Evaluation of risk factors associated with fragility fractures and recommendations to optimise bone health in children with long-term neurological condition

INTRODUCTION@#The growing years are paramount for bone growth and mineral accrual. Children with long-term neurological condition (LTNC) have multiple risk factors for poor bone health and fragility fractures. In Singapore, this has not been studied systematically. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with fragility fractures in children with LTNC.@*METHODS@#In this study, the search for fragility fractures was done by a retrospective review of patients with LTNC on follow-up in the paediatric neurology clinic and patients who presented with fracture to the paediatric orthopaedic clinic. Information on patients' demographics, medical history, intervention, biochemical bone markers and fracture history was collected.@*RESULTS@#In a tertiary clinic population of 136 patients with LTNC, 65% were dependent on mobility (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] V), 60% were underweight and 60% were fed via gastrostomy or nasogastric tube, or were on oral pureed diet. Furthermore, 60% were on anticonvulsants. The fracture rate was 3% in this population and was associated with low-impact activities such as transfer and dressing. Only 7.4% and 33% of the patients had undergone measurements of vitamin D and calcium levels, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#The local prevalence of fragility fractures in children with LTNC on follow-up at the neurology clinic was found to be 3%. Risk factors identified were limited ambulation and compromised nutritional status associated with feeding difficulty. Recommendations to optimise bone health in children with LTNC were made. These include promoting weight-bearing activities, looking out for underweight children, avoiding vitamin D deficiency and ensuring adequate calcium intake.

Hybrid deep learning model for risk prediction of fracture in patients with diabetes and osteoporosis / 医学前沿

The fracture risk of patients with diabetes is higher than those of patients without diabetes due to hyperglycemia, usage of diabetes drugs, changes in insulin levels, and excretion, and this risk begins as early as adolescence. Many factors including demographic data (such as age, height, weight, and gender), medical history (such as smoking, drinking, and menopause), and examination (such as bone mineral density, blood routine, and urine routine) may be related to bone metabolism in patients with diabetes. However, most of the existing methods are qualitative assessments and do not consider the interactions of the physiological factors of humans. In addition, the fracture risk of patients with diabetes and osteoporosis has not been further studied previously. In this paper, a hybrid model combining XGBoost with deep neural network is used to predict the fracture risk of patients with diabetes and osteoporosis, and investigate the effect of patients' physiological factors on fracture risk. A total of 147 raw input features are considered in our model. The presented model is compared with several benchmarks based on various metrics to prove its effectiveness. Moreover, the top 18 influencing factors of fracture risks of patients with diabetes are determined.

Factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos asociados con caídas en adultos mayores: estudio de casos y controles en México / Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with falls in older adults: a case-control study in Mexico

Resumen Antecedentes: Las caídas tienen un origen multifactorial. Objetivo: Estimar el riesgo de caídas y su asociación con algunos factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos en adultos mayores. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles que incluyó pacientes de ambos sexos con edades ≥ 60 años. Los casos fueron pacientes que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias de un hospital de segundo nivel, con diagnóstico de lesión o fractura secundaria a una caída; los controles fueron pacientes que acudieron a unidades de medicina familiar. El análisis estadístico que se realizó fue descriptivo, bivariante y multivariante. Se utilizó el programa SPSS versión 22.0. Resultados: Se incluyeron 342 pacientes (171 casos y 171 controles). La edad promedio fue 76.1 ± 8.8 años, el 66 % fueron mujeres y por autorreporte el 97.1 % tenían enfermedades crónicas. Se observaron diferencias en el índice de masa corporal, en la proporción de casos con deterioro cognitivo, uso de dispositivos para caminar y dependencia para realizar actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. El análisis multivariante ajustado reveló asociación entre el evento caída con deterioro cognitivo y dependencia para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria. Conclusiones: El deterioro cognitivo y la dependencia para realizar actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria se asociaron al riesgo de caer.

Abstract Background: Falls have a multifactorial origin. Objective: To estimate the risk of falls and their association with some intrinsic and extrinsic factors in elderly. Methods: Case-control study that included individuals of both genders aged ≥ 60 years. Cases were patients who were admitted to the emergency department of a secondary care hospital diagnosed with injury or fracture secondary to a fall; the controls were patients who attended family medicine units. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis was carried out. The SPSS program, version 22.0, was used. Results: Three-hundred and forty-two patients were included (171 cases and 171 controls). Mean age was 76.1 ± 8.8 years, 66 % were women and 97.1 % had self-reported chronic diseases. Differences were observed in body mass index, in the proportion of cases with cognitive impairment, use of walking devices and dependence to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Adjusted multivariate analysis revealed an association between the fall event and cognitive impairment and dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusions: Cognitive impairment and dependence to perform instrumental activities of daily living were associated with the risk of falling.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las fractura de pared posterior de acetábulo: resultados a corto y mediano plazo / Surgical treatment in acetabular posterior wall fractures: short and medium-term results

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los resultados radiológicos a corto y mediano plazo de pacientes operados de fractura de pared posterior de acetábulo, describir la morfología de la fractura, presencia de lesiones asociadas y la necesidad de artroplastia total de cadera (ATC) durante la evolución. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo-descriptivo de una serie consecutiva de 40 pacientes operados entre julio de 2012 y julio de 2017 por fractura de pared posterior de acetábulo. Treinta y siete hombres y tres mujeres con una edad promedio de 41 años fueron operados (mediana de seguimiento 17,7 meses). Se registró el mecanismo del accidente y presencia de lesiones asociadas. Se registraron el número de fragmentos que presentaba la fractura, presencia de impactación marginal, compromiso de la cabeza femoral, presencia de fragmentos intra-articulares y complicaciones postoperatorias. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el test de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Todos los casos fueron secundarios a un accidente de alta energía. Un 70% de los pacientes presentó luxación posterior. La mayoría de los pacientes presentó una fractura entre 2 y 5 fragmentos (70%), 47,5% de los pacientes presentó impactación marginal, 37,5% compromiso de la cabeza femoral en zona de carga, 30% fragmentos intra-articulares. La complicación que más frecuente se observó fue la artrosis post-traumática la cual se presentó en un 22,5%. Cinco pacientes (12,5%) requirieron ATC. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque se categorizan dentro de los patrones simples, las fracturas de pared posterior son lesiones complejas. La tomografía axial computada preoperatoria es esencial para determinar lesiones intra-articulares dada su alta frecuencia y también permite realizar un buen plan preoperatorio.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate radiologic results in short and medium-term in surgically treated patients with acetabular posterior wall fracture. Describe fracture morphology, the presence of associated lesions and the necessity of total hip arthroplasty (THA) during the evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective-descriptive study design of 40 patients treated during July 2012 and July 2017 for acetabular posterior wall fracture. 37 men and 3 women, 41 years old mean age. The mean follow-up was 17.7 months. Accident mechanism and presence of associated lesions were registered, as well as the number of fragments of the fracture, the presence of marginal impaction, femoral head compromise, intra-articular fragments and postoperatory complications. Wilcoxon test was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Every case resulted due to a high energy accident. 70% of patients had posterior luxation of the hip. 70% of patients presented 2 to 5 fragments. 47.5% of patients presented marginal impaction, 37.5% compromised femoral head and 30% intra-articular fragments. The most frequent complication was post-traumatic arthrosis, which appeared in 22.5% of patients. Five patients required THA. CONCLUSION: Though it is categorized as simple fracture pattern, posterior wall fractures are complex. Preoperatory CT scan is essential to determine intra-articular lesions due to its high frequency and permits to plan an adequate intervention.

Reconstrucción anatómica del Acromion en casos de fracturas traumáticas y posterior a artroplastia reversa del Hombro. Reporte de Casos / Anatomic reconstruction of the acromion in cases of traumatic fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Report of a series of cases

Introducción Tanto las fracturas traumáticas del acromion, así como las fracturas acromiales por insuficiencia posterior a artroplastia reversa del hombro, son entidades poco frecuentes. Con la ampliación des los criterios operativos para la artroplastia reversa del hombro, es de suponer un aumento en el caso des las fracturas acromiales por insuficiencia posteriores a dicho procedimiento quirúrgico. Al ser estas entidades poco frecuentes hacen falta en la literatura recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de estas, las cuales representan un reto para el especialista tratante. Materiales y Métodos Reporte de seis casos entre 2013 y 2016 en el hospital cantonal de Frauenfeld (Suiza) de dos grupos de pacientes con fracturas del Acromion. En el grupo A se clasificaron tres pacientes que presentaron fractura por insuficiencia del acromion posterior a artroplastia reversa del Hombro. En el grupo B clasificaron tres pacientes con fracturas traumáticas del acromion en las cuales el manejo conservador no fue exitoso. Los dos grupos de pacientes fueron sometidos al mismo método quirúrgico con reducción abierta y reconstrucción anatómica del Acromion por medio de fijación con placa y tornillos interfragmentarios. Resultados Posterior a la intervención quirúrgica, la función del hombro se recuperó en todos los pacientes del Grupo A. La flexión anterior aumentó en promedio de 53° a 127°, y la abducción mejoró de 52° a 125°. Las mediciones posteriores al año de la intervención mostraron puntajes constantes entre 55-71, así como un valor subjetivo de hombro (SSV) de 50-90. En el Grupo B, el rango de movimiento preoperatorio se mantuvo constante. La flexión hacia delante mejoró de 133° a 157° y la abducción aumentó de 147° a 153°. Un año después de la cirugía, los puntajes de Constant en el grupo B variaron de 70 a 86 y el SSV se encontró entre 80 a 100. Los tres pacientes del Grupo B consiguieron retomar sus actividades diarias sin dolor y pudieron regresar al trabajo. La extracción de la placa fue necesaria en la mitad de los pacientes de la cohorte (Grupo A n=1, Grupo B n=2). Discusión La fractura del acromion es una condición seria que puede causar daño significativo al funcionamiento del hombro. Tanto en pacientes con ARH así como en pacientes sin ARH previa, nuestra técnica operativa abierta de reconstrucción anatómica del acromion mostró buenos resultados. Recomendamos el manejo quirúrgico por medio de reconstrucción con placa y clavos de fijación. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Aim To propose a surgical technique to treat the traumatic acromion fractures, as well as acromion fractures before reverse total Shoulder Replacement (TSR). Methods Six patients were treated with the same fixation technique between December 2013 and December 2016. Three patients had acromial insufficiency fractures (type II) following TSR (Group A). The other three patients, who had traumatic acromion fractures, underwent unsuccessful conservative treatment (Group B). Surgical treatment involved reconstruction of the acromion using an open technique with plate and interfragmentary screw fixation. Results Following reconstruction, shoulder function was regained in all patients in Group A. Forward flexion increased, on average, from 53° to 127°, and abduction improved from 52° to 125°. Measurements at one-year follow-up were Constant scores from 55-71, and subjective shoulder value (SSV) from 50-90. In Group B, preoperative range of motion was not substantially diminished. Forward flexion improved from 133° to 157°, and abduction increased from 147° to 153°. One year following surgery, the Constant scores in Group B ranged from 70-86, and SSV was 80-100. All three patients performed daily activities without pain, and were able to return to work. Plate removal was necessary in half the patients in the cohort (Group A n=1; Group B n=2). Conclusion An acromion fracture is a serious condition that can cause significant damage to shoulder functioning. In patients with or without previous TSR, this fixation technique was used successfully to reconstruct the anatomic lateral and basal acromion. Evidence Level: IV

Osteogénesis imperfecta: hallazgos clínicos y epidemiológicos en una serie de pacientes pediátricos / Osteogenesis imperfect: clinical and epidemiological findings in a series of pediatric patients

Resumen Introducción: La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) es el trastorno óseo hereditario más común, con una incidencia de 1 en 10,000 a 25,000 nacimientos. Este trastorno está causado principalmente por mutaciones de los genes que codifican las cadenas del colágeno tipo I. En la mayoría de los casos, se presenta un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante. La OI se caracteriza principalmente por un aumento en la fragilidad ósea que da lugar a fracturas frecuentes que producen dolor, deformidad y discapacidad asociada con otras alteraciones. El objetivo del estudio fue exponer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de una serie de pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de OI evaluados en la Universidad de Los Andes. Métodos: El presente trabajo consiste en el análisis de una serie de 37 casos pediátricos con diagnóstico de OI, de acuerdo a la clasificación clínica y radiológica de Sillence, evaluados en la consulta de la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes, entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2018. Resultados: La OI tipo I fue la de presentación más frecuente, con 31 pacientes (83.78%). El fémur fue el hueso más afectado de manera conjunta. Las escleras azules fueron el hallazgo adicional más frecuente, en 32 pacientes (86.49%). Conclusiones: La OI representa el principal motivo de consulta por alteraciones en el sistema esquelético en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes. Ante la amplia forma clínica de presentación, la evaluación debe ser individual e interdisciplinaria. A través de un estudio más profundo se podrá brindar el oportuno asesoramiento genético familiar.

Abstract Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is the most common hereditary bone disorder with an incidence of one in 10,000-25,000 births. It is caused mainly by mutations in the genes that code for Type I collagen chains. In most cases, it shows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. OI is characterized by an increase in bone fragility that leads to frequent fractures, which cause pain, deformity and disability associated with other alterations. The objective of this study was to present the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a series of pediatric patients diagnosed with OI evaluated at the University of Los Andes. Methods: A series of 37 pediatric cases with diagnosis of OI according to the clinical and radiological classification of sillence is analyzed, which were evaluated in the medical genetics unit of the University of Los Andes consultation between January 2006 and December 2018. Results: Type I was the most frequent OI type, with 31 patients (83.78%). Additionally, the femur was the most affected bone. Blue scleras were the most frequent additional finding in 32 patients (86.49%). Conclusions: OI represents the main reason for consultation of alterations in the skeletal system in the medical genetics unit of the University of Los Andes. Given the broad clinical presentation, the evaluation must be individual and interdisciplinary. Further study will provide timely family genetic counseling.

Pathological fracture after radiotherapy: systematic review of literature

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the epidemiological data and available treatments for fractures secondary to radiotherapy treatment. METHODS: Identification of publications on pathological skeletal fractures previously exposed to ionizing radiation. RESULTS: The incidence of fractures after irradiation varies from 1.2% to 25% with a consolidation rate of 33% to 75%, being more frequent in the ribs, pelvis, and femur. The time elapsed between irradiation and fracture occurs years after radiotherapy. Risk factors include age above 50 years, female gender, extensive periosteal detachment, circumferential irradiation, tumor size, and anterior thigh location. The etiology is still uncertain, but cellular disappearance, reduction of bone turnover and activity were observed hematopoietic as possible causes of failure of consolidation. CONCLUSION: There is no consensus in the literature on the factors related to the development of fractures, with radiation dose, previous tumor size and periosteal detachment being suggested as potential factors.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar dados epidemiológicos e tratamentos disponíveis para fraturas secundárias ao tratamento radioterápico. MÉTODOS: Identificação de publicações sobre as fraturas patológicas ocorridas em esqueleto previamente exposto à radiação ionizante. RESULTADOS: A incidência de fraturas após irradiação varia de 1,2% a 25% com taxa de consolidação de 33% a 75%, sendo mais frequente em costelas, pelve e fêmur. O tempo decorrido entre a irradiação e a fratura ocorre anos após a radioterapia. Os fatores de risco incluem idade acima de 50 anos, sexo feminino, descolamento periosteal extenso, irradiação circunferencial, tamanho do tumor e localização anterior na coxa. A etiologia ainda é incerta, mas foram observados desaparecimento celular, redução do turnover ósseo e da atividade hematopoiética como possíveis causas da falha de consolidação. CONCLUSÃO: Não há consenso na literatura avaliada sobre os fatores relacionados ao desenvolvimento de fraturas, sendo a dose de radiação, o tamanho prévio do tumor e o descolamento periosteal sugeridos como fatores potenciais.

Caracterização de lesões bucomaxilofaciais decorrentes de agressão física: diferenças entre gênero / Characterization of oral maxillofacial lesions resulting from physical aggression: differences between genders

Resumo Em países desenvolvidos, a violência é a principal causa de lesões bucomaxilofaciais (LBMF). No Brasil, há poucas evidências sobre tais lesões. Objetivou-se caracterizar as LBMF resultantes de agressão física em uma capital do nordeste brasileiro e analisar diferenças entre gêneros. Foram investigados 15.847 laudos do Instituto Médico Legal de São Luís/MA, ocorridos em 2012. Coletaram-se dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e características das LBMF. Utilizaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher para avaliar diferenças entre gêneros. Dos casos periciados, 1977 eram LBMF. Vítimas do sexo feminino, com 20-59 anos de idade, cor parda, sem companheiro e empregadas foram mais afetadas. Lesões do tipo equimose, nas regiões bucinadora e labial, decorrentes do uso de instrumentos contundentes, ocasionando debilidade funcional permanente foram mais incidentes em mulheres (P < 0,05), ao passo que fratura dental, ferida contusa e perfurocontusa, decorrentes de instrumentos cortantes e perfurocontundentes, ocasionando deformidade permanente, incapacidade ocupacional e perigo de vida, em homens (P < 0,05). Conclui-se que a incidência de LBMF decorrente de agressão física é alta em São Luís, MA, e, embora as mulheres sejam mais acometidas, as LBMF em homens são mais severas.

Abstract In developed countries, violence is the main cause of oral maxillofacial (OMF) injuries. In Brazil, there are scant records of such lesions. The scope of this study was to detail the OMF injuries resulting from physical aggression in a capital of the Brazilian northeast and analyze gender differences. The Forensic Medicine Institute of São Luís, state of Maranhão, featured 15,847 reports, which occurred in 2012, and they were investigated. Socioeconomic, demographic data and OMF characteristics were analyzed. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were applied to assess gender differences. Of the cases examined, 1977 were OMF. Female victims, aged 20-59, dark-skinned, without a partner and maids were the most affected. Ecchymosis-type lesions, in the mouth and lip regions arising from the use of blunt instruments, causing permanent functional impairment, were the most prevalent in women (P < 0.05), whereas dental fracture and contusion arising from sharp instruments causing permanent deformity, occupational disability, and threat to life were detected in men (P < 0.05). The conclusion drawn is that the incidence of OMF due to physical aggression is high in São Luís, state of Maranhão, and although women are the most affected, the OMF in men are more severe.

Existe associação entre o uso de glicocorticoides e a presença de fraturas? estudo comparativo em um hospital de trauma / Is there an association between glucocorticoid use and fractures? a comparative study in a trauma hospital

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se houve associação entre a ocorrência de fratura após trauma físico e o uso de glicocorticoides nos 12 meses precedentes ao trauma, em crianças e adolescentes atendidos em uma emergência. Métodos: No período de abril a outubro de 2015 foi conduzido em uma emergência pediátrica um estudo tipo caso controle, em pacientes de 3 a 14 anos incompletos, vitimados por trauma físico, com e sem fratura. Os dados analisados foram obtidos pela consulta dos prontuários, pelo exame físico dos pacientes e por entrevista dos responsáveis, comparando-se uso de glicocorticoides nos últimos 12 meses, características demográficas, índice de massa corpórea, ingesta de leite, intensidade do trauma, prática de exercício físico e tabagismo passivo domiciliar nos dois grupos de pacientes. Resultados: Estudaram-se 104 pacientes com trauma físico, 50 com fratura e 54 sem fratura. O uso de glicocorticoides ocorreu em 15,4% dos pacientes estudados, sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos. A faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos incompletos, o trauma grave e a prática de exercício físico predominaram entre os pacientes com fratura. Conclusões: Este estudo não mostrou associação entre o uso prévio de glicocorticoides e a ocorrência de fraturas em crianças e adolescentes. A faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos incompletos, o trauma grave e a prática de exercício físico associaram-se com maior risco para fraturas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the association between traumatic fractures and glucocorticoids taken 12 months prior to a trauma, in children and adolescents seen at an emergency room. Methods: A case-control study was conducted from April to October 2015, at a pediatric emergency hospital with patients aged 3- to 14 years-old, who had suffered physical trauma. Some of the patients had a fracture and some did not. The data analyzed were obtained from medical records, physical examination of the patients, and interview with the patients' caregivers. Glucocorticoid use in the past 12 months, demographic variables, body mass index, milk intake, trauma intensity, physical activity and smoking in the household were compared between the two patient groups. Results: A total of 104 patients with physical trauma were studied - 50 had a fracture and 54 did not. Of all the patients, 15.4% had previously used glucocorticoids, and there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. The age range of 10- to 14 years-old, severe trauma and physical activity were more prevalent among patients with a bone fracture. Conclusions: This study did not find an association between previous glucocorticoid use and the occurrence of fractures in children and adolescents. The age range of 10- to 14 years-old, severe trauma, and physical activity were associated with an increased risk for fractures.

TSH-receptor antibodies may prevent bone loss in pre- and postmenopausal women with Graves' disease and Graves' orbitopathy

ABSTRACT Objective Thyrotoxicosis is established risk factor for osteoporosis due to increased bone turnover. Glucocorticoids often administered for Graves' orbitopathy (GO) have additional negative effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Our aim was to examine the influence of thyroid hormones, TSH, TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAb) and glucocorticoid treatment on bone in women with Graves' thyrotoxicosis and Graves' orbitopathy (GO). Subjects and methods Forty seven women with Graves' disease, mean age 55.6 ± 12.8 (23 women with thyrotoxicosis and 24 hyperthyroid with concomitant GO and glucocorticoid therapy) and 40 age-matched healthy female controls were enrolled in the study. We analyzed clinical features, TSH, FT4, FT3, TRAb, TPO antibodies. BMD of lumbar spine and hip was measured by DEXA and 10-year fracture risk was calculated with FRAX tool. Results The study showed significantly lower spine and femoral BMD (g/cm2) in patients with and without GO compared to controls, as well as significantly higher fracture risk. Comparison between hyperthyroid patients without and with orbitopathy found out significantly lower spine BMD in the first group (p = 0.0049). Negative correlations between FT3 and femoral neck BMD (p = 0.0001), between FT4 and BMD (p = 0.049) and positive between TSH and BMD (p = 0.0001), TRAb and BMD (p = 0.026) were observed. Fracture risk for major fractures and TRAb were negatively associated (p = 0.05). We found negative correlation of BMD to duration of thyrotoxicosis and cumulative steroid dose. Conclusions Our results confirm the negative effect of hyperthyroid status on BMD. TRAb, often in high titers in patients with GO, may have protective role for the bone, but further research is needed.

Epidemiological study of facial fractures at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Santa Casa de Misericordia Hospital Complex, Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil / Levantamento epidemiológico das fraturas de face do Serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre - RS

ABSTRACT Objectives: to investigate the incidence and etiology of face trauma with diagnosis of facial fracture treated at the Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology Service of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital Complex in Porto Alegre. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective epidemiological study of 134 trauma victims with 153 facial fractures. Results: the male gender was the most affected (86.6%) and the incidence was higher in the age group from 21 to 30 years. The main etiology was assault (38.8%), followed by motor vehicle accidents (14.2%), motorcycle accidents (13.4%), falls (9%), road accidents (6.7%), sports accidents (5.2%), work accidents (5.2%), firearm injuries (4.5%) and cycling accidents (3%). The most frequent fractures were those of the zygomatic complex (44.5%), followed by fractures of the mandible (42.5%), maxillary bone (5.2%), nasal bones (4.5%) and zygomatic arch (3.3%). Conclusion: the fractures of the zygomatic complex and the mandible were the ones with the highest incidence in the facial traumas, having physical assaults as their main cause.

RESUMO Objetivos: pesquisar a incidência e etiologia dos traumas de face com diagnóstico de fratura facial atendidos no Serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico, transversal, retrospectivo de 134 pacientes vítimas de trauma com 153 fraturas faciais. Resultados: o gênero mais acometido foi o masculino (86,6%) e sua incidência foi maior na faixa etária dos 21 aos 30 anos. A principal etiologia foi a agressão (38,8%), seguida de acidentes automobilísticos (14,2%), acidentes motociclísticos (13,4%), quedas (9%), atropelamentos (6,7%), acidentes esportivos (5,2%), acidentes de trabalho (5,2%), ferimentos por arma de fogo (4,5%) e acidentes ciclísticos (3%). As fraturas mais frequentes foram as do complexo zigomático (44,5%), seguidas das fraturas da mandíbula (42,5%), osso maxilar (5,2%), ossos próprios nasais (4,5%) e arco zigomático (3,3%). Conclusões: as fraturas do complexo zigomático e da mandíbula foram as de maior incidência nos traumas de face, e tiveram como principal causa as agressões físicas.

Artroplastía total de cadera en osteogénesis imperfecta. A propósito de un caso / Case report: total hip replacement in osteogenesis imperfecta

Resumen: En este trabajo se ha estudiado, a propósito de un caso, la cirugía de artroplastía total de cadera en un paciente con osteogénesis imperfecta. Las características propias de esta enfermedad, como son el elevado riesgo de fractura y la presencia de deformidades, convierten esta cirugía en un reto para el cirujano ortopédico. En este manuscrito se revisa, de forma inédita para esta indicación, la planificación preoperatoria y la elección del tipo de implantes, con especial interés en las medidas para la prevención de complicaciones.

Abstract: We study, apropos of a case, a total hip arthroplasty in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. The characteristics of this disease, such as high risk of fracture and the presence of deformities, make this surgery a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. In this manuscript, we review for the first time in this indication the preoperative planning and the selection of implants, with special emphasis on measures for the prevention of complications.

Preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com fratura de pelve por trauma contuso / Mortality predictors in patients with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação de mortalidade com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, lesões e complicações em pacientes com trauma de pelve decorrente de trauma contuso. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo e observacional com dados de registro de trauma obtidos durante cinco anos. O óbito foi a variável de estratificação das análises. Para verificar se as variáveis de interesse tinham associação com o óbito, foi realizado o teste t de Student e teste do Qui-quadrado (ou Fisher) e Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney. Os fatores independentemente associados ao óbito foram analisados por modelo logístico binomial, e com base nos testes de Wald e por Critérios de Informação de Akaike (AIC) e Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC). Resultados: dos 28 pacientes com fratura de pelve por trauma contuso, 23 (82,1%) eram homens; 16 (57,1%) com média de idade de 38,8 anos (desvio padrão 17,3). Houve 98 lesões ou fraturas nos 28 pacientes. Quanto à gravidade, sete pacientes tiveram Injury Severity Score superior a 24 (25%). O tempo de internação hospitalar médio foi 26,8 dias (DP=22,4). Quinze pacientes (53,6%) tiveram internação em UTI. A incidência de óbito foi de 21,4%. A análise mostrou que idade igual ou maior do que 50 anos e presença de coagulopatia foram fatores independentemente associados ao óbito. Conclusão: as fraturas de pelve podem ter mortalidade elevada. Neste estudo a mortalidade foi superior ao que é descrito na literatura. A idade acima de 50 anos e a coagulopatia se revelaram fatores de risco nessa população.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association of mortality with sociodemographic and clinical variables, as well as lesions and complication in patients with pelvic trauma due to blunt trauma. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, observational study with five-year trauma record data. Death was considered as the main stratification variable for the analyzes. We used the Student t test to compare means, the Chi-Square or Fisher exact test for proportions, and the Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test for medians. We analyzed the independent factors using a logistic regression model with penalized likelihood, based on the Wald tests, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results: of the 28 patients with blunt trauma fracture, 23 (82.1%) were men; 16 (57.1%) were, in average, 38.8 years old (±17.3). There were 98 lesions or fractures in the 28 patients. As for severity, seven people had Injury Severity Score higher than 24 (25%). The mean hospital stay was 26.8 days (±22.4). Fifteen patients (53.6%) had ICU admission. Mortality was 21.4%. The analysis showed that age 50 years or more and presence of coagulopathy were factors independently associated with death. Conclusion: pelvic fractures can have high mortality. In this study, mortality was higher than that described in the literature. Age above 50 years and the presence of coagulopathy are risk factors in this population.

Guías Argentinas para el diagnóstico, la prevención y el tratamiento de la osteoporosis 2015 / Argentine guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, 2015

La osteoporosis es una enfermedad en constante crecimiento y que afecta a más de 200 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Nuestras recomendaciones son guías para el diagnóstico, la prevención y tratamiento, pero no normas para las decisiones clínicas en casos individuales. El médico debe adaptarlas a situaciones en la práctica clínica cotidiana, incorporando factores personales que trascienden los límites de estas guías y hacen al saber y al arte de la práctica médica. Como todo conocimiento científico, deben ser actualizadas periódicamente a medida que se adquieran nuevas, mejores y más efectivas herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas.

Osteoporosis is an evolving disease which affects over 200 million people worldwide. Our recommendations are guidelines for its diagnosis, prevention and treatment, but they do not constitute standards for clinical decisions in individual cases. The physician must adapt them to individual special situations, incorporating personal factors that transcend the limits of these guidelines and are dependent on the knowledge and art of the practice of Medicine. These guidelines should be reviewed and updated periodically as new, better and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools become available.

Vitamina D: ¿qué es lo que debe saber un traumatólogo? / Vitamin D: what should an orthopaedist know?

La única patología asociada al déficit de vitamina D fue durante el siglo XX el raquitismo. Nuevas consecuencias asociadas a esta deficiencia han surgido destacando la osteomalacia, mayor riesgo de fracturas, mayor incidencia de caídas en los adultos mayores y una peor coordinación neuromuscular. El propósito de la presente revisión es proporcionar una actualización dirigida a especialistas en ortopedia y traumatología, respecto a definiciones, beneficios, patologías relevantes y guías de manejo que el especialista debe conocer respecto a este problema.

The only condition related to vitamin D deficiency during the 20th century was rickets. New conditions associated with this deficiency have been increasingly reported including: osteomalacia, increased fracture risk, greater incidence of falls among the elderly population, and a worse neuromuscular coordination. The main purpose of this review is to present an update regarding the useful aspects for the orthopaedic community related to vitamin D deficiency, including definitions, benefits, significant diseases, and management guidelines that the specialist must know.

Fracturas múltiples de huesos largos en una escolar portadora de picnodisostosis: Reporte de caso / Multiple long bone fractures in a child with pycnodysostosis: A case report

Las fracturas en edad pediátrica son una entidad importante para considerar. Hay enfermedades en que los huesos del niño se fracturan ante traumatismos de menor energía. La picnodisostosis es un tipo inusual de displasia cráneo-metafisaria autosómica recesiva, cuya primera manifestación clínica suele ser una fractura en hueso patológico. Se presenta a una paciente, caucásica, de 9 años de edad, con diagnóstico de picnodisostosis, que ingresó al hospital por fractura del fémur derecho, por un mecanismo de baja energía. Los estudios radiográficos mostraron fracturas del fémur bilateral, fractura proximal de la tibia izquierda y consolidación viciosa en antecurvatum. Esta rara enfermedad se diagnostica a edades tempranas por talla baja, por fracturas repetidas o por traumas de baja energía. Las opciones terapéuticas son limitadas, y no se ha desarrollado una cura definitiva. Es importante, ante un paciente pediátrico con rasgos dismórficos faciales y fracturas en hueso patológico, sospechar displasias óseas, tales como la picnodisostosis y sus diagnósticos diferenciales.

Fractures are an important entity to consider in pediatric patients. There are certain diseases in which bones fracture with a minimal trauma. Pycnodysostosis is an autosomal recessive unusual type of cráneo metaphyseal dysplasia, that presents frequently as fracture in a pathological bone. A 9 year old caucasian female, diagnosed with pycnodysostosis, was admitted with a right femur fracture as a result of a low energy trauma. Radiographic studies showed bilateral femur fractures, proximal fracture and non-union in antecurvatum of the left tibia. Pycnodysostosis is a rare disease, generally diagnosed at an early age by growth restriction, frequent fractures or fractures with low energy trauma. Therapy alternatives are limited, and no permanent cure has been developed. If a patient has dysmorphic facial features and fractures in a pathological bone, it is important to suspect bone dysplasia, such as pycnodysostosis and its differential diagnoses.

Compromiso óseo en mastocitosis sistémica: una asociación frecuente, pero muchas veces inadvertida / Bone involvement in systemic mastocytosis: report of two cases

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is characterized by pathologic expansion and activation of mast cells. The main clinical manifestations of SM include skin involvement, gastrointestinal symptoms and anaphylaxis due to the release of its mediators. Thirty percent of pat ients with SM have a low bone mass and 20% fractures. At the same time, SM affects 10% of male patients with idiopathic osteoporosis. Measuring serum tryptase is essential for the screening of MS. We report two cases of SM with bone involvement. A 25-year- old woman with prior diagnosis of SM, based on skin involvement, flushing, high serum tryptase and compatible bone marrow (BM) biopsy and genetic study. Low bone mass was diagnosed and treatment was started with calcium and vitamin D plus oral bisphosphona tes with adequate response. A 47 years old man who presented with multiple osteoporotic vertebral fractures and low bone mass. Treatment with vitamin D and alendronate was started, but the patient developed new vertebral fractures. The study was extended w ith measurement of serum tryptase that was elevated. Diagnosis of SM was confirmed with BM biopsy and the patient was referred to hematology for specific care. These cases emphasize the importance of bone assessment in SM, as well as the need to rule out S M in patients with osteoporosis and no evident cause.

Falls in Korean Polio Survivors: Incidence, Consequences, and Risk Factors

Falls and fall-related injuries are important issue among polio survivors. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of, and consequences and factors associated with falls among Korean polio survivors. A total of 317 polio survivors participated in this study. All participants completed a questionnaire including fall history, symptoms related to post-polio syndrome and other information through a telephone interview. Among them, 80 participants visited our clinic for additional physical measurements and tests. Of the 317 respondents, 68.5% reported at least one fall in the past year. Of the fallers, 42.5% experienced at least one fall during one month. Most falls occurred during ambulation (76.6%), outside (75.2%) and by slipping down (29.7%). Of fallers, 45% reported any injuries caused by falls, and 23.3% reported fractures specifically. Female sex, old age, low bone mineral density, the presence of symptoms related to post-polio syndrome (PPS), poor balance confidence, short physical performance battery and weak muscle strength of knee extensor were not significantly associated with falls. Only leg-length discrepancy using spine-malleolar distance (SMD) was a significant factor associated with falls among Korean polio survivors. Our findings suggest that malalignment between the paralytic and non-paralytic limb length should be addressed in polio survivors for preventing falls.