Distribution of immune response cells in the pelvic urethra and the prepuce of rams / Distribuição de células da resposta imune na uretra pélvica e em prepúcio de carneiros

The pathogens of the reproductive system in the male can penetrate and establish by ascending route, from to the prepuce to the urethra, accessory glands, epididymis and testicles. The aim of this paper is determine the distribution and number of cells involved in the immune response in prepuce and pelvic urethra of rams, without apparent clinical alterations in testicle, epididymis and prepuce. [...] Significant differences were found in the total number of CD4, CD45RO, and WC1 lymphocytes, in CD14 macrophages, and CD1b dendritic cells, with mean values being greater in the fornix than in the urethra (p<0.05) in all cases. Only dendritic cells were found in the prepuce. No differences were found in the number of CD8 lymphocytes between both organs. The ratio between each cell type in the connective and the intraepithelial tissues and between organs was 10/1 for CD4 in the fornix (p<0.05), against 7/1 in the urethra (p<0.05), while CD8 had a 1/1 distribution in both mucosae. The WC1 ratio was 5/1 in both mucosae (p<0.05). CD45RO labeling was 19/1 in the prepuce (p<0.05) and 1/1 in the urethra. IgA-containing cells did not show differences in the total number of cells in both tissues. In the urethra, no IgG-containing cells were observed and IgM-containing cells were scarce; in contrast, both cell types were present in the prepuce, in amounts greater than in the urethra (p<0.05). IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing cells were located in both organs in the mucosal connective tissue. The presence of antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as of lymphocytes CD4, CD8 TCR γδ (WC1), IgA-, IgG and IgM positive cells, and CD45RO cells suggests that both mucosae may behave as inductive and effector sites for the mucosal immune response.

Os patógenos do aparelho reprodutor do macho podem penetrar e se estabelecer por via ascendente, a partir do prepúcio à uretra, glándulas anexas, epidídimo e testículos. Neste trabalho foi quantificada a distribuição de algumas das células envolvidas na resposta imune, em nível de prepúcio e uretra pélvica, em quatro carneiros de um ano de idade, sem lesões aparentes no testículo, no epidídimo e no prepúcio.[...] Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no número de linfocitos CD8 entre ambos os orgãos. A relação entre cada tipo celular no tecido conectivo e intra-epitelial e entre os diferentes órgãos, resultou para CD4 10/1 no prepúcio (p<0.05), contra 7/1 na uretra (p<0.05), entretanto os CD8 se distribuíram 1/1 em ambas as mucosas, não sendo significativa as diferenças. Os WC1 foram observados na relação 5/1 em ambas as mucosas (p<0.05). A célula CD45RO, no prepucio, foi observada de 19/1(p<0.05) e na uretra de 1/1, não sendo um resultado significativo. As CC-IgA não mostraram diferença significativa no total de células em ambos os tecidos. Na uretra não foram observadas as CC-IgG, e as CC-IgM foram escassas; em contrapartida, ambos os tipos celulares foram observadas no prepucio, em quantidades menores que na uretra (p<0.05). As CC-IgA, IgG e IgM foram observadas em ambos os tecidos conectivos da mucosa. A presença de células apresentadoras de antígenos, macrófagoss e células dendríticas, assim como de linfócitos CD4, CD8. TCR γδ (WC1), CC-IgA, IgG e IgM e células CD45RO, determinam que ambas as mucosas podem se comportar como locais de indução e promoção da resposta imune das mucosas.

Gut microflora & toxic metals: chromium as a model.

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is exposed to various environmental pollutants including metals, that contaminate food and water which may have toxic effects on body. GIT has large amount of microbes that live in symbiosis and help the host in different ways. The resident gut microflora have a significant role to play in detoxification and elimination of the harmful metals from the body. Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in environment in trivalent (Cr III) and hexavalent (Cr VI) forms. Cr (VI) compounds have been shown to be potent occupational carcinogens. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress and oxidative tissue damage, and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53 contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. The data discussed here with reference to chromium show that gut microflora have a marked capacity to cope with the increased load of ingested metals and may contribute significantly in the protection against metal toxicity.

Los microbios y el hombre, ¿enemigos o amigos? / Microorganisms and man: enemies or friends?

Todos los microorganismos (bacterias, parásitos, hongos y virus) han constituido desde siempre un panel de agresores para el hombre, siendo responsables directos o indirectos de múltiples patologías de origen infeccioso que se desarrollan enfrentando a los mecanismos de la inmunidad. El presente artículo se divide en dos partes: la primera constituye una resumida actualización de los eventos inmunes y la segunda una discusión de la relación microbios-hombre en términos evolutivos replanteando desde esa óptica el clásico antagonismo. En ese sentido, un dinámico equilibrio entre ambos, puede ser alternativamente alterado por uno de los responsables con una consecuente compensación a cargo de la contraparte. Así, tomando como referencia el permanente cambio en las estrategias de evasión microbiana, puede especularse que los mecanismos inespecíficos junto a las barreras naturales pueden haber sido la defensa ancestral del hombre. Más adelante la inflamación inicial puede haber sido mejorada mediante la generación de moléculas activadoras del complemento. Posteriormente, las moléculas de histocompatibilidad y los receptores antigénicos de los linfocitos B y de los linfocitos T pueden haber sido generadas para montar los eventos específicos que hoy se conocen. La participación de células fundamentales y accesorias en forma conjunta ha hecho necesaria la expresión de moléculas de adhesión y la generación y ampliación del espectro de citoquinas y sus receptores. La producción de anticuerpos puede haber inducido el mejoramiento efector de sistemas moleculares como el complemento y así juntos, eficientizar la primitiva fagocitosis. La evolución del linaje T puede haber sido más compleja, habida cuenta que debieron generarse subpoblaciones o sets citotóxicos por un lado y orquestadores y reguladores por otro. Por otra parte la diversidad de reconocimiento que se hizo necesaria a nivel de los receptores específicos se desarrolló con un gasto mínimo de información genética, pero posibilitó la aparición de fenómenos no deseados con participación de efectores inmunes, lo que impuso la aparición de críticos mecanismos reguladores donde participan sinérgicamente todos los sistemas biológicos...

Local immune response in mucopurulent conjunctivitis

Secretory immunoglobulin [I[g]A] and complement cleavage product C3 c in tear samples were studied in normal, acute and chronic Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis [MPC] using singlke radial immune diffusion technique. The results showed significant increase of both IgA and C3 c in acute cases. On the other hand, in chronic MPC the level of I[g]A was significantly increased, while the rise of C3 c level was insignificant. All the results are discussed