ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Growth hormone therapy with daily injections of recombinant human growth hormone has been available since 1985, and is shown to be safe and effective treatment for short stature in children and for adult growth hormone deficiency. In an effort to produce a product that would improve patient adherence, there has been a strong effort from industry to create a long acting form of growth hormone to ease the burden of use. Technologies used to increase half-life include depot formulations, PEGylated formulations, pro-drug formulations, non-covalent albumin binding growth hormone and growth hormone fusion proteins. At present, two long acting formulations are on the market in China and South Korea, and several more promising agents are under clinical investigation at various stages of development throughout the world. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):601-7
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adult , Human Growth Hormone/administration & dosage , Growth Disorders/drug therapy , Drug Administration Schedule , Drug Design , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Human Growth Hormone/pharmacokinetics , Human Growth Hormone/chemistry , Delayed-Action PreparationsABSTRACT
No complexo processo de proliferaçäo celular, os hormônios agem de diferentes maneiras ao atingirem seus receptores nos tecidos-alvo. Os principais fatores ligados ao crescimento hepático säo HGF, TGF-alpha, IL-6, TNF-alpha, norepinefrina, EGF e insulina. O GH estimula tanto o fígado a produzir fatores de crescimento, como a expressäo genética do HGF e a síntese de DNA. Hormônios tireoideanos aumentam a capacidade proliferativa dos hepatócitos. A insulina age sinergicamente com GH e glucagon. Näo tem potencial mitogênico primário mas intensifica o estímulo regenerativo iniciado pela epinefrina e norepinefrina. Esta amplifica os sinais mitogênicos do EGF e HGF, induz a secreçäo de EGF e antagoniza os efeitos inibitórios do TGF-beta 1. O glucagon isoladamente näo produz efeitos mas provavelmente participa na síntese de DNA e da resposta homeostásica pela qual a glicemia é mantida estável durante a regeneraçäo. Também há indícios de açäo hepatotrófica da gastrina.