ABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives This study aimed to explore the effect of antidepressant treatment on the HPA axis, changes in depression score, and serum levels of TNF-α in depressed infertile women. Methods In this randomized controlled trial research, 60 infertile women who had undergone in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment with depression scores between 16-47 were divided into two groups. The intervention group with fluoxetine capsule was under treatment for two months before the embryo transfer, while the control group was given placebo. Depression score, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as well as cortisol hormone levels were measured and recorded both before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Results We analyzed the data related to 55 subjects who had undergone embryo transfer. 7 subjects in the intervention group and 3 in the control group got pregnant. We observed a significant decrease in the depression score (p < 0/001) and serum levels of cortisol (p = 0/001) in the intervention group. There was a significant increase in the serum levels of TNF-α in the intervention group (p < 0/001). There was a significant difference between the two groups in the number of pregnancies (p = 0.04). However, there was no statistical difference between them with regard to the number of harvested oocytes (p = 0.174). Discussion Decrease in depression score and cortisol level, and an increase in the levels of TNF-α in the intervention group caused any changes in the number of oocytes in comparison with the control group. However, the number of pregnancies was larger in the intervention group.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Fluoxetine/therapeutic use , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Depression/drug therapy , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Infertility, Female/psychology , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Hydrocortisone/blood , Fertilization in Vitro , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/drug effects , Treatment Outcome , Infertility, Female/therapyABSTRACT
Opioids are the main group of pharmacological agents used during the perioperative period and provide a sedative and analgesic component. The observations of opioid consumption in West Europe indicate that this group of drugs is widely used in chronic noncancer pain therapy. Nearly 20 years ago, the first publications indicating that opioids, as an element of perioperative pharmacotherapy in oncologic patients, increase the risk of tumor recurrence and affect further prognosis were presented. The actual publications suggest that there are multifactorial, complex mechanisms underlying the immunological impact and carcinogenesis promotion of opioids and that the intensity varies depending on the type of opioid. There are also questions about the immunosuppressive effects among patients receiving opioids in the treatment of chronic noncancer pain. The aim of the review article is to present information about the action of opioids on the immune system in carcinogenic settings and to define the clinical usefulness of this pharmacological phenomenon.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chronic Pain/drug therapy , Carcinogenesis , Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Retrospective Studies , Drug Tolerance , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Opioid-Related DisordersSubject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control , Adrenal Insufficiency/prevention & control , Adrenal Glands/physiology , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effectsABSTRACT
Summary Introduction: Oral corticosteroids (OCS) are a mainstay of treatment for asthma exacerbations, and short-term OCS courses were generally considered to be safe. Nevertheless, frequent short-term OCS courses could lead to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. Our study aimed at investigating the integrity of the HPA axis in children with persistent asthma or recurrent wheezing at the beginning of an inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) trial. Method: Morning basal cortisol was assessed just before the beginning of ICS, and 30, 60, and 90 days later, using Immulite® Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostic chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (Los Angeles, USA; 2006). Results: In all, 140 children (0.3-15 years old) with persistent asthma or recurrent wheezing have been evaluated and 40% of them reported short-term OCS courses for up to 30 days before evaluation. Out of these, 12.5% had biochemical adrenal suppression but showed adrenal recovery during a three-month ICS trial treatment. No significant differences were observed among children with or without adrenal suppression, neither in the number of days free of OCS treatment before cortisol evaluation (p=0.29) nor in the last OCS course duration (p=0.20). The number of short-term OCS courses reported in the year preceding the cortisol evaluation was also not different (p=0.89). Conclusion: Short-term systemic courses of corticosteroids at conventional doses can put children at risk of HPA axis dysfunction. ICS treatment does not impair adrenal recovery from occurring. Health practitioners should be aware of the risk of a blunted cortisol response upon exposure to stress during the follow-up of patients with persistent asthma or recurrent wheezing.
Resumo Introdução: A corticoterapia oral (CO) é um dos pilares do tratamento na exacerbação da asma, e cursos de curta duração são geralmente considerados seguros. No entanto, crianças submetidas a repetidos cursos estão sujeitas a disfunção do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal (HHA). Objetivo: Investigar a integridade do eixo HHA em crianças com asma persistente ou sibilância recorrente com indicação para corticoterapia inalatória (CI). Método: Avaliação do cortisol sérico basal antes da introdução da CI e 30, 60 e 90 dias após iniciado o tratamento, utilizando-se o imunoensaio ImmuliteÒ Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostic chemiluminescent (Los Angeles, EUA; 2006). Resultados: Das 140 crianças avaliadas (0,3 a 15 anos de idade) com asma persistente ou sibilância recorrente, 40% relataram ter recebido CO no último mês antes da avaliação. Cerca de 12,5% delas apresentaram supressão adrenal bioquímica e evoluíram com recuperação do eixo HHA durante os primeiros três meses em CI. O número de dias livres de CO e a duração do último curso antes da avaliação do cortisol não foram significativamente diferentes entre as crianças com ou sem supressão adrenal (p=0,29 e p=0,20, respectivamente). O número de cursos de curta duração relatados no ano anterior à avaliação também não esteve associado à supressão adrenal (p=0,89). Conclusão: A utilização dos corticosteroides nas doses convencionais, em cursos de curta duração, pode colocar as crianças em risco de disfunção do eixo HHA. A recuperação desse eixo é possível durante a CI. Profissionais de saúde devem estar atentos para a possibilidade de resposta inadequada ao estresse durante o acompanhamento de crianças com asma persistente ou sibilância recorrente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Asthma/drug therapy , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Adrenal Insufficiency/chemically induced , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Reference Values , Asthma/physiopathology , Time Factors , Administration, Inhalation , Hydrocortisone/blood , Administration, Oral , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Adrenal Insufficiency/physiopathology , Statistics, Nonparametric , Disease Progression , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Luminescent MeasurementsABSTRACT
Cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, induces stress-like symptoms, increases c-fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and decreases innate immune responses in laboratory animals. Macrophages are key elements in cellular immune responses and operate at the tumor-host interface. This study investigated the relationship among cyhalothrin effects on Ehrlich tumor growth, serum corticosterone levels and peritoneal macrophage activity in mice. Three experiments were done with 10 experimental (single gavage administration of 3.0 mg/kg cyhalothrin daily for 7 days) and 10 control (single gavage administration of 1.0 mL/kg vehicle of cyhalothrin preparation daily for 7 days) isogenic BALB/c mice in each experiment. Cyhalothrin i) increased Ehrlich ascitic tumor growth after ip administration of 5.0 x 106 tumor cells, i.e., ascitic fluid volume (control = 1.97 ± 0.39 mL and experimental = 2.71 ± 0.92 mL; P < 0.05), concentration of tumor cells/mL in the ascitic fluid (control = 111.95 ± 16.73 x 106 and experimental = 144.60 ± 33.18 x 106; P < 0.05), and total number of tumor cells in the ascitic fluid (control = 226.91 ± 43.22 x 106 and experimental = 349.40 ± 106.38 x 106; P < 0.05); ii) increased serum corticosterone levels (control = 200.0 ± 48.3 ng/mL and experimental = 420.0 ± 75.5 ng/mL; P < 0.05), and iii) decreased the intensity of macrophage phagocytosis (control = 132.3 ± 19.7 and experimental = 116.2 ± 4.6; P < 0.05) and oxidative burst (control = 173.7 ± 40.8 and experimental= 99.58 ± 41.7; P < 0.05) in vitro in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. These data provide evidence that cyhalothrin simultaneously alters host resistance to Ehrlich tumor growth, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis function, and peritoneal macrophage activity. The results are discussed in terms of data suggesting a link between stress, HPA axis activation and resistance to tumor growth.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/pathology , Insecticides/pharmacology , Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects , Nitriles/pharmacology , Phagocytosis/drug effects , Pyrethrins/pharmacology , Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/blood , Corticosterone/blood , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are used commonly for the treatment of various pediatric inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although potent and generally effective, they are not without risks for producing serious adverse effects, especially when used in high doses for prolonged periods of time. For proper use of systemic glucocortcoids, a basic knowledge of the pharmacology, clinical usage guidelines, and adverse reactions of these agents is imperative. This review article emphasis on the commonly observed side-effects encountered with GC use in children and their underlying basic pathophysiological mechanisms. The appropriate anticipation of these side-effects with timely implementation of the suggested evidencebased guidelines has the potential significantly to prevent, minimize and treat common and disabling complications of glucocortcoid therapy.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects , Adrenal Glands/drug effects , Adrenal Insufficiency/chemically induced , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Drug Administration Schedule , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Humans , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Risk Assessment/methodsABSTRACT
The adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (GC), mineralocorticoids (MC) and androgens. GC maintain homeostasis, MC regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and adrenal androgens contribute to development of secondary sexual characteristics. Pharmacologic GC therapy is frequently indicated in the pediatric age group. Besides having many important side effects, prolonged high dose systemic GC therapy has a suppressive effect on endogenous steroid production. Therefore, GC therapy should be withdrawn gradually and stopped based on assessment of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis recovery. Patients with HPA axis suppression require physiological replacement of GC along with enhancement of doses during periods of stress. Due to its immunosuppressive effects, issues about safety and efficacy of live virus vaccines in patients receiving systemic high dose GC therapy must be borne in mind.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex/metabolism , Androgens/pharmacology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Drug Administration Schedule , Glucocorticoids/pharmacology , Humans , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Mineralocorticoids/pharmacology , Stress, Psychological/metabolismABSTRACT
Glicocorticóides são amplamente utilizados na prática clínica para o controle da atividade de doenças auto-imunes, inflamatórias, alérgicas e outras entidades nosológicas. Doses terapêuticas de glicocorticóides são muita vezes administradas inapropriadamente e isto é um problema particular, pois a terapia crônica tem muitos efeitos colaterais que se estendem desde a supressão do eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário-adrenal e síndrome de Cushing até infecções e alterações do status mental. Fatores que influenciam tanto nos efeitos adversos quanto nos terapêuticos dos glicocorticóides incluem propriedades farmacocinéticas do glicocorticóide, dose diária, diferenças individuais no metabolismo esteróide e duração do tratamento. Quando utilizados para o controle da atividade destas doenças, quatro aspectos da retirada de glicocorticóide merecem atenção especial. Primeiro, a doença tratada pelo esteróide pode recorrer. Segundo, o eixo hipotálamo- hipófise-adrenal pode permanecer suprimido por um longo período. Terceiro, muitas vezes desenvolve-se dependência psicológica a esses hormônios. Quarto, uma síndrome de retirada inespecífica pode desenvolver mesmo enquanto os pacientes estão recebendo doses de reposição fisiológica de glicocorticóides. A gravidade da síndrome de retirada depende da fase e o grau de dependência e inclui sintomas tais como anorexia, náusea, vômitos, perda de peso, fadiga, mialgias, artralgias, cefaléia, dor abdominal, letargia, hipotensão postural, febre e descamação da pele.
Glucocorticoids are widely used in clinical practice to control the activity of autoimmune, inflammatory, allergic diseases and other nosological entities. Therapeutic doses of glucocorticoids are often administered inappropriately and it is a particular problem because chronic therapy has many side effects, ranging from suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and Cushing's syndrome to infections and changes in mental status. Factors influencing both the therapeutic and adverse effects of glucocorticoids include the pharmacokinetic properties of the glucocorticoid, daily dosage, individual differences in steroid metabolism and the duration of treatment. When used to control the activity of these diseases, four aspects of glucocorticoid withdrawal deserve special attention. First, the illness treated by steroids may relapse. Second, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may remain suppressed for a long time. Third, psychological dependence to these hormones often develops. Fourth, a nonspecific withdrawal syndrome may develop even while patients are receiving physiological replacement doses of glucocorticoids. The severity of the withdrawal syndrome depends on the phase and degree of dependence and includes many symptoms as anorexia, nausea, emesis, weight loss, fatigue, myalgias, arthralgias, headache, abdominal pain, lethargy, postural hypotension, fever, and skin desquamation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cushing Syndrome/chemically induced , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/diagnosis , Cognition/drug effects , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Glucocorticoids/pharmacokinetics , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effectsABSTRACT
The treatment of choice for Cushing's syndrome remains surgical. The role for medical therapy is twofold. Firstly it is used to control hypercortisolaemia prior to surgery to optimize patient's preoperative state and secondly, it is used where surgery has failed and radiotherapy has not taken effect. The main drugs used inhibit steroidogenesis and include metyrapone, ketoconazole, and mitotane. Drugs targeting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis have been investigated but their roles in clinical practice remain limited although PPAR-gamma agonist and somatostatin analogue som-230 (pasireotide) need further investigation. The only drug acting at the periphery targeting the glucocorticoid receptor remains Mifepristone (RU486). The management of Cushing syndrome may well involve combination therapy acting at different pathways of hypercortisolaemia but monitoring of therapy will remain a challenge.
O tratamento de escolha para a síndrome de Cushing ainda é a cirurgia. O papel da terapia medicamentosa é duplo: ele é usado para controlar o hipercortisolismo antes da cirurgia e otimizar o estado pré-operatório do paciente e, adicionalmente, quando ocorre falha cirúrgica e a radioterapia ainda não se mostrou efetiva. Os principais medicamentos são empregados para inibir a esteroidogênese e incluem: metirapona, cetoconazol e mitotano. Medicamentos visando o eixo hipotálamo-hipofisário têm sido investigados, mas seu papel na prática clínica permanece limitado, embora o agonista PPAR-gama e análogo de somatostatina, som-230 (pasireotídeo), requeira estudos adicionais. A única droga que age perifericamente no receptor glicocorticóide é a mifepristona (RU486). O manejo da síndrome de Cushing deve envolver uma combinação terapêutica atuando em diferentes vias da hipercortisolemia, mas o monitoramento dessa terapia ainda permanece um desafio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cushing Syndrome/drug therapy , Dopamine Antagonists/therapeutic use , Hormone Antagonists/therapeutic use , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Ketoconazole/therapeutic use , Metyrapone/therapeutic use , Mifepristone/therapeutic use , Mitotane/therapeutic use , PPAR gamma/agonists , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Somatostatin/analogs & derivatives , Steroids/antagonists & inhibitors , Steroids/biosynthesisABSTRACT
A suspensão da corticoterapia é a causa mais comum de insuficiência supra-renal, e ainda persistem dúvidas quanto à melhor forma de avaliação da inibição e recuperação do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal (HHA) provocada pelos glicocorticóides. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade da dosagem do cortisol basal na avaliação desta insuficiência. Foram avaliadas 35 crianças (mediana da idade de 6,9 anos) submetidas ao tratamento preconizado pelo Grupo Brasileiro para o tratamento da Leucemia Linfocítica Aguda (LLA). O teste de estímulo com o hormônio liberador da corticotrofina (CRH 1 mcg/kg) foi realizado antes da introdução da dexametasona (6 mg/m²/dia, por 28 dias), no 8° e no 28° dias do uso do glicocorticóide e 48 horas e um mês após sua retirada. Houve inibição da secreção do cortisol basal e da concentração máxima (após CRH) durante a corticoterapia e 48 horas após sua suspensão, em relação ao valor obtido antes do tratamento (p< 0,01 e p< 0,0001, respectivamente, para os três exames). Um mês após o término da corticoterapia, o valor do cortisol basal e a concentração máxima não apresentavam diferença significativa em relação ao aferido antes do tratamento. Observou-se correlação positiva e significativa entre as concentrações basais e máximas do cortisol em todos os testes realizados. Observou-se, ainda, que ao considerarmos o limite inferior de cortisol basal de 8,5 mcg/dl obtivemos 95 por cento de especificidade para o diagnóstico da insuficiência adrenal. Concluímos que o uso do cortisol basal é de utilidade como marcador da função supra-renal em crianças durante a suspensão do tratamento e após corticoterapia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adrenal Insufficiency/chemically induced , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Hydrocortisone/blood , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma , Adrenal Insufficiency/diagnosis , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects , Biomarkers/blood , Dexamethasone/adverse effects , Hydrocortisone , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico no indexadorMEDLINE, através das palavras-chave "cortisol" e "panic", sem limite de tempo, restringindo-se a sereshumanos e à localização das palavras-chave no título e no resumo. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão e relatos de caso, estudos sobre alterações ocorridas entre dois ataques, e os que tratavam de outras doenças psiquiátricas ou de sujeitos sadios, quando não comparados com pacientes de pânico. Os resultados mostraram que ataques de pânico naturais ou provocados pelos agentes panicogênicos seletivos, lactato de sódio e dióxido de carbono, não ativam o eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal (HPA). Agonistas do receptor de colecistocinina B elevam os hormônios de estresse, quer haja ataque de pânico ou não, parecendo ativar diretamente o eixo HPA. O antagonista benzodiazepínico flumazenil não eleva o nível dos hormônios de estresse, porém não induz ataques de pânico de modo consistente. Agentes farmacológicos que produzem ansiedade em pacientes de pânico e em voluntários saudáveis elevam o nível dos hormônios de estresse, entre estes o antagonista a2-adrenérgico ioimbina, os agentes serotonérgicos 1-(m-clorofenil) piperazina (mCPP) e fenfluramina, bem como o agente psicostimulante cafeína. Portanto, o ataque de pânico não parece ativar o eixo HPA, ao contrário da ansiedade antecipatória.
Subject(s)
Humans , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Panic Disorder/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Anxiety/physiopathology , Cholecystokinin/agonists , Hydrocortisone/physiology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Panic Disorder/chemically induced , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effectsABSTRACT
A funcão do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireóide em animais portadores da "síndrome do T3 baixo", foi estudada em ratos implantados com o tumor de Walker-256. Ratos machos adultos foram injetados com 1 x 106 células tumorais viáveis, por via SC, e sacrificados após 10 dias. A intensidade da síndrome guardou relacão positiva com o tamanho do tumor desenvolvido. Houve diminuicão da atividade tireoideana documentada pela diminuicão da área nuclear das células foliculares, das concentracões plasmáticas do T4, da rTg e da captacão do 131I. Mesmo o implante SC de um pellet de TSH de liberacão lenta causou menor estimulacão tireoideana, avaliada após 2 e 24h nos ratos com tumor. A secrecão do rTSH avaliada através da administracão IV de TRH mostrou-se significativamente diminuída nestas condicões, indicando aumento do tônus inibidor hipotalâmico sobre a secrecão deste hormônio. A participacão de outros neuro-mediadores hipotalâmicos foi verificada através da administracão prévia de metoclopramida e/ou fisostigmina, com ou sem estímulo subseqüente pelo TRH. Nos animais tratados com metoclopramida, os valores do rTSH aumentaram significativamente, assim como a resposta ao estímulo de secrecão pelo TRH. A fisostigmina mostrou-se mais eficiente na mediacão da resposta de secrecão do rTSH, bem como na resposta ao estímulo de secrecão pelo TRH. A administracão concomitante dos dois fármacos, seguida do estímulo pelo TRH, normalizou a secrecão do rTSH. Conclui-se que, além das alteracões conhecidas do metabolismo das iodotironinas, a secrecão de TSH encontra-se diminuída nos animais portadores de tumor de Walker-256, sugerindo diminuicão global do tônus tireoideano.
Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Humans , Male , /metabolism , Euthyroid Sick Syndromes/etiology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Thyrotropin/blood , Dopamine/pharmacology , Euthyroid Sick Syndromes/metabolism , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Metoclopramide/pharmacology , Physostigmine/pharmacology , Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/blood , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Somatostatin/pharmacology , Thyroid Gland/drug effects , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Thyroid Hormones/metabolism , ThyrotropinABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: As mudanças no eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal (HPA) são características da depressão. Devido aos efeitos dos glicocorticóides serem mediados por receptores intracelulares, como os receptores de glicocorticóides (RGs), inúmeros estudos examinaram o número e/ou função dos RGs em pacientes com depressão. MÉTODOS: Os autores fazem uma revisão das evidências científicas dos estudos que têm consistentemente demonstrado que a função dos RGs está prejudicada na depressão maior, em conseqüência da redução da resposta do eixo HPA ao feedback negativo mediado pelos RGs e a um aumento na produção e secreção de HLC em várias regiões cerebrais, sugerindo que esses mecanismos estão envolvidos na etiologia da depressão e no tratamento antidepressivo. RESULTADOS: Esta revisão faz um resumo da literatura atual sobre RG na depressão e sobre o impacto dos antidepressivos nos RGs em estudos clínicos e pré-clínicos, e dá suporte ao conceito de que a sinalização deficiente dos RGs é parte fundamental na fisiopatogenia da depressão, na ausência de evidências claras de redução na expressão dos RGs. Embora os efeitos dos antidepressivos nos hormônios glicocorticóides e seus receptores sejam relevantes para a ação terapêutica dessas drogas, os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes a esses efeitos ainda não estão esclarecidos. Estudos indicam que os antidepressivos têm efeitos diretos nos RGs, levando a uma melhora da função e a um aumento da expressão dos RGs. Nós propomos que, em humanos, os antidepressivos podem inibir os transportadores de esteróides localizados na barreira hemato-liquórica e nos neurônios, como o complexo de resistência a múltiplas drogas glicoproteína-p ("multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein"), e podem aumentar o acesso do cortisol ao cérebro e o feedback negativo mediado por glicocorticoides no eixo HPA. CONCLUSÃO: O aumento da ação do cortisol no cérebro pode ser uma abordagem eficaz para maximizar os efeitos terapêuticos dos antidepressivos. Hipóteses referentes aos mecanismos destes receptores envolvem compostos não esteróides que regulam a função dos RGs via segundos mensageiros. A pesquisa nesta área trará novos entendimentos à fisiopatologia e ao tratamento dos transtornos afetivos, em especial na depressão.
Subject(s)
Humans , Depression/physiopathology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Brain Chemistry/drug effects , Brain Chemistry/physiology , Depression/metabolism , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects , Pituitary-Adrenal System/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/drug effectsABSTRACT
We compared the estradiol/progesterone-induced luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] release between normally fed and leptin-supplemented starved ovariectomized female rats and studied also the effect of hyper-leptinaemia on the steroid-induced hormonal release in normally fed ovariectomized rats. Three days' starvation completely abolished steroid-induced LH and FSH release. Significant recovery of the hormonal release was shown in the leptin-supplemented starved group. The magnitudes of LH and FSH release in the normally fed animals with a higher dose of leptin were statistically the same as those in the normally fed group without leptin. These observations indicate that physiological concentrations of circulating leptin exert a stimulatory effect on steroid-induced LH and FSH release
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Analysis of Variance , Disease Models, Animal , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/metabolism , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Luteinizing Hormone/metabolism , Neuropeptide Y/drug effects , Ovariectomy , RatsABSTRACT
The effect of chronic exposure to carbofuran (4.5 ppm in static water) for six months on the gonadal histophysiology and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal complex was studied in Channa punctatus. Experimental observations revealed significant inhibition of gonadal development with associated degenerative abnormalities as evidenced by ovarian and testicular histology and reduced gonadosomatic index. Degenerative changes in ovary were exihibited by stage I (oogonium) and stage II (immature/non-vitellogenic) oocytes as marked by perinuclear ooplasmic lysis, clumping and dissolution resulting in disintigration of nuclear material altogether attributed to complete degeneration of such oocytes. Testicular deleterious changes included degeneration of spermatogenic elements and necrosis of interstitial cells of Leydig. Correlative histophysiological changes were also observed in the pituitary gonadotrophs and hypothalamic, nucleus pre-opticus, neurons that were smaller, inactive and less in number with associated necrosis. Corresponding to the changes in nucleus pre-opticus neurons, significant inhibition of brain monoamine oxidase enzyme activity was also recorded in treated group. These observations suggest that carbofuran even at low concentration level under long-term exposure is capable of inducing retardation of gonadal development which might have been mediated through the impairment of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal-gonadal axis in this species.
Subject(s)
Animals , Carbofuran/adverse effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Environmental Exposure , Female , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Insecticides/adverse effects , Male , Oogenesis/drug effects , Ovary/drug effects , Spermatogenesis/drug effects , Testis/drug effects , Water Pollutants, Chemical/adverse effectsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly inhaled corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment of bronchial asthma. However, these drugs have potential side effects. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (400 and 800 micrograms) over a period of six months on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) suppression. METHODS: Assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis function was carried out by tetracosactrin test at time zero, (before start of treatment), three months, and six months. The baseline values served as the controls for each patient. Serum cortisol was estimated by radioimmuno assay. The response to short tetracosactrin test was classified as normal if serum cortisol levels rose at least 200 nmol/L to a minimum of 500 nmol/L. RESULTS: There were seven patients who were inhaling beclomethasone dipropionate in a dose of 400 micrograms/day and another seven patients were taking the same drug in a dose of 800 micrograms/day. There was no side effect of the drug in any patient except in one patient who had dysphonia. The mean basal cortisol levels were normal in all the subjects at 0, 3 and 6 months of therapy. Tetracosactrin stimulation test was also normal in all patients at all the times who were receiving the dose of 400 micrograms/day. However, one patient (14%) receiving 800 micrograms/day had HPA axis suppression at six months. Two patients in this group also had low basal cortisol levels. There was no clinical evidence of such suppression/deficiency. CONCLUSION: Beclomethasone dipropionate in a dose of 800 micrograms/day may suppress the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis if used for long periods (six months). However, this may not have any clinical significance.
Subject(s)
Administration, Inhalation , Adolescent , Adult , Asthma/drug therapy , Beclomethasone/administration & dosage , Cosyntropin/diagnosis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Hydrocortisone/blood , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Male , Middle Aged , Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effectsABSTRACT
Investigations were undertaken to study the effect of in vitro addition of testosterone (0.3 mM) on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin (PRL) by pituitary-hypothalamus complex (PHC) or the whole pituitary (PI) incubated for 72 hr, with incubation media changed every 24 hr. PHC or PI were from adult intact or castrated (7 days post castration) rats. The tissues incubated with or without testosterone were further exposed to 0.1 nM luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) for 4 hr. Incubation media and the pituitary were analyzed for PRL and gonadotrophin content. While PHC from normal and castrated rats released increasing amounts of LH with diminishing amounts of FSH and PRL at different periods of incubation, PI showed a decrease in the amounts of gonadotrophin and PRL released. Co-incubation of PHC or PI of intact or castrated rats with testosterone stimulated the release of LH and FSH during the first or second-24 hr incubation but inhibited the release of PRL in all the three incubations of 24 hr each. The extent of PRL inhibition increased with increasing incubation period. Testosterone had no effect on LHRH induced release of PRL but inhibited LHRH induced release of LH and FSH by pituitaries from constructs of normal rats. Testosterone reduced intrapituitary contents of PRL and FSH of intact and castrated rats. The data are interpreted to suggest that hypothalamus is essential for the maintenance of functional pituitary in vitro and that intrinsic differences exist in mechanisms regulating the secretion of LH, FSH and PRL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)