Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 activity & its correlation with oxidized LDL & glycaemic status in early stages of type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Background & objectives: Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an important risk predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). This study was aimed to evaluate Lp-PLA2 activity and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in newly diagnosed patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus and to determine the correlation of Lp-PLA2 activity with oxLDL and plasma glucose levels. Methods: Blood samples were collected in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (n=40) before any treatment was started and healthy controls (n=40). These were processed for estimating plasma glucose: fasting and post prandial, ox LDL, and Lp-PLA2 activity. The parameters in the two groups were compared. Correlation between different parameters was calculated by Pearson correlation analysis in both groups. Results: Lp-PLA2 activity (24.48 ± 4.91 vs 18.63 ± 5.29 nmol/min/ml, P<0.001) and oxLDL levels (52.46 ± 40.19 vs 33.26 ± 12.54 μmol/l, P<0.01) were significantly higher in patients as compared to those in controls. Lp-PLA2 activity correlated positively with oxLDL in both controls (r=0.414, P<0.01), as well in patients (r=0.542, P<0.01). A positive correlation between Lp-PLA2 activity and fasting plasma glucose levels was observed only in patients (r=0.348, P<0.05). Interpretation & conclusions: Result of this study implies that higher risk of CAD in patients with diabetes may be due to increase in Lp-PLA2 activity during the early course of the disease. A positive correlation between enzyme activity and fasting plasma glucose indicates an association between hyperglycaemia and increased activity of Lp-PLA2. This may explain a higher occurrence of CAD in patients with diabetes. A positive correlation between oxLDL and Lp-PLA2 activity suggests that Lp-PLA2 activity may be affected by oxLDL also.

Hypoglycemic Effect of Strychnos Potatorum Linn were Compared with Glipizide on Male Diabetic Rats.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Strychnos Potatorum Linn (S.P. Linn) on streptozotocin induced male diabetic rats. Method: Male albino rats (150-200 gm) were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) at a fixed dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. Animals were then given either the test drug or the standard control drug i.e. glipizide orally and the effects on fasting blood glucose level, body weight, food and water intake were recorded and compared with the standard drug. Results: The test drug S. P. Linn reduces blood sugar significantly in STZ induced diabetic male rats which is comparable to that of glipizied. Conclusion: S.P. Linn has antidiabetic action as it significantly reduces blood sugar level in male diabetic rats.

Mechanism of Action of Azadirachta Indica Linn. (Neem) Aqueous Leaf Extract as Hypoglycaemic Agent.

To find out the mechanism of action of Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract (ALE) as hypoglycaemic agent. Materials and Methods: Overnight fasted albino rats of Wister strain of either sex were divided into 3 groups-a) Control (5% aqueous gum acacia suspension 5ml/kg, PO), b) Test (ALE-500mg/kg, PO) and c) Standard (glibenclamide 0.5mg/kg, PO). Blood glucose was estimated before administration of drugs and at 30min, 60min & 120min after the administration of drugs. For glycogen estimation also different animals were taken and divided into similar groups and after 1h of administration of drugs, the animals were killed and glycogen concentration from the liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle were estimated. Results: The ALE produces a marked decrease in blood glucose level in normal rats. The glycogen content of liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle was increased significantly (p<0.001) after 1h of administration of ALE as compare to control. Conclusion: ALE decreases blood glucose level and increases glycogen concentration in liver, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle significantly. Increased glycogen synthesis is one of the important mechanisms responsible for its hypoglycemic action.

Effects of soy protein isoflavones on serum lipids, lipoprotein profile and serum glucose of hypercholesterolemic rabbits

The main objective of this research was to determine the effects of soy protein isoflavones on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fasting blood sugar levels in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Twenty-four male New Zealand rabbits received the basic pellet diet for two weeks and were then placed on a hypercholesterolemic diet [pellets plus 1% cholesterol] for three weeks. After elevation of total cholesterol, the rabbits were randomly allocated into four experimental groups. Groups 1 to 3 received 100g soy protein containing 200mg [SPI+], 100mg [SPI50%] soy protein diet and without isoflavones [SPI-], respectively, for six weeks. The fourth group was kept on the hypercholesterolemic diet [HC]. Findings showed that cholesterol rich diet produced significant increase in total, LDLand HDL-cholesterol concentrations. In SPI+ group these parameters remained unchanged, compared with SPI- and SPI50% groups [P<0.0001]. HDL-cholesterol was significantly elevated after administration of HC diet and remained high [almost three fold] in all soy diets relative to baseline. However, its level was significantly lower in SPI50% compared with SPI-group [p<0.01]. Triglycerides and VLDL concentrations were significantly increased in SPI50% compared with baseline and HC groups [P<0.03]. Fasting blood sugar levels were not changed in all soy treatment groups. These results suggest that intact soy protein isoflavones ameliorate the lipid profile in spite of high-cholesterol intake, but has no obvious effect on blood sugar levels and can therefore be useful in hyperlipidemias especially when cholesterol intake is simultaneously decreased. Moreover, there is no direct doseresponse relationship between soy isoflavone content and its lipid-lowering effect

effect of chronic withania somnifera feeding on the serum levels of glucose and lipids of diabetic rats

Due to the anti-diabetic effect of Withania somnifera [WS] [ashwagandha] and its beneficial effect on the metabolism of foodstuffs, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of this plant was investigated in an experimental model of diabetes mellitus. For this purpose, male Wistar rats [n = 48] were randomly divided into 4 groups, i.e. control, WS-treated control, diabetic, and WS-treated diabetic groups. The treatment groups received oral administration of plant-mixed pelleted food [6.25%] for two months. Serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL- cholesterol levels were determined before the study, and at 4thand 8thweeks after the experiment. Serum glucose level in the diabetic group increased 4 and 8 weeks after the experiment as compared to data one week before the study [P<0.001] and WS treatment of diabetic rats had no significant effect. In addition, triglyceride level in the diabetic group increased 8 weeks after the experiment in comparison with related data one week before the study [P<0.05], and there was a significant lower level of triglycerides in W8-treated diabetic rats [P<0.05]. Furthermore, a similar significant reduction was obtained for treated-diabetic group as compared to the diabetic group regarding serum cholesterol level [P<0.05]. On the other hand, HDL- and LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher [P<0.05] and lower [p<0.01] in the WS-diabetic group as compared to the untreated diabetic group respectively. Chronic oral administration of WS has no significant hypoglycemic effect and leads to appropriate changes in blood lipid profile

inhibitory effect of fasting on lipid peroxidation ; a protective role on cardiovascular system

Fasting [avoiding to eat or drink between sunrise and sunset] in the holy month of Ramadan is one of the religious duties in Islam. It seems that the level of some blood components changes during this month. To determine the effect of fasting on the level of lipid peroxidation and fasting blood sugar. Fifty healthy 30-60 year old men intending to fast during the holy month of Ramadan were included in the study. The plasma levels of MDA, CDs, serum level of triglycerides [TG], cholesterol and fasting blood sugar [FBS] were measured a day before, and on the last day of the fasting month. MDA and CDs were measured using spectrophotometric procedure. Triglycerides, cholestrol and FBS were enzymatically measured using an ELAN autoanalyzer system. The Student's t-test was used to compare pre-and post-Ramadan values. The results were indicative of a significant decrease in the levels of MDA, TG and cholestrol during Ramadan [p<0.05]. The FBS levels were also lower, but the decrease was not significant [p>0.05]. The levels of CDs were not changed significantly. Based on our data and the significant reduction of MDA level during Ramadan and also considering the important role of LDL-oxidation in the production of atherosclerotic plaques, it seems that the one-month period of fasting may have preventive effects on development of atherosclerosis

Fuel oxidation by insulin-dependent diabetics during late pregnancy in response to an oral glucose load

To determine the oxidative response to a 50-g oral glucose challenge by diabetic women during late pregnancy under a more i9ntensive therapeutic regimen than is conventionally employed, six normal pregnant women and ten insulin-dependent pregnant diabetic women were studied during the third trimester. Fuel (carbohydrate and lipid) oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry, blood levels of substrates and C-peptide were measured directly, and glucose metabolism data (oxidation and nonoxidative metabolism) were estimated for both groups at the postabsorptive state and for the 2-h period following glucose ingestion. The increases in the non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) and carbohydrate oxidation ratesw in response to glucose ingestion in the diabetic pregnant group were significantly smaller than in the normal pregnant individuals. The total amount of glucose oxidized by the diabetic pregnant group during the 2-h tests (6.1 ñ 0.6 g/m2) was significantly smaller than that oxidized by the pregnant group (8.3 ñ 0.4 g/m2), whereas there was more but not statistically signioficant lipid oxidation in the diabetic group (3.0 ñ 0.3 vs 2.6 ñ 0.1 g/m2).The diabetic pregnant group not only oxidized less glucose (10.9 ñ 1.1 vs 14.1 ñ 0.8g, P<0.05) but more of this hexose remained in their glucose space (9.1 ñ 1.6 vs 3.2 ñ 1.1, P<0.05) and they excreted 2.8 ñ 1.0 g into the urine. The diabetic pregnant subjects had significantly lower blood levels of lactate, pyruvate and C-peptide than the normal pregnant subjects, but significantly higher blood levels of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate. The present data show that an intensive conventional therapeutic regimen during late pregnancy was not sufficient to completely normalize the glucose-processing capability of insulin-dependent diabetic patients

Effect of the IV administration of non-activated lynphocytes on rat plasma insulin and glucose levels

Althugh several studies have shown the effect of cytokines on islet B cell function, the role of circulating cells in the control of insulin secretion has not been investigated. The effect of lymphocyte administration on plasma glucose and insulin levels was examined in male Wistar albino rats weighing 180-200g. The animals were anesthetized and the jugular vein was cannulated for saline or lymphocyte injection (10**6 cells in 1 ml) and blood collection after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min. A marked increase in plasma insulin levels (180*U/ml as compared to 56*U/ml in the control group, at 20 min) and an unexpected increase (P<0.05) in blood glucose levels (at 60 min only) were observed after lymphocyte administration. Similar experiments undertaken with simultaneous administration of inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin and nordihydroguairetic acid at 1 mg/Kg body weight, suggest that this effect of lymphocytes is not mediated by prostaglandins or leukotrienes

Effects of cold exposure and starvation on plasma glucose insulin and catecholamine levels in albino rats

The metabolic interactions of cold exposure and starvation on plasma glucose, insulin and catecholamine levels were studied in male albino rats. Cold exposure [48 hr at 5C] significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels and increased plasma noradrenaline level. Cold exposure of starved rats [48 hr at 5C] significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels with no change in plasma catecholamine levels. Results from this study indicated that, cold exposure and starvation act synergistically in decreasing the capacity of the pancreatic islets to secrete insulin and that glucose utilization may be enhanced with barely detectable insulin levels in cold starved rats

Effect of glucose loading on uric acid clearance in cases of primary hyperuricaemia

The effect of glucose loading on uric acid clearance was studied in 15 male nondiabetic patients with primary hyperuricemia in addition to 16 normouricemic nondiabetic male subjects as controls. Serum glucose, uric acid and creatinine clearances were measured before and during oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] along 3 hours [0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hours] after glucose intake [1 g of glucose/kg body weight]. The serum glucose levels of fasting and at one and two hours after glucose intake were significantly higher in the hyperuricemic group than the control group. Uric acid clearance before and after glucose intake did not change significantly in both control and hyperuricemic groups. There was no significant difference between both groups as regards the clearance ratio of uric acid to creatinine [Cua/Ccr] before and during OGTT. Also, there was no correlation between serum glucose level and Cua/Ccr ratio in both groups before and during OGTT. From these results, it could be concluded that glucose loading has no effect on uric acid clearance in cases of primary hyperuricemia

Morfina-Lidocaina intratecal y niveles sanguíneos de glucosa en pacientes / Intrathecal morphine-lidocaine and blood glucose levels in patients

Los efectos de la lidocaína o de morfina combinada con lidocaína sobre la glucosa sanguínea se evaluaron en un estudio doble-ciego y al azar en 19 pacientes a quienes se practicó prostatectomía transversal. Al grupo control se le administró lidocaína (100 mg). Al agregar morfina (1.0 ó 10 mg) a los grupos tratados, se produjo una leve caida en los niveles promedio de glucosa, P>0.05. Sin embargo, un paciente que recibió la dosis baja de morfina (1.0 mg), presentó una hipoglicemia severa, 1.1 mmol (20 mg%), que ocurrió 180 minutos después de la inyección intratecal. La similitud de su respuesta con la observada en animales, comprueba que este efecto importante de la morfina también sucede en el hombre. Se discute las implicaciones de tal hallazgo en relación con la farmacodinamia de los opiáceos. Se postula que la morfina activa un mecanismo de tipo encefalinérgico, descubierto recientemente, que es el encargado del paso intracelular de glucosa en los tejidos nerviosos. Se recomienda vigilar la glicemia en pacientes a quienes se administra morfina intratecal, no deben aplicarse dosis mayores de 1.0 mg en pacientes que no han desarrollado tolerancia a los opiáceos debido a la frecuencia alta de efectos colaterales severos.

Interpolación mediante splines cúbicos / Interpolation by cubical splines cubiques

Se resume la interpolación mediante funciones splines cúbicos y se describe un programa para microcomputadora (CSPLINE), codificando un TURBO-BASIC, para interpolar con este método. El empleo del programa es ejemplificado usando datos de glucosa e insulina en plasma en una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa endovenosa modificada, y se consideran algunas otras posibles áreas de aplicación

Comparaçäo entre os valores de conteúdo de O2 e CO2 determinados pelo método manométrico de Van Slyke e por dados obtidos em analisador automático / Comparison between O2 and CO2 content by Van Slyke manometric method and determination by autoanalyser

As diferenças arteriovenosas de contéudo de O2 e CO2 foram determinadas em 25 pares de amostras de sangue, utilizando-se simultaneamente o método manométrico de Van Slyke e o cálculo de conteúdo desses gases a partir de PO2, PCO2 e saturaçäo de O2 obtidos em analisador automático. Os resultados demonstram que näo houve variaçöes significativas quando comparados os dois métodos, mesmo quando utilizados para cálculo de quociente respiratório e velocidade de oxidaçäo de carboidratos

Variaciones de la glicemia en el post-operatorio inmediato de neonatos que reciben solución de dextrosa al 10 por ciento / Glycemia changes in the immediate post-operative period of newborn treated with 10 per cent dextrosa solution

Se estudiaron 15 intervenidos quirúrgicamente por diversas causas en el Servicio de Cirugía del Departamento de Pediatría del Hospital Central de Barquisimeto, con la finalidad de determinar las variaciones de la glicemia en el neonato al recibir solución de dextrosa al 10 por ciento en el post-operatorio inmediato y ver hasta que punto estas variaciones pueden alcanzar niveles críticos que pongan en peligro la vida, para lo cual se investigó en ellos glicemia, diuresis, densidad urinaria y glucosuria inmediatamente antes del acto quirúrgico y a la hora, 6,12 y 24 horas del post-operatorio. Se observó un aumento significativo de la glicemia en la primera hora del post-operatorio (21,847 más o menos 128,892 mgs/dl ó 12,092 más o menos 7,154 mmol.16), en relación a los niveles del pre-operatorio (103,369 más o menos 44,5148 mgrs/dl ó 5,738 más o menos 2,471 mmol/lt), valores que exceden las cifras máximas permisibles, en tanto que a las 6 horas del post-operatorio, se da un descenso importante de la glicemia, alcanzando niveles cercanos al pre-operatorio a las 12 horas. También hubo glucosuria en todos los pacientes con diuresis presente a la hora del post-operatorio, que fue disminuyendo hasta que a las 24 horas menos de la mitad la presentación. La diuresis horaria estuvo elevada a la hora del post-operatorio, descendiendo progresivamente en las siguientes evaluaciones. La densidad urinaria se mantuvo prácticamente sin cambios y no se observó correlación entre edad y sexo con los valores de glicemia encontrados..

Estudio preliminar sobre el estado nutricional de pacientes gerontogeriátricos diabéticos del Hospital "Freyre de Andrade" / Preliminary study of nutritional status of diabetic gerontogeriatric patients at the \"Freyre de Andrade\" Hospital

Se realizó un estudio de algunos indicadores nutricionales en pacientes gerontogeriátricos diabéticos y de otro grupo de individuos supuestamente normales, con el objetivo de evaluar la necesidad de sugerir modificaciones dietéticas. Se seleccionaron 26 pacientes diabéticos de ambos sexos, hospitalizados en salas de Medicina, y 30 pacientes, posiblemente sanos, como grupo control. El estudio nutricional llevado a cabo en estos pacientes gerontogeriátricos diabéticos es de gran valor, por lo que se considera que debe ampliarse a otros indicadores bioquímicos

Respuesta inmediata de los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa e insulina a una ingesta rica en fibra dietética / Immediate response of glucose and insulin plasma levels to a rich dietary fiber ingestion

Se estudia la respuesta inmediata de una ingesta rica en fibra dietética (salvado de trigo) en comparación con una rica en carbohidratos, en 10 pacientes no insulinodependientes con buen control metabólico y bajo tratamiento con compuestos orales hipoglicemiantes del tipo de la glibenclamida. Se encuentra una leve disminución de los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa y ligero aumento de la respuesta insulínica

Effects of lesions in some areas of the central nervous system on serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total lipids

Neste experimento estudamos, através de lesöes eletrolíticas em ratos, a participaçäo do complexo amigdalóide, área preóptica lateral, hipotálamo posterior, área septal e núcleo ventromediano, nos níveis circulantes de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, lipídeos totais e HDL-colesterol. A lesäo no complexo amigdalóide näo determinou nenhuma alteraçäo significativa em nenhum dos componentes estudados, embora apresentasse tendência a aumento ou diminuiçäo de um ou outro componente. A lesäo da área preóptica lateral provocou queda significante nos níveis de triglicerídeos e aumento do HDL-colesterol. A lesäo do hipotálamo posterior provocou queda significante nos níveis de triglicerídeos, colesterol e lipídeos totais. A lesäo da área septal determinou aumento significante nos níveis de lipídeos totais. A lesäo do núcleo ventromediano determinou aumento significativo do HDL-colesterol. Estes resultados sugerem a participaçäo destas áreas do sistema nervoso central na regulaçäo do metabolismo lipídico