Hepatitis A y hepatitis viral sin especificación / Hepatitis A and non specificied viral hepatitis

La hepatitis A es una enfermedad endémica en gran parte del mundo. En Chile se encuentra en fase de endemia intermedia. En el año 2010 se notificaron 552 casos (tasa de 3,2 por 100.000 hab.), cifra inferior a lo observado en el año 2009 (627 casos, tasa de 3,7 por 100.000 hab.) y la mediana del quinquenio (923 casos). Se evidencia un desplazamiento de la enfermedad a edades mayores (adolescentes y adultos jóvenes), con mayor incidencia en hombres. Los brotes comunitarios son poco frecuentes, reportándose 20 brotes durante el año 2010. La Región de Tarapacá presentó la tasa de incidencia más alta (22,9 por 100.000 hab.). Al analizar los egresos hospitalarios y defunciones, igualmente observamos la tendencia al descenso.

Hepatitis A is an endemic disease in most parts of the world. In Chile it presents an intermediate endemicity. During 2010, 552 cases were reported (rate 3,2 per 100 000 hab.), less than observed during 2009 (627 cases, and rate 3.7 per 100 000 hab.) and five-year median (923 cases). Displacement of the disease to higher ages (adolescents and adults) is observed,with higher incidence in men. The community outbreaks are unusual, 20 outbreaks were reported during 2010. The Tarapacá region, presented the higher incidence (rate 22,9 per 100 000 hab.). In the hospital discharges and death analysis, we also observe a descending tendency.

Hepatitis A en niños / Hepatitis A in children

La Hepatitis A (HVA), también llamada hepatitis infecciosa, transmitida por alimentos, epidémica,ictericia catarral o epidémica, entre otros, es una enfermedad producida por un agente viral que se trasmite por vía fecal oral y generalmente su curso es autolimitado, aunque, puede progresar ahepatitis fulminante ocasionando la muerte a una proporción pequeña de los infectados. Pertenece al géner o Hepatovir us de la Familia Picornaviridae. La HVA, tiene una distribución universal, aunque con grandes diferencias geográficas en cuanto a su prevalencia, ocurre en forma esporádica y epidémica en todo el mundo, con una tendencia a presentarse en ciclos. La HVA, tiene un periodo de incubación prolongado, entre 15 a 50 días, con un promedio de 29 días, lo que hace difícil relacionar los síntomas con algún alimento o bebida ingerida. El diagnostico de la HVA, se basa en la detección de anticuerpos contra el VHA tipo IgM e IgG. El tratamiento básicamente es de soporte, sintomático y en casos de falla hepática, el trasplante es la única opción. La inmunoglobulina confiere inmunidad pasiva a corto plazo mientras la vacuna provee una protección activa a largo plazo.

Hepatitis A (HVA), also called infectious hepatitis, foodborne, epidemic, or epidemic or catarrhaljaundice, among others, is a disease caused by a viral agent that spreads through fecal-oral routeand usually self-limited course, although fulminant hepatitis can progress to causing death to a small proportion of those infected. Is a Hepatovirus genus of the Picornaviridae Family. The HVA, has a worldwide distribution, but with large geographical differences in its prevalence, occurs in sporadic and epidemic worldwide, with a tendency to occur in cycles. The HVA, has a long incubation period between 15 to 50 days, with an average of 29 days, making it difficult to correlate symptoms with food or drink intake. The diagnosis of HVA was based on the detection of antibodies against HAV IgM and IgG.

Estimación del impacto de la infección por Hepatitis A en zonas urbanas de Colombia 2008: Un análisis a partir de datos secundarios / Theoretical estimation of the epidemiological impact of hepatitis A infection in Colombia

Background: Hepatitis A vaccination is justified in areas with an intermediate endemicity of the infection. Aim: To estimate the epidemiological impact of hepatitis A infection in Colombia. Material and Methods: Epidemiological indicators of hepatitis A infection prevalence by age, morbidity by age, and lethality by age were estimated from a literature search. These measures were projected on a hypothetical cohort of children followed from birth until 15 years of age. The number of cases of infection, jaundice, hepatic failure, hospitalizations and deaths were estimated. Results: From birth to adolescence, a cohort of 872 923 urban children in Colombia would generate between 312,331 and 598,591 infections, between 13,586 and 25,960 hospitalizations, between 213 and 407 hepatic failures and between 107 and 204 deaths. Conclusions: The impact of hepatitis A infection in Colombia, is important. Introducing hepatitis A vaccination would reduce a substantial number of severe hepatitis A cases.

Hepatite A no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: padrão epidemiológico e associação das variáveis sócio-ambientais. Vinculando dados do SINAN aos do Censo Demográfico / Hepatitis A in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: epidemiological pattern and socio-environmental variables. Cross-analysis of SINAN and population census data

Objetivamos discutir a vinculação do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e do Censo Demográfico para conhecer o contexto sócio-ambiental da hepatite A, analisando a contribuição das variáveis ambientais e sócio-demográficas para ocorrência de casos notificados e confirmados da infecção. Também, com base nas informações individuais sobre os casos de hepatite A notificados e confirmados, obtidos no SINAN, discutimos o padrão de endemicidade no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. No estudo agregado, a unidade de análise foi o setor censitário e as informações do Censo 2000, associadas à localização dos 1.553 casos notificados e confirmados de hepatite A ocorridos na cidade entre 1999-2001. Observou-se um padrão epidemiológico entre alta e média endemicidades, indicando situação menos favorável do que a observada nos estudos soro-epidemiológicos. A média rank do número de domicílios com condições sócio-ambientais desfavoráveis foi maior nos setores censitários de sobre-risco para hepatite A (dois ou mais casos) com significância estatística pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. As variáveis sócio-demográficas mostraram ter maior influência do que as ambientais na ocorrência de casos: maior percentual de pobreza e de menores de cinco anos apresentou as maiores diferenças de médias rank.

This article discusses the linking of data from SINAN (the Reportable Diseases Database) and population census in Brazil to identify the socio-environmental context of hepatitis A, analyzing the contribution by environmental and socio-demographic variables to reported and confirmed cases of hepatitis A. Also, based on individual case data provided by SINAN, we discuss the pattern of hepatitis A endemicity in the city of Rio de Janeiro. At the aggregate level, the unit of analysis was the census tract and census data, associated with the location of 1,553 cases in the city from 1999 to 2001. The observed pattern was high to medium endemicity, indicating a less favorable situation than observed by sero-epidemiological studies. The mean rank of number of households with unfavorable conditions was higher in the census tracts with excess risk of hepatitis A (two or more cases), a statistically significant result according to the Mann-Whitney Test. Socio-demographic variables had more impact than environmental ones (poverty and children in the household less than 5 years of age showed the highest mean ranks).

Epidemiological pattern and mortality rates for hepatitis A in Brazil, 1980-2002: a review

The prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is high in developing countries, in which low standards of sanitation promote the transmission of the virus. In Latin America, which is considered an area of high HAV endemicity, most HAV-positive individuals are infected in early childhood. However, recent studies have shown that prevalence rates are decreasing. Herein, we review the data on HAV prevalence and outbreaks available in scientific databases. We also use official government data in order to evaluate mortality rates in Brazil over the last two decades. Studies conducted in the northernmost regions of Brazil have indicated that, although improved hygiene has led to a reduction in childhood exposure to HAV, the greatest exposure still occurs early in life. In the Southeastern region, the persistence of circulating HAV has generated outbreaks among individuals of low socioeconomic status, despite adequate sanitation. Nationwide, hepatitis A mortality rates declined progressively from 1980 to 2002. During that period, mortality rates in the Northern region consistently exceeded the mean national rate and those for other regions. Excluding the North, the rates in all regions were comparable. Nevertheless, the trend toward decline observed in the South was paralleled by a similar trend in the North.

Prevención de la hepatitis A / Prevention of hepatitis A

Entre las hepatitis virales agudas, la causada por el virus A (HVA) es tal vez la de mayor importancia debido a su alta frecuencia derivada de su mecanismo de transmisión fecal-oral. Clínicamente la hepatitis A es similar al resto de las hepatitis virales, sin embargo su aparición es más súbita, caracterizada por síntomas gripales y mialgias, dolor de cabeza y malestar general. Se autolimita en un lapso breve, aunque puede haber recaídas o colestásis prolongada al término de la fase aguda, ambas con carácter benigno. Su tasa de mortalidad es baja y nunca conduce a hepatitis crónica o a un estado de acarreador. La infección de individuos suceptibles puede ocurrir a cualquier edad. La prevención de la hepatitis por virus A debe planearse a nivel del saneamiento ambiental, de la correcta eliminación de las aguas negras y del cuidado en el riego de las legumbres. El mejoramiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas y de higiene, modifican los patrones epidemiológicos ya que a medida que disminuyen las infecciones en los niños, se incrementa la población adulta suceptible. La infección con el HVA da por resultado una inmunidad permanente, por lo que las reinfecciones son extraordinariamente infrecuentes. Existe la inmunización pasiva, inmunización activa, las vacunas inactivadas para HVA, vacunas atenuadas para HVA y se señalan otras opciones para la producción de vacunas contra HVA