazenadas nas seguintes condições de armazenamento: 25 °C/2 h; 35 °C/2 h; 7 °C/24 h; 7 °C/48 h e 7 °C/60 h para análise de microrganismos psicrotróficos, aeróbios mesófilos, psicrotróficos e proteolíticos. As amostras de leite analisadas no estudo apresentaram uma contagem média inicial de aeróbios mesófilos de 5.38 Log UFC/mL no Tempo Zero. O leite armazenado a 25 °C/2 h e 35 °C/2 h manteve as contagens aeróbias mesófilas dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação (5,48 Log UFC/mL), com aumento nas contagens de microrganismos psicrotróficos e proteolíticos. Quando armazenado a 7 °C/24 h e 7 °C/48 h a contagem de mesófilos excedeu os parâmetros estabelecidos. Um aumento significativo na contagem de psicrotróficos e psicrotróficos proteolíticos também foi observado durante o armazenamento a 7 °C a partir das 24 h. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a temperatura de 7 °C não é adequada para a conservação do leite, uma vez que não foi capaz de controlar a multiplicação microbiana. Assim, os resultados contribuem para a mudança na temperatura de armazenamento de leite proposta pela nova legislação brasileira.(AU)
Subject(s)
Milk/microbiology , Food Storage/standards , Microbiota , Raw Foods/microbiology , Legislation, Food/standards , Peptide Hydrolases , BrazilABSTRACT
Ahasverus advena (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) is a secondary pest of stored grains. It is a polyphagic and cosmopolitan species, with little information about its occurrence in the northern region of Brazil. This study was conducted to report the first occurrence of A. advena in corn grains in the city of Plácido de Castro, in the state of Acre, Brazil. In June 2019, the presence of A. advena under development was observed in a mass of corn grains. The identification was made at the species level using the available dichotomous keys. Since this is the first record of A. advena in corn grains in the city of Plácido de Castro, monitoring insects in the mass of corn grains is necessary to prevent the economic damages caused by A. advena to grains.(AU)
Ahasverus advena (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) é uma praga secundária de grãos armazenados. É uma espécie polifágica e cosmopolita, com poucas informações sobre sua ocorrência na região norte do Brasil. Este estudo tem o objetivo de relatar a primeira ocorrência de A. advena em grãos de milho na cidade de Plácido de Castro, Acre, Brasil. Em junho de 2019, observou-se a presença de A. advena desenvolvendo em uma massa de grãos de milho. A identificação foi feita a nível de espécie com a utilização das chaves dicotômicas disponíveis. Como este é o primeiro registro de A. advena em grãos de milho na cidade de Plácido de Castro, o monitoramento dos insetos na massa de grãos de milho é necessário para evitar danos econômicos causados por A. advena nos grãos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Coleoptera , Edible Grain , Zea mays , Agricultural Pests , Food StorageABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of the packaging material (cotton cloth bag, multifolium paper and glass container) and storage environment (laboratory and cold chamber conditions) on fennel seedling growth. Seeds were placed in different packaging materials and exposed to the two environments for twelve months. Assessments were made before storage and at every two months and the following were determined: total emergence, emergence speed index, seedling fresh and dry matter. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with four replications in a 2 x 3 x 6+1 factorial design in split split plots, where the plot was the storage environment (laboratory and cold chamber conditions); the split plot was the storage (cotton cloth bag, multifolium paper and glass container) and the split plot was the storage periods (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months) and plus an additional treatment (before storage). The results showed that the fennel seedlings had superior growth when their seeds were placed in the glass packaging material, regardless of the storage environment.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da embalagem (saco de algodão, papel multifoliado e vidro) e do ambiente de armazenamento (condições de laboratório e câmara fria) no crescimento de plântulas de erva doce. Para isso, as sementes foram acondicionadas nas diferentes embalagens e expostas aos dois ambientes durante doze meses. As avaliações foram feitas antes do armazenamento e a cada dois meses, tendo sido determinado: emergência total, índice de velocidade de emergência, massa fresca e seca das plântulas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, num esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 6 + 1 em parcelas subsubdivididas, no qual a parcela foi o ambiente de armazenamento (condições de laboratório e câmara fria); a subparcela as embalagens (saco de algodão, papel multifoliado e vidro) e a subsubparcela os períodos de armazenamento (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 meses) e mais um tratamento adicional (antes do armazenamento). Pelos resultados, demonstrou-se que as plântulas de erva doce apresentaram crescimento superior quando suas sementes foram acondicionadas na embalagem de vidro, independente do ambiente de armazenamento.
Subject(s)
Product Packaging , Pimpinella , Foeniculum , Food Storage , SeedsABSTRACT
Background: Foods including probiotics are considered "functional foods." As an alternative to dairy products, we investigated the behavior of Lactobacillus casei when exposed to low-pH fruit juice. Juices of fruits such as pineapple, raspberry, and orange were assessed. Free and microencapsulated forms of L. casei were compared, and the viability of the probiotic was evaluated under storage at 4°C for 28 d. Microbiological analyses were carried out to ensure a safe and healthy product for consumers who look for foods with probiotics from sources other than dairy. Results: Low pH affected L. casei survival during storage depending on the type of fruit juice. In the case of pineapple juice, some microcapsules were broken, but microcapsules recovered at the end of the storage period had 100% viability (2.3 × 107 CFU/g spheres). In the case of orange juice, more than 91% viability (5.5 × 106 CFU/g spheres) was found. In raspberry juice, viability decreased rapidly, disappearing at the end of the storage period, which was caused by the absorption of high concentrations of anthocyanin inside microcapsules more than low pH. Conclusion: Low pH affected the survival of L. casei under refrigeration; even when they were microencapsulated, acidic conditions impacted their viability. Although pH affects viability, its value is very sensitive and will depend on the type of fruit juice and its composition. Some fruit juices contain compounds used as substrates for Lactobacillus and other compounds with antimicrobial effects.