ABSTRACT
Los microbicidas constituyen una nueva herramienta, todavía en proceso de investigación, que podrían ayudar en la prevención de la infección por los virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (Human immunodeficiency virus: HIV) y de otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). Una serie de evidencias ha demostrado que la complejidad de la transmisión sexual de patógenos virales requiere de la identificación de compuestos capaces de bloquear los eventos tempranos del ciclo de infección viral. En este manuscrito hacemos una revisión exhaustiva de las diferentes estrategias que se han estudiado o se están considerando para prevenir ITS mediante el uso de microbicidas, haciendo particular énfasis en aquellos con el potencial de bloquear la infección por el HIV. También se revisa el proceso complejo de evaluación preclínica que se requiere para llegar a estudios en humanos y se concluye con un breve análisis de las estrategias que podrían formar parte del futuro inmediato en la investigación de microbicidas
Microbicides are a new tool, still under investigation, which could help prevent infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Increasing evidence shows that the complexity of sexual transmission of viral pathogens requires the identification of compounds able to block the early events during the cycle of viral infection. In this manuscript we provide a comprehensive review of the different microbicide strategies that have been studied or are currently being considered for STI prevention, particularly emphasizing those having the potential to block HIV infection. The manuscript also reviews the complex process that is required to conduct future clinical studies in humans and concludes with a brief discussion of the strategies that could be part of the immediate future in microbicide research
Subject(s)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , Anti-HIV Agents/analysis , Papillomavirus Vaccines/analysis , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/therapy , Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Background: The development of periodontal disease has been thought to be associated with several restricted members of the oral anaerobic species, such as black-pigmented Porphyromonas species and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), in the subgingival environment. Apart from bacteria, certain viruses and fungi that are associated with periodontal disease are also present in the subgingival plaque . Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, crossover split-mouth design was performed. A total of 16 patients suffering from generalized chronic periodontitis were selected for the study. The study period of 18 days was divided into two time-intervals, i.e. baseline (0 days) to 7 th day, with a washout period of 4 days followed by a second time interval of 7 days. The use of ozone and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) irrigation was randomized. Both the patient and the clinician evaluating the clinical parameters were blinded regarding the type of irrigation used. Results: The interpretation of clinical and microbial data is from baseline to 7 th day. A higher percentage of plaque index (12%), gingival index (29%) and bleeding index (26%) reduction was observed using ozone irrigation as compared to chlorhexidine. The percentile reduction of Aa (25%) using ozone was appreciable as compared to no change in Aa occurrence using chlorhexidine. By using O 3 and chlorhexidine, there was no antibacterial effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Tannerella forsythensis. The antifungal effect of ozone from baseline (37%) to 7 th day (12.5%) was pronounced during the study period, unlike CHX, which did not demonstrate any antifungal effect. Conclusion: Ozone may be considered as an alternative management strategy due to its powerful ability to inactivate microorganisms. Also, there is growing evidence that ozone can be employed as a useful therapeutic agent in both dentistry and medicine.
Subject(s)
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans/drug effects , Aggressive Periodontitis/drug therapy , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteroides/drug effects , Candida albicans/drug effects , Chlorhexidine/administration & dosage , Chlorhexidine/therapeutic use , Chronic Periodontitis/drug therapy , Cross-Over Studies , Cytomegalovirus/drug effects , Dental Plaque Index , Double-Blind Method , Gingival Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 4, Human/drug effects , Humans , Oxidants, Photochemical/administration & dosage , Oxidants, Photochemical/therapeutic use , Ozone/administration & dosage , Ozone/therapeutic use , Periodontal Index , Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects , Therapeutic Irrigation , Time Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the ACV susceptibility in Thai HSV clinical isolates. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred thirty HSV isolates from the Virology Laboratory Unit, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok Thailand had typing done by immunofluoresent assay using monoclonal antibody specific to either HSV-1 or HSV-2. Their sensitivity to ACV (IC50) was determined by plaque reduction assay. RESULTS: The IC50 of 77 HSV-1 isolates ranged from 0.07-0.97 microg/ml and that of 53 HSV-2 isolates was 0.13-1.66 microg/ml. The standard HSV-1 (KOS) and HSV-2 (Baylor 186) were included in each run. The mean + standard deviation (SD) of ACV IC50 among HSV-1 and HSV-2 isolates were 0.38 +/- 0.23 and 0.50 +/- 0.32 microg/ml while that of standard HSV-1 and HSV-2 were 0.45 +/- 0.13 and 0.57 +/- 0.04 microg/ml. Statistically significant difference between IC50 of HSV-1 and HSV-2 isolates was indicated (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: No ACV(r) HSV has been detected and ACV susceptibility of HSV-2 has more resistance than that of HSV-1.
Subject(s)
Acyclovir/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Susceptibility , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct , Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects , Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects , Humans , Male , Pilot Projects , Sensitivity and Specificity , ThailandABSTRACT
Se reseña los cuadros clínicos producidos por infeccionesde los virus herpes simplex y varicelazoster, a fin de detallar los antivirales sintéticos que pueden utilizarse efectivamente en su tratamiento y/o profilaxis