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1.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 14(2): 278-287, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-788048

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT This article provides a review of immunity, diagnosis, and clinical aspects of rotavirus disease. It also informs about the changes in epidemiology of diarrheal disease and genetic diversity of circulating group A rotavirus strains following the introduction of vaccines. Group A rotavirus is the major pathogen causing gastroenteritis in animals. Its segmented RNA genome can lead to the emergence of new or unusual strains in human populations via interspecies transmission and/or reassortment events.


RESUMO Este artigo fornece uma revisão sobre imunidade, diagnóstico e aspectos clínicos da doença causada por rotavírus. Também aponta as principais mudanças no perfil epidemiológico da doença diarreica e na diversidade genética das cepas circulantes de rotavírus do grupo A, após a introdução vacinal. O rotavírus do grupo A é o principal patógeno associado à gastroenterite em animais. Seu genoma RNA segmentado pode levar ao surgimento de cepas novas ou incomuns na população humana, por meio de transmissão entre espécies e eventos de rearranjo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Rotavirus Infections , Rotavirus , Gastroenteritis/virology , Rotavirus Infections/physiopathology , Rotavirus Infections/therapy , Rotavirus Infections/transmission , Rotavirus Infections/veterinary , Genetic Variation , Brazil/epidemiology , Zoonoses/transmission , Zoonoses/virology , Rotavirus/physiology , Rotavirus/genetics , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Rotavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Diarrhea/virology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Gastroenteritis/therapy , Gastroenteritis/veterinary , Genotype
2.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-184034

ABSTRACT

Rotavirus (RV) is one of the most important viral etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. Although effective RV vaccines (RVVs) are now used worldwide, novel genotypes and outbreaks resulting from rare genotype combinations have emerged. This study documented RV genotypes in a Korean population of children with AGE 5 yr after the introduction of RVV and assessed potential genotype differences based on vaccination status or vaccine type. Children less than 5-yr-old diagnosed with AGE between October 2012 and September 2013 admitted to 9 medical institutions from 8 provinces in Korea were prospectively enrolled. Stool samples were tested for RV by enzyme immunoassay and genotyped by multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. In 346 patients, 114 (32.9%) were RV-positive. Among them, 87 (76.3%) patients were infected with RV alone. Eighty-six of 114 RV-positive stool samples were successfully genotyped, and their combinations of genotypes were G1P[8] (36, 41.9%), G2P[4] (12, 14.0%), and G3P[8] (6, 7.0%). RV was detected in 27.8% of patients in the vaccinated group and 39.8% in the unvaccinated group (P=0.035). Vaccination history was available for 67 of 86 cases with successfully genotyped RV-positive stool samples; RotaTeq (20, 29.9%), Rotarix (7, 10.4%), unvaccinated (40, 59.7%). The incidence of RV AGE is lower in the RV-vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group with no evidence of substitution with unusual genotype combinations.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Feces/virology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Genotype , Mass Vaccination , RNA, Viral/genetics , Republic of Korea , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rotavirus/classification , Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
3.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 89(3): 278-285, maio-jun. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-679308

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Descrever a variabilidade genotípica do rotavírus grupo A (RVA) encontrado em pacientes pediátricos imunocompetentes e imunocomprometidos tratados no Hospital de Clínicas/Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC/UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 1.140 amostras de fezes coletadas, de abril de 2001 a dezembro de 2008, em pacientes ambulatoriais e pacientes hospitalizados com gastroenterite aguda encaminhados ao hospital. As técnicas usadas foram o método da aglutinação do látex e imunoensaio enzimático para diagnóstico de RVA. Foi realizada transcrição reversa, seguida por PCR multiplex semi-nested e sequência de nucleotídeos para caracterização do genótipo. Foram relatados dados de combinações de genótipos, clínicos, epidemiológicos, laboratoriais e sobre a presença de infecções hospitalares. RESULTADOS: Foi analisado um total de 80 amostras de fezes positivas para rotavírus. As associações mais frequentes entre os genótipos G e P foram: G4 P[8] (38,9%), G1 P[8] (30,5%), G9 P[8] (13,9%), G2 P[4] (6.9 %) e G3 P[8] 1,4%). O genótipo prevalente foi G2 P[4] depois da implementação da vacina nos anos de 2006 e 2008. Verificou-se que um total de 62,5% das crianças com idade abaixo de 12 meses estavam infectadas. Destas, 55,6% tinham grave desidratação, e 26,7% precisaram de cuidados intensivos. Encontrou-se uma frequência de 12,5% de infecções hospitalares. Não se observou correlação entre o genótipo e a gravidade da infecção nos pacientes estudados. CONCLUSÃO: As infecções por RVA podem associar-se a manifestações clínicas graves e é crucial a vigilância da variabilidade genotípica desse vírus para monitorizar a emergência de novas cepas e o impacto da imunização nesses pacientes.


OBJECTIVE: To describe the genotypic variability of group A rotavirus (RVA) found in immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed pediatric patients treated at the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,140 stool samples collected from April, 2001 to December, 2008 in outpatients and hospitalized patients with acute gastroenteritis referred to the hospital. RVA diagnosis was performed through the latex agglutination method and enzyme immunoassay. Reverse transcription followed by multiplex hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing were used for genotype characterization. Genotype combinations, clinical data, epidemiological data, laboratory data, and presence of hospital-acquired infections were reported. RESULTS: A total of 80 rotavirus-positive stool samples were analyzed. The most frequent associations between genotypes G and P were: G4 P[8] (38.9%), G1 P[8] (30.5%), G9 P[8] (13.9%), G2 P[4] (6.9%), and G3 P[8] (1.4%). G2 P[4] was the most prevalent genotype after the vaccine implementation in the years 2006 and 2008. A total of 62.5% of children aged less than 12 months were found to be infected. Of these, 55.6% had severe dehydration and 26.7% needed intensive care. A frequency of 12.5% of nosocomial infections was found. No correlation was observed between genotype and severity of infection in the study patients. CONCLUSION: RVA infections can be associated with severe clinical manifestations, and the surveillance of genotypic variability of this virus is crucial to monitor the emergence of new strains and the impact of the immunization in these patients.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Genotype , Gastroenteritis/virology , Immune Tolerance , Immunocompromised Host , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Rotavirus/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Epidemiologic Methods , Feces/virology , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology , Rotavirus/classification , Seasons , Time Factors
4.
Jordan Medical Journal. 2008; 42 (1): 34-48
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-87698

ABSTRACT

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders are rare inflammatory diseases of unknown origin defined as disorders that selectively affect the gastrointestinal tract with eosinophil-rich inflammation in the absence of known causes for eosinophilia [eg, drug reactions, parasitic infections, and malignancy]. Eosinophil levels fluctuate, predating presentation by years and may be absent at presentation. Allergic mechanism has been suggested in at least a subset of patients. Indeed, increased total IgE and food-specific IgE levels have been detected in the majority of patients. A majority of patients have positive skin test responses to a variety of food antigens but do not have typical anaphylactic reactions, which is consistent with a delayed-type of food hypersensitivity syndrome. A male preponderance in the third to fifth decades of life has been reported. 25% have a history of atopy. Presentation may vary from a single organ affected by eosinophilic infiltrate to that of multisystem involvement. The gastric antrum and proximal small bowel are the most affected sites, commonly presenting with obstruction. Frank ulceration and haemorrhage are unusual. Symptoms are non-specific with nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Approximately 80% have symptoms for several years before diagnosis. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis can present with protein-losing enteropathy. Serosal inflammation is the most likely cause of the exudative ascites. Biliary obstruction is a rare presentation of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Presentation can mimic malignancy. Ultrasound, computed tomography and contrast studies may show nonspecific features of thickened mucosa and bowel wall. The histology is characteristic with mucosal oedema, a dense eosinophilic infiltrate, muscle bundle hypertrophy, and fibrosis. The submucosa is most commonly affected and full thickness biopsies may be needed for diagnosis. Treatments are often unsatisfactory, and long-term outcomes are uncertain. Prednisolone 20-40 mg per day remains an empirical treatment. Elimination diets and sodium cromoglycate are successful in rare cases where the causative antigen is isolated. Drugs such as montelukast, ketotifen, suplatast tosilate, mycophenolate mofetil, and alternative Chinese medicines have been advocated but are generally not successful. Spontaneous resolution may occur. It is hoped that a better understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of EG will emerge by combining holistic clinical and research approaches involving experts in the fields of allergy, gastroenterology, nutrition, and pathology


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Gastroenteritis/pathology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Gastroenteritis/diagnosis , Biopsy , Gastroenteritis/drug therapy , Leukotriene Antagonists , Prednisolone , Prognosis , Immunoglobulin E , Skin Tests
7.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 22(4): 182-91, oct.-dic. 1990. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-102112

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo describe los resultados obtenidos durante un estudio prospectivo llevado a cabo en 49 familias del Partido de Avellaneda, tendiente a conocer la seroepidemiología de los rotavirus humanos en nuestro medio. Cada familia fue incorporada estado la madre embarazada y el recien nacido fue estudiado hasta los 2 años de vida. La mayoría de las infecciones observadas durante el primer año fueron primarias (0,64 infecciones por niño-año; el 91,3% en niños seronegativos; p < 0,005). Esto coindidió con el período de mayor suceptibilidad a la diarrea por rotavirus (0,25 casos por niño-año; p < 0,01). La incidencia de infecciones en toda la población fue 0,63 casos por persona-año, sin variaciones signficativas para cada grupo de edad. El 61,6% de ellas fueron reinfecciones y en su gran mayoría asintomáticas. Por último se demonstró una relación signficativa entre el nivel de IgG específica circulante y la protección contra la infección y la diarrea causada por los rotavirus, durante los períodos de 6 meses estudiados (p < 0,005 para la infección; p < 0,03 para la diarrea). Aunque se encontró un mayor porcentaje de personas con anticuerpos y mayores niveles a medida que aumentaba la edad (p < 0,005), la incidencia de infecciones por rotavirus no presentó variaciones significativas con la misma. De acuredo con la alta incidencia de reinfecciones encontrada y por haber hallado la total desaparición del nivel de anticuerpos en un 5% de las infecciones un año después, se postula que la protección asociada al nivel de anticuerpos circulantes disminuye rápidamente luego de los 6 meses


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adult , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus/isolation & purification , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Cohort Studies , Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology , Diarrhea, Infantile/immunology , Diarrhea, Infantile/microbiology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Gastroenteritis/microbiology , Immunoglobulin G/analysis , Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus Infections/microbiology , Prospective Studies , Rotavirus/classification , Rotavirus/immunology , Urban Population
8.
s.l; s.n; oct. 1987. 130 p. ilus, tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-73867

ABSTRACT

Se hace un estudio de los principales agentes virales asociados a cuadros diarreicos en niños venezolanos, a fin de caracterizarlos y establecer sus patrones epidemiológicos


Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Male , Female , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Gastroenteritis/transmission , Rotavirus/isolation & purification , Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification , Electrophoresis , Gastroenteritis/mortality
9.
Rev. latinoam. microbiol ; 29(3): 225-9, jul.-sept. 1987. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-105148

ABSTRACT

Durante os microssurtos ocorridos em Belém, Pará, abril de 1986, foram estudadas 26 pessoas, distribuídas em 3 famílias residentes no bairro da Pedreira. Exames com vistas à detecçäo de bactérias, parasitos e agentes viróticos foram realizados nos espécimes fecais dos indivíduos envolvidos no surto, encontrando-se como único patógeno os rotavirus. Quatro amostras positivas para rotavírus foram detectadas pelo método imunoenzimático ("ELISA"), sendo esses vírus classificados como pertencentes ao subgrupo exhibirám os mesmos perfis eletroforéticos. A pesquisa de anticorpos grupo-específicos para rotavírus, através do método de "ELISA", revelou 3 soroconversöes, e que 84.2% dos adultos apresentaram níveis estacionários


Subject(s)
Gastroenteritis/immunology , Rotavirus Infections/immunology , Rotavirus/immunology , Acute Disease , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Brazil , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Gastroenteritis/complications , Rotavirus Infections/complications
10.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 19(2): 77-9, 1987. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-78181

ABSTRACT

El presente trabajo describe un enzimoinmunoanálisis (EIA) para detectar Rotavirus en heces usando anticuerpos preparados en conejo inmovilizaods en nylon como fase de captura, y un segundo anticuerpo, preparado en cabra conjugado a enzima como fase de revelado. El conjugado se preparó usando peroxidas de rábano picante mediante la técnica de oxidación con periodato de Nakane. La fase sólida consistió en dados de nylon (66 CNL) de 3 mm de lado, los que fueron sometidos a hidrólisis parcial con ácido para liberar los grupos amino reactivos. El acople de anticuerpo de captura a la fase sólida se hizo mediante el uso de un brazo químico de glutarraldehido y resultó en una unión covalente entre la gamma globulina y el nylon. Como sustrato de revelado se usó o-fenilendiamina en buffer fosfato citrato pH 5,0 con 0,5% de peróxido de hidrógeno. El EIA se realizó con extractos acuosos de heces que fueron incubados con un dado de nylon sensibilizado con anticuerpos y posteriormente revelado incubado con el conjugado y posterior agregado del sustrato. Se leyerion como positivo todas aquellas muestras que desarrollaron color y cuya DO a 492 nm fue superior a 0,350. El método mostró perfecta correlación con muestras positivas y testigos negativos frente a un reactivo obtenido comercialmente


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Feces/microbiology , Gastroenteritis/immunology , Rotavirus Infections/microbiology , Rotavirus/analysis , Gastroenteritis/etiology , Nylons , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Rotavirus/microbiology
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