Impacto das mudanças da microbiologia na peritonite bacteriana espontânea em três diferentes períodos ao longo de 17 anos / Impact of microbiological changes on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in three different periods over 17 years

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a serious complication in cirrhotic patients, and changes in the microbiological characteristics reported in the last years are impacting the choice of antibiotic used for treatment. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the changes in the epidemiology and bacterial resistance of the germs causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis over three different periods over 17 years. METHODS: All cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and positive culture of ascites fluid were retrospectively studied in a reference Hospital in Southern Brazil. Three periods were ramdomly evaluated: 1997-1998, 2002-2003 and 2014-2015. The most frequent infecting organisms and the sensitivity in vitro to antibiotics were registered. RESULTS: In the first period (1997-1998) there were 33 cases, the most common were: E. coli in 13 (36.11%), Staphylococcus coagulase-negative in 6 (16.66%), K. pneumoniae in 5 (13.88%), S. aureus in 4 (11.11%) and S. faecalis in 3 (8.33%). In the second period (2002-2003), there were 43 cases, the most frequent were: Staphylococus coagulase-negative in 16 (35.55%), S. aureus in 8 (17.77%), E. coli in 7 (15.55%) and K. pneumoniae in 3 (6.66%). In the third period (2014-2015) there were 58 cases (seven with two bacteria), the most frequent were: E. coli in 15 (23.1%), S. viridans in 12 (18.5%), K. pneumoniae in 10 (15.4%) and E. faecium 5 (7.7%). No one was using antibiotic prophylaxis. Considering all staphylococci, the prevalence increased to rates of the order of 50% in the second period, with a reduction in the third period evaluated. Likewise, the prevalence of resistant E. coli increased, reaching 14%. CONCLUSION: There was a modification of the bacterial population causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, with high frequency of gram-positive organisms, as well as an increase in the resistance to the traditionally recommended antibiotics. This study suggests a probable imminent inclusion of a drug against gram-positive organisms in the empiric treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A peritonite bacteriana espontânea é uma complicação séria em pacientes cirróticos e as alterações nas características microbiológicas relatadas nos últimos anos podem afetar a escolha do antibiótico utilizado no tratamento. OBJETIVO: Os objetivos do presente estudo são avaliar as mudanças na epidemiologia e perfil de resistência bacteriana dos germes causadores de peritonite bacteriana espontânea em três períodos diferentes ao longo de 17 anos. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes cirróticos com peritonite bacteriana espontânea e cultura positiva de fluido ascítico foram estudados retrospectivamente em um hospital de referência no Sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados três diferentes períodos selecionados de forma randômica: 1997-1998, 2002-2003 e 2014-2015. Os organismos infecciosos mais frequentes e a sensibilidade in vitro a antibióticos foram registados. RESULTADOS: No primeiro período (1997-1998) houve 33 casos; os mais comuns foram: E. coli em 13 (36,1%), Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo em 6 (16,7%), K. pneumoniae em 5 (13,9%), S. aureus em 4 (11,1%) e S. faecalis em 3 (8,3%). No segundo período (2002-2003), houve 43 casos, os mais frequentes foram: Staphylococus coagulase-negativo em 16 (35,5%), S. aureus em 8 (17,8%), E. coli em 7 (15,5%) e K. pneumoniae em 3 (6,7%). No terceiro período (2014-2015), houve 58 casos (sete com duas bactérias), os mais frequentes foram: E. coli em 15 (23,1%), S. viridans em 12 (18,5%), K. pneumoniae em 10 (15,4%) e E. faecium 5 (7,7%). Nenhum paciente estava usando profilaxia antibiótica. Quando considerados todos os estafilococos, a prevalência aumentou para taxas da ordem de 50% no segundo período, apresentando redução no terceiro período avaliado. Do mesmo modo, a prevalência de E coli resistente aumentou, chegando a 14%. CONCLUSÃO: Houve modificação da população bacteriana causadora de peritonite bacteriana espontânea, com alta frequência de organismos gram-positivos, bem como aumento da resistência aos antibióticos tradicionalmente recomendados. Este estudo sugere uma provável inclusão iminente de um medicamento contra organismos gram-positivos no tratamento empírico da peritonite bacteriana espontânea.

Risk factors for infection in burn in children and adolescents: a cohort study / Fatores de risco para infecção em crianças e adolescentes com queimaduras: estudo de coorte

Introduction: Prevention of infection in burned patients poses great challenges such as infection, which constitutes the most common cause of mortality after burn injury. An analysis of burned patients younger than 20 years-old was performed prospectively to identify the incidence of nosocomial infection (NI) and risk factors for N. We included in the study those admitted and treated from January 2012 to December 2012 at a public burn unit in Brazil. Methods: A total of 136 patients admitted at Burn Care Unit during the study period fulfilled inclusion criteria. We collected information related to NI and epidemiological data. Results: Most patients were male (63.2%) and non-white (57.4%). Patients' mean age was 7.64 years. Scalding was the most frequent causal agent (45.6%). The mean body surface area (BSA) was 15.7%. Most of patients (80.9%) had two or more damaged areas. Surgical treatment with grafts was needed in 69 cases (50.7%). Infection was seen in 59 cases (43.4%), and sepsis in 27 (19.8%). Cultures were positive in 22.8%, and Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent isolated agent (31.2%) found. Antimicrobial drugs were used in 45.6% of patients. The mean length of hospital stay was 22.36 days and mortality rate was 2.5%. According to the statistical analysis there was an association between infection and admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), invasive procedures, grafts, length of hospital stay and BSA. Conclusion: Risk factors for infection in burn patients are length of hospital stay, BSA, invasive procedures, admission at ICU and grafts.

Introdução: A prevenção de infecções em pacientes queimados é grande desafio, pois trata-se da causa mais comum de mortalidade após queimaduras. Um estudo prospectivo em 136 pacientes queimados menores de 20 anos, internados e tratados entre janeiro e dezembro de 2012, foi realizado para identificar a incidência e fatores de risco para infecção hospitalar (IH). Métodos: Pacientes internados na Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados que aceitaram participar e preencheram os critérios de inclusão, participaram do estudo. Foram coletadas informações referentes à IH e dados epidemiológicos durante o período de internação. Resultados: Do total dos pacientes, a maioria era do gênero masculino (63,2%) e não branco (57,4%). A média de idade foi 7,64 anos. Escaldadura foi o agente causal mais frequente (45,6%). A média de superfície corporal queimada (SCQ) foi 15,7%. A maioria dos pacientes (80,9%) apresentou duas ou mais áreas acometidas por queimadura. O tratamento cirúrgico com enxertos foi necessário em 69 casos (50,7%). Ocorreu infecção em 59 pacientes (43,4%) e sepse em 27 (19,8%). As culturas foram positivas em 22,8% e Staphylococcus aureus foi o agente isolado mais frequente (31,2%). Antimicrobianos foram usados em 45,6% dos pacientes. O tempo médio de permanência hospitalar foi 22,36 dias e a taxa de mortalidade 2,5%. Houve associação entre infecção e admissão em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), monitorização invasiva, enxertos, tempo de internação hospitalar e SCQ. Conclusão: Os fatores de risco para infecção em queimaduras são: tempo de internação hospitalar, superfície corporal queimada, monitorização invasiva, internação em UTI e enxerto.

Weissella confusa Bacteremia in an Immune-Competent Patient with Underlying Intramural Hematomas of the Aorta

No abstract available.

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis with Sepsis Caused by Enterococcus hirae

Selective intestinal decontamination (SID) with norfloxacin has been widely used for the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) because of a high recurrence rate and preventive effect of SID for SBP. However, it does select resistant gut flora and may lead to SBP caused by unusual pathogens such as quinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli or gram-positive cocci. Enterococcus hirae is known to cause infections mainly in animals, but is rarely encountered in humans. We report the first case of SBP by E. hirae in a cirrhotic patient who have previously received an oral administration of norfloxacin against SBP caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and presented in septic shock.

Liver Abscess and Empyema due to Lactococcus lactis cremoris

Lactococcus lactis cremoris infections are very rare in humans. We experienced liver abscess and empyema due to L. lactis cremoris in an immunocompetent adult. A 42-yr-old man was admitted with fever and abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a liver abscess and chest CT showed loculated pleural effusion consistent with empyema. L. lactis cremoris was isolated from culture of the abscess material and blood. The patient was treated with pus drainage from liver abscess, video-assisted thoracoscopic decortications for empyema, and antibiotics including cefotaxime and levofloxacin. The patient was completely recovered with the treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a L. lactis cremoris infection in Korea.

Etiología de episodios de neutropenia febril en pacientes adultos con cáncer hematológico y de órganos sólidos en el Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica, Santiago-Chile / Etiology of febrile neutropenia episodes among cancer patients from Hospital Clinico Universidad Catolica, Santiago-Chile

Introduction: The surveillance of febrile neutropenia (FN) episodes in every center allows adapt the antibiotic therapy guidelines to local epidemiology. Aim: To characterize clinical features and compare the FN etiology between hematological cáncer (HC) and solid organ cancer (SOC) in our center. Patients and Methods: Surveillance study in adult patients with FN admitted to Hospital Clinico Universidad Católica, in Santiago, Chile, from January 2004 to August 2007. Results: 154 FN episodes corresponding to 87 patients were included. Mean age: 47 ± 6 years-old; 71 percent had HC and 29 percent SOC. A clinical and/or microbiologically documented infection was recognized in 76 percent. Gastrointestinal 31.5 percent, upper respiratory 30.3 percent and lower respiratory 16.9 percent were the more frequent clinical focus. In 30.5 percent blood culture resulted positive: gram negative rods 51 percent, gram positive cocci 41 percent and yeasts 8 percent; being Escherichia coli 22 percent, S. coagulase negative (SCoN) 20 percent and Klebsiella pneumoniae 12 percent most frequent bacteria; 22.2 percent Enterobacteriaceae were ESBL producers and 55.6 percent 5CoN were methicillin resistant. In 18.3 percent of FN episodes the etiology was not established. Highest mortality was observed in episodes with microbiologically documented infection (14.5 percent vs 1.3 percent, p < 0.005). A clinical observed focus and positive blood cultures were more frequently obtamed among HC than SOC associated episodes: 37.3 percent vs 13.6 percent; (p < 0.01) and 67.2 percent vs 50 percent; (p = 0.045), respectively. Conclusions: The etiological profile of FN in our center and the necessity to continue the surveillance was described. Future studies are needed regarding risk factors of invasive infection that have worst prognosis.

Introducción: La vigilancia de la etiología de los episodios de neutropenia febril (NF) en cada centro permite adaptar guías de antibioterapia a la epidemiología local. Objetivo: Caracterizar y comparar la etiología de la NF en pacientes con cáncer hematológico (CH) y de órganos sólidos (COS). Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio de vigilancia de NF de pacientes adultos en el Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica, en Santiago, Chile, entre enero 2004 y agosto 2007. Resultados: 154 episodios de NF correspondientes a 87 pacientes: 47 ± 6 años; 71 por ciento CH y 29 por ciento COS. Se documentó infección clínica y/o microbiológicamente en 76 por cientoo. Más frecuente fueron: foco gastrointestinal 31,5 por ciento, respiratorio alto 30,3 por cientoo y respiratorio bajo 16,9 por cientoo. En 30,5 por cientoo hubo hemocultivos positivos: bacilos gramne-gativos en 51 por ciento, cocáceas grampositivas en 41 por ciento, levaduras en 8 por cientoo; predominando: Escherichia coli 22 por cientoo, Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa (SCoN) 20 por cientoo y Klebsiella pneumoniae 12 por ciento; 22,2 por cientoo de las entero-bacterias eran productoras de (3-lactamasa de espectro expandido y 55,6 por cientoo >SCoN meticilina resistentes. En 18,3 por cientoo de los episodios no se identificó causa de fiebre. Hubo mayor mortalidad en episodios con documentación microbiológica (14,5 por ciento vs 1,3 por ciento, p < 0,005). En los pacientes con CH fue más frecuente obtener hemocultivos positivos (37,3 por cientoo vs 13,6 por ciento; p < 0,01) e identificar foco clínico (67,2 por ciento vs 50 por ciento; p = 0,045). Conclusiones: Se establece el perfil etiológico de las NF en nuestro centro y la necesidad de mantener vigilancia. En futuros estudios será necesario evaluar factores de riesgo de pacientes con infecciones invasores que tendrían peor pronóstico.

Orbital abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis: case report / Abscesso orbitário secundário à dacriocistite aguda: relato de caso

Acute dacryocystitis usually induces preseptal infection. In rare instances the infection that is confined to the lacrimal sac can extend to the orbital contents resulting in orbital cellulitis. We present a case of intraconal abscess secondary to acute dacryocystitis and review the literature of orbital cellulitis resulting from acute lacrimal sac infection.

A dacriocistite aguda comumente evolui para infecção pré-septal. Raramente a infecção localizada no saco lacrimal pode estender-se ao conteúdo orbitário resultando em celulite orbitária. Apresentamos um caso de abscesso orbitário intraconal secundário à dacriocistite aguda e uma revisão de literatura de celulite orbitária causada por infecção aguda do saco lacrimal.

Cerebellar abscess by Gemella morbillorum in a patient with inter-atrial communication

Gemella morbillorum, a commensal of the oropharynx, upper respiratory, urogenital and gastrointestinal tract is rarely associated with infections in humans. However, an increasing number of infectious processes in different locations have been reported. Cerebral abscesses caused by these bacteria are extremely uncommon with only four cases previously described in the literature. We present the case of a cerebellar abscess by Gemella morbillorum in a 50 years-old man with inter-atrial communication dealt by surgical excision and antimicrobial therapy.

Gemella morbillorum, uma bactéria comensal da orofaringe, vias aéreas superiores e aparelhos urogenital e gastrointestinal, raramente causa infecções em humanos. No entanto, um crescente número de processos infeciosos em diferentes localizações tem sido referido. Abcessos cerebrais provocados por esta bactéria são extremamente raros, encontrando-se apenas quatro casos previamente descritos na literatura. Apresentamos o caso de um abscesso cerebelar por Gemella morbillorum em um homem de 50 anos com comunicação inter-atrial, tratado por excisão cirúrgica e terapêutica antimicrobiana.

Optimum management of pediatric patients with fever and neutropenia.

Fever with neutropenia is a common clinical problem in patients receiving cancer treatment. Prevention and optimum management of infectious complications is critical to the overall success of cancer therapy. This article provides an overview of the current status of this evolving subject. While the basic principles of rapid institution of broad spectrum antibiotics, early intervention with empiric antifungal therapy and continuation of antimicrobials during period of risk are unlikely to change, there is increasing interest in titrating this aggressive approach based on the projected risk of the development of a serious invasive infection. Oral antibiotic therapy and outpatient management are currently being studied in pediatric oncology patients, but even when successful these alternatives to the traditional "in hospital, parenteral antibiotic therapy" approach are unlikely to be applicable in all patient populations and clinical settings. While there is no replacement for clinical acumen and careful monitoring, judicious use of diagnostic resources such as blood cultures and imaging studies is a key component of optimum care. Selection of empiric antibiotics based on ongoing monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns is emphasized.

Management of septic arthritis.

Septic arthritis in children remains a serious disease with the potential for significant systemic and musculoskeletal morbidity. Staphlococcus aureus is the most common cause of bone and joint infections in all age groups. Microbial invasion of the synovial space occurs typically results from hematogenous seeding. Diagnosis in neonates and young infants can be difficult since the clinical signs are much less specific in these age groups. Early diagnosis by needle aspiration of the affected joint and prompt initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in conjunction with drainage of the affected joint is critical to avoid destruction of the articular cartilage and prevent disability. Septic arthritis in infants and children should always be managed by a pediatrician in close consultation with an orthopedic surgeon. Empiric antibiotic regimens should always include adequate anti-staphylococcal coverage. Antibiotic treatment should be started with appropriate doses of intravenous antibiotics. Switch to oral antibiotic therapy can be made when patient demonstrates clinical improvement. A minimum of 3-4 weeks of therapy is recommended. Close follow-up is warranted to monitor the growth of the affected limb until skeletal maturity.

Purpura fulminans due to Enterococcus faecalis.

We report a case of a 73 year old man who developed purpura fulminans due to Enterococcus faecalis sepsis. The patient was treated successfully with oral linezolid. Early diagnosis of the microbial etiology of purpura fulminans is important. If Enterococcus faecalis is found as the causal organism, appropriate antimicrobial therapy may be used.

Cervical Epidural Abscess Secondary to Aorto-Duodenal Fistula: A Case Report

Although cervical epidural abscess is rare, it should be strongly suspected in any patient with unexplainable neck pain and fever, especially when the patient has a predisposing factor for this infectious process. The authors report a case of cervical epidural abscess in a 39-yr-old man with an aorto-duodenal fistula, which complicated the interposition of artificial graft for abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture, which had undertaken 40 months before. Timely detection and intervention rendered him a full neurological recovery. This extremely rare case is presented with a literature review.

Penicillin-resistant Aerococcus viridans Bacteremia Associated with Granulocytopenia

Aerococcus viridans, a catalase-negative gram-positive coccus rarely causing bacteremia, was isolated from blood cultures of a 52-yr-old man under the gran-ulocytopenic condition. The isolate showed the typical characteristics of A. viridans, i.e., tetrad arrangements in gram stain, positive pyrrolidonyl aminopeptidase (PYR) and negative leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) reactions, and no growth at 45 degrees C.The isolate was revealed to be highly resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and ceftriaxone, although most strains of A. viridans isolated from the previously reported patients were susceptible to penicillin and other commonly used antibiotics. Even though A. viridans is rarely associated with human infections, it could be a potential causative agent of bacteremia, especially in immunocompromised patients.

Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis associated with infective endocarditis: case report

Bilateral endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare condition initiated by infection by microbes in the bloodstream, such as those arising from a foci of infective endocarditis. We report a case and discuss the diagnostic aspects and the clinical outcome of a patient with characteristic findings of the disease. The patient was a 49 year old white male who had a metallic aortic valve implanted 7 months previously, and who presented to the hospital with 10 days of fever, cough and dyspnea, then diarrhea and mental confusion. On the second day of hospitalization, he experienced sudden loss of vision in both eyes. A Gram-positive coccobacillus was isolated from the bloodstream, he was treated with fluoroquinolone with disappearance of fever, decreased ocular inflammation, and improvement in his vision to light perception. He later underwent valve replacement surgery but died during the procedure. We review the occurrence of ocular signs and symptoms and their importance in patients with endocarditis.

Pseudolitiasis biliar inducida por ceftriaxona / Ceftriaxone induced pseudolithiasis: a case report

Se presenta el caso clínico de una escolar portadora de una pleuroneumonia derecha en tratamiento con ceftriaxona que presentó dolor en el hipocondrio derecho y vesícula palpable 60 horas después de la administración de tres dosis terapéuticas de la droga. El estudio ecográfico abdominal reveló la presencia de pseudolitiásis o barro biliar. La suspensión del medicamento permitió una remisión rápida de la sintomatología biliar y un control ecográfico alejado mostró la normalización de la vesícula biliar. Además se describen y discuten la reversibilidad de los síntomas biliares y las anomalías ecográficas de la pseudolitiasis inducida por ceftriaxona

Peritonitis complicating acute peritoneal dialysis in Northeast Malaysia.

A prospective observational study examing the incidence, predisposing factors and microbiological aspects of peritonitis complicating acute intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) was performed in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, a referral hospital situated in Northeast Malaysia. Over a 7- month period, a total of 126 acute IPD treatments were included involving 69 patients. The majority of patients suffered from chronic or end stage renal failure (92.7%) and nearly half (47.8%) have underlying diabetes mellitus. Peritonitis occured in 25 treatment sessions giving a frequency of 19.8% of procedures performed. The mean interval between starting dialysis and the first sign of peritonitis was 3.5 days, with 12% of peritonitis occuring before day 3 of treatment. Frequent catheter manipulation and/or leakages were identified as significant predisposing factors for peritonitis and the risk of peritonitis was increased with longer duration of IPD. Gram-negative infections were seen twice more commonly than gram-positive infections. We recommend the use of cloxacillin in combination with either an aminoglycoside or a cephalosporin as empirical antibiotic coverage until culture reports are available.