Effect of isopentenyl pyrophosphate translocation on the biosynthesis of triptolide / 生物工程学报

Triptolide has wide clinical applications due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and immunosuppressive activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of blocking isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) translocation on the biosynthesis of triptolide by exogenously adding D,L-glyceraldehyde (DLG) to the suspension cells of Ttripterygium wilfordii at different stages (7 d, 14 d). Subsequently, the cell viability, biomass accumulation, triptolide contents, as well as the profiles of the key enzyme genes involved in the upstream pathway of triptolide biosynthesis, were analyzed. The results showed that IPP translocation is involved in the biosynthesis of triptolide. IPP is mainly translocated from the plastid (containing the MEP pathway) to the cytoplasm (containing the MVA pathway) in the early stage of the culture, but reversed in the late stage. Blocking the translocation of IPP affected the expression of key enzyme genes involved in the upstream pathway of triptolide, which in turn affected the accumulation of triptolide. Understanding the characteristics and mechanism of IPP translocation provides a theoretical basis for further promoting triptolide biosynthesis through synthetic biology.

Advances in metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for isoprene biosynthesis / 生物工程学报

As an important industrial chemical, isoprene is mainly used as a precursor for synthetic rubbers. In addition, it also has wide applications in the field of pharmaceutical and chemical intermediates, food, adhesives and aviation fuel. Compared with conventional petrochemical routes, production of isoprene in microbial systems has been the research focus considering environment friendly and sustainable development features. This article summarizes the metabolic pathways and key enzymes of isoprene biosynthesis, reviews current methods and strategies in improving isoprene production of Escherichia coli, and also gives some basic ideas and expectation.

Improving isoprene production by engineered heterologous mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli / 生物工程学报

Isoprene is an important precursor of synthetic rubber material. In our previous study, metabolic engineered Escherichia coli strain (BW-01) was constructed and used to produce isoprene. Based on the theory of protein budget, using synthetic biology strategies including the increased copy number of genes and rare codons, we regulated the expression of key enzyme to improve isoprene production in Escherichia coli strain. Under shake-flask conditions, isoprene productivity of the engineered strain (BW-07) increased by 73% compared with BW-01, reached 761.1 mg/L. It provides a reference for further studies.

A novel chloroplastic isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase gene from Jatropha curcas: Cloning, characterization and subcellular localization

Background Jatropha curcas is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically active terpenoids. More than 25 terpenoids have been isolated from this plant, and their activities are anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, insecticidal, rodenticidal, cytotoxic and molluscicidal. But not much is known about the pathway involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. The present investigation describes the cloning, characterization and subcellular localization of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IPI) gene from J. curcas. IPI is one of the rate limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, catalyzing the crucial interconversion of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Results A full-length JcIPI cDNA consisting of 1355 bp was cloned. It encoded a protein of 305 amino acids. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequence predicted the presence of conserved active sites, metal binding sites and the NUDIX motif, which were consistent with other IPIs. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a significant evolutionary relatedness with Ricinus communis. Southern blot analysis showed the presence of an IPI multigene family in J. curcas. Comparative expression analysis of tissue specific JcIPI demonstrated the highest transcript level in flowers. Abiotic factors could induce the expression of JcIPI. Subcellular distribution showed that JcIPI was localized in chloroplasts. Conclusion This is the first report of cloning and characterization of IPI from J. curcas. Our study will be of significant interest to understanding the regulatory role of IPI in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, although its function still needs further confirmation.

Regulation of isoprenoid pathway for enhanced production of linalool in Saccharomyces cerevisiae / 生物工程学报

Linalool is an important monoterpene, and widely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The low concentration in plants and the difficulties in extraction restrict its large scale production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae can provide the monoterpene precursor, geranyl diphosphate (GPP) through its endogenous isoprenoid pathway. Therefore, it could be used as the host for monoterpene production. However, the weak metabolic flux through the isoprenoid pathway leads to the insufficient supply of GPP, and results in low monoterpene productivity. In order to increase the metabolic flux, we constructed the integrated expression plasmid pRS305-tHMG1 and free expression plasmid pYLIS-IDI1 to enhance the expression levels of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI1) and a truncated 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene (tHMG1). The two plasmids were separately transformed into S. cerevisiae CEN.PK2-1C, resulting in strains LS01 and LS02. The plasmid pYLIS-IDI1 was further transformed into strain LS01, resulting in strain LS03. GC-MS analysis showed that the linalool concentration was increased by 1.3 times and reached (127.71 +/- 7.68) microg/L. In conclusion, enhancement of the supply of GPP precursors through the regulation of isoprenoid pathway could increase the linalool production in S. cerevisiae.

Truncated type II isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase from hyperthermophilic achaeon thermococcus kodakaraensis implicates the necessity of its N-terminal amino acid residues in protein thermostability

The enzyme isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase [IDI, EC 5.3.3.2] interconverts isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. We had previously cloned Tk-idi gene encoding the thermostable Tk-IDI enzyme from Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. Four putative start codons were found on Tk-idi gene at 123, 213, 297 and 321 positions downstream of the first start codon. In the present work four mutants were obtained by deleting 123, 213, 297 and 321 nucleotides from the 5'-end of Tk-idi gene to obtain Tk-idim, Tk-idim1, Tk-idim2, and Tk-idim3, respectively. When we tried to express these truncated genes in Escherichia coli only Tk-idim was expressed in the active form. The product, Tk-IDIM, was purified and characterized. The molecular mass of the enzyme, estimated by gel filtration chromatography, was 300 kDa which indicated that the truncated enzyme retained the octameric form. The removal of 41 N-terminal amino acids did not exhibit a significant effect on the enzyme activity however, the thermostability of the enzyme decreased. The decrease in thermostability of Tk-IDIM correlated well with the results of circular dichroism [CD] analysis and structural modeling

Engineering cyanobacteria for fuels and chemicals production

The world's energy and global warming crises call for sustainable, renewable, carbon-neutral alternatives to replace fossil fuel resources. Currently, most biofuels are produced from agricultural crops and residues, which lead to concerns about food security and land shortage. Compared to the current biofuel production system, cyanobacteria, as autotrophic prokaryotes, do not require arable land and can grow to high densities by efficiently using solar energy, CO(2), water, and inorganic nutrients. Moreover, powerful genetic techniques of cyanobacteria have been developed. For these reasons, cyanobacteria, which carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, are attractive hosts for production of fuels and chemicals. Recently, several chemicals including ethanol, isobutanol and isoprene have been produced by engineered cyanobacteria directly using solar energy, CO(2), and water. Cyanobacterium is therefore a potential novel cell factory for fuels and chemicals production to address global energy security and climate change issues.

Clinical relevance of trans 1.4-polyisoprene aging degradation on the longevity of root canal treatment

This in vivo study investigated the time of degradation of root filling material (trans 1,4-polyisoprene) retrieved from endodontically treated teeth and correlated the occurrence of degradation with the longevity of endodontics. Thirty-six root-filled teeth with different filling times (2 to 30 years) and with and without periapical lesions were selected. All teeth presented clinical indication for root canal retreatment. The association among filling time, presence of periapical lesion and root filling material degradation was investigated. Root filling samples were retrieved from the root canals using a Hedströ m file without solvent. The trans 1,4-polyisoprene was isolated by root filling solubilization in chloroform followed by filtration and centrifugation. GPC and FT-IR were the analytical techniques utilized. Degradation of trans 1,4-polyisoprene occurred with time, as a slow process. It is an oxidative process, and production of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in the residual polymer were observed. Statistically significant decrease of molar mass was observed after 5 (p=0.0001) and 15 (p=0.01) years in teeth with and without periapical lesion, respectively. Bacteria participated in polymer degradation. Gutta-percha aging was proven an important factor for the long-term success of endodontic treatment. The findings of the present study showed that, after 15 years, polymer weight loss may decrease the capacity of the filling mass to seal the root canal space and prevent re-infection, thus compromising significantly the longevity of root canal therapy.

Este estudo in vivo avaliou a degradação do material obturador e a influência deste fator na longevidade do tratamento endodôntico. Foram selecionados 36 pacientes (3-30 anos) com canais tratados endodonticamente, com e sem lesões periapicais, e indicação de retratamento endodôntico. Foi investigada a associação entre o tempo de tratamento, presença de lesão periapical e a degradação do material obturador. O material obturador foi removido com uma lima Hedströ em sem uso de solvente. O polímero trans 1,4- poliisopreno foi isolado do material obturador através de solubilização em clorofórmio, seguido de filtragem e centrifugação. GPC e FT-IR foram os métodos analíticos utilizados. A degradação do trans 1,4- poliisopreno foi observada com o tempo, sendo um processo lento e oxidativo, com formação de grupos carboxílicos e hidroxilas no polímero residual. Após 5 (p=0,0001) e 15 (p=0,01) anos, em dentes com e sem lesões periapicais, respectivamente, houve decréscimos significantes na massa molar do material obturador. A infecção bacteriana participa no processo de degradação do polímero. O envelhecimento da guta-percha é um fator que influencia o sucesso a longo prazo do tratamento endodôntico. Após 15 anos, a longevidade do tratamento pode ser significantemente afetada pela redução da capacidade de selamento causada pela perda de massa molar do polímero, permitindo a reinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares.