Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Argentina/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated , Immunization Programs/trends , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine , Diagnosis, Differential , Measles/prevention & control , Measles/epidemiology , Mumps/prevention & control , Mumps/epidemiologyABSTRACT
El Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI) a nivel mundial nace en 1974 como iniciativa de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). En Chile, el actual Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones (PNI) se origina en el Plan Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI) establecido en el año 1978. En sus inicios, el PAI se basó en disposiciones legales definidas en 1975, que establecía las Enfermedades Trasmisibles de Vacunación Obligatoria. Desde el año 2010, el Decreto Exento N°6 promulgado el 29 de enero, se dispone la vacunación obligatoria contra enfermedades inmunoprevenibles de la población del país. Posteriormente se han realizado modificaciones al decreto exento N°6 reflejando la incorporación de nuevas vacunas al calendario, modificaciones en los grupos objetivo y/o cambios en las estrategias de vacunación, entre otros. En estas disposiciones también se establece que el Ministerio de Salud debe asegurar el acceso gratuito a vacunaciones seguras y efectivas para toda la población objetivo. El objetivo del artículo, es describir la evolución de las iniciativas de vacunación en nuestro país, desde antes de la creación del PAI, la sistematización de las estrategias de vacunación una vez que se establece el programa hasta las modificaciones realizadas en la última década.
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) worldwide was created in 1974 as an initiative of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). In Chile, the current National Immunization Program (PNI) originates from the Extended Inmunization Plan (EPI) established in 1978. In its beginnings, the EPI was based on legal provisions defined in 1975, which established the Communicable Diseases of Compulsory Vaccination. Since 2010, the Exempt Decree No. 6 promulgated on January 29, provides the Mandatory Vaccination against Immune preventable Diseases of the Population of the Country. Subsequently there have been modifications to the Exempt Decree No. 6 reflecting the incorporation of new vaccines to the calendar, modifications in the target groups and /or changes in vaccination strategies, among others. These provisions also state that the Ministry of Health must ensure free access to safe and effective vaccinations for the entire target population. The aim oh this article is to describe evolution of vaccination initiatives in our country, from before the creation of the EPI, the systematization of vaccination strategies once the program is established, until the modifications made in the last decade.
Subject(s)
Humans , Immunization Programs/trends , Chile , Immunization/trends , Immunization Programs/economics , Immunization Programs/history , National Health Systems/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
La creación del Programa de Inmunizaciones en el mundo ha sido una de las estrategias de salud pública más valorada y que contribuye a la equidad. Este programa fue lanzado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 1974, posteriormente en el año 1977 fue implementado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud para los países de la región de América y en Chile fue a partir de 1979, poniendo a disposición un esquema contra 6 enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Es un programa de Bien Público de cobertura nacional, gratuito para toda la población objeto para cada una de las vacunas, que cuenta con respaldo político, independiente de los cambios de gobierno y con financiamiento nacional en un 100%. Uno de los pilares de éxito de los programas es lograr altas coberturas de vacunación. En el caso de sarampión, dado la alta tasa de reproducción del agente y su condición de enfermedad en fase de eliminación, se requieren coberturas superiores a 95%. Aunque el principal indicador indirecto de desarrollo del programa es la tercera dosis de vacuna contra DFT (Difteria, Pertussis acelular, Tétanos). Aunque han transcurrido 45 años de existencia de los Programas de Inmunización, cinco de las Enfermedades Inmunoprevenibles forman parte de las 10 principales amenazas para la salud mundial. El presente artículo desarrolla parte de la historia del Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones de América y de Chile desde su génesis, destacando la importancia de los 12 componentes mínimos que forman parte de las actividades del programa y los hitos que han demostrado el valor, los beneficios de la vacunación, relatando ejemplos como viruela, poliomielitis, sarampión. Por último, se señalan las amenazas y posibles estrategias de superación.
The creation of the Immunization Program in the world has been one of the most valued public health strategies and one that contributes to equity. This Program was launched by the World Health Organization in 1974, later in 1977 it was implemented by the Panamerican Health Organization for the countries of the Americas region and in Chile since 1979, making available a scheme against 6 immunopreventable diseases. It is a program of Public Good of national coverage, free for all the target population for each of the vaccines, which has political support, independent of changes in government and 100% national financing. One of the corner stone of success of the programs is to achieve high vaccination coverage. In the case of measles, given the high rate of reproduction of the agent and its disease condition in the phase of elimination, coverage of more than 95% its needed. Although the main indirect indicator of program development is the third dose of DPT (Difteria, Acellular Pertussis, Tetanus) vaccine. Although 45 years of the existence of Immunization Programs have passed, five of the Immunopreventable Diseases are part of the 10 main risks to world health. This article develops part of the history of the Expanded Program of Immunizations of America and Chile since its genesis, highlighting the importance of the 12 limited components that are part of the activities of the program and the milestones that have experienced the value, benefits of vaccination, such as smallpox, polio, measles. Finally, the threats and possible strategies for overcoming them are pointed out.
Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Immunization Programs/trends , Public Policy , Chile , Mass Vaccination/history , Mass Vaccination/organization & administration , Immunization Schedule , Vaccination CoverageABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The successful Programa Nacional de Imunizações do Brasil (Brazilian National Immunization Program) has been experiencing a major challenge with regard to vaccination coverage for children, which has been dropping. Several aspects are related, but certainly vaccine hesitancy has been strengthening itself as one of the main concerns of Brazilian public administrators and researchers. Vaccine hesitancy is the delay in acceptance or refusal despite having the recommended vaccines available in health services, being a phenomenon that varies over time, over location and over types of vaccines. Hesitant individuals are between the two poles of total acceptance and refusal of vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy is nothing new in European and North-American countries, and even in Brazil, it has been studied even if under another name. The drop of vaccination coverage observed from 2016 on reiterates the relevance of the theme, which must be better understood through scientific research.
RESUMO O exitoso Programa Nacional de Imunizações do Brasil tem vivenciado grande desafio com relação às coberturas vacinais infantis, que têm apresentado queda. Diversos aspectos estão relacionados, mas certamente a hesitação vacinal vem se fortalecendo como uma das principais preocupações dos gestores e pesquisadores brasileiros. Hesitação vacinal é o atraso em aceitar ou a recusa das vacinas recomendadas quando elas estão disponíveis nos serviços de saúde, sendo um fenômeno que varia ao longo do tempo, do local e dos tipos de vacinas. Indivíduos hesitantes situam-se entre os dois polos de aceitação e recusa total da vacinação. A hesitação vacinal não é novidade em países europeus e norte-americanos e, mesmo no Brasil, ela já vem sendo estudada ainda que sob outra denominação. A queda das coberturas vacinais observadas a partir de 2016 reitera a relevância do tema, que deve ser mais bem compreendido por meio de investigações científicas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vaccination Coverage/trends , Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination Refusal/trends , Vaccination Refusal/statistics & numerical data , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Tetanus/prevention & control , Time Factors , Brazil , Measles Vaccine , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine , Whooping Cough/prevention & control , Risk Factors , Immunization Programs/trends , Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Poliovirus Vaccines , Diphtheria/prevention & control , Anti-Vaccination Movement/trends , Measles/prevention & controlSubject(s)
Humans , Child , Immunization Programs/trends , Mass Vaccination/methods , Vaccines , Antigens/immunology , ArgentinaABSTRACT
The scope and coverage of the Brazilian Immunization Program can be compared with those in developed countries because it provides a large number of vaccines and has a considerable coverage. The increasing complexity of the program brings challenges regarding its development, high coverage levels, access equality, and safety. The Immunization Information System, with nominal data, is an innovative tool that can more accurately monitor these indicators and allows the evaluation of the impact of new vaccination strategies. The main difficulties for such a system are in its implementation process, training of professionals, mastering its use, its constant maintenance needs and ensuring the information contained remain confidential. Therefore, encouraging the development of this tool should be part of public health policies and should also be involved in the three spheres of government as well as the public and private vaccination services.
A abrangência e desempenho do Programa Nacional de Imunização no Brasil são comparáveis aos de países desenvolvidos, pois oferece número elevado de vacinas e cobertura considerável. A crescente complexidade do Programa acarreta desafios inerentes ao seu desenvolvimento, em relação à manutenção de coberturas vacinais elevadas, equidade de acesso e segurança. O sistema informatizado de imunização, com dados nominais, é um instrumento inovador para o monitoramento preciso desses indicadores e permite a avaliação de impacto das novas estratégias de vacinação. Suas principais dificuldades estão no processo de implantação, treinamento dos profissionais, domínio da tecnologia, e sua constante manutenção e garantia da confidencialidade das informações. O incentivo ao desenvolvimento dessa ferramenta deve fazer parte das políticas públicas em saúde e contar com o envolvimento das três esferas de governo e das redes de vacinação pública e privada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Medical Records Systems, Computerized , Vaccination , Immunization Programs/methods , National Health Programs , Brazil , Immunization Programs/trends , Health PolicyABSTRACT
Este trabalho teve por objetivo contextualizar a discussão em relação ao uso de Timerosal em Vacinas e suas implicações para a saúde das pessoas, tendo em vista a discussão no Conselho de Ministros do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (PNUMA), onde se montou um Grupo de Trabalho para o estabelecimento de uma Convenção com o objetivo de banir o metal mercúrio e seus subprodutos do uso cotidiano, como forma de reduzir a exposição antrópica e a toxidade desse elemento em todas as cadeias humanas de produção. Nesse processo de discussão, com a participação dos Países Partes do PNUMA, da sociedade civil internacional,da academia, de outros Órgãos das Nações Unidas - a exemplo da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) - e da indústria, foi concretizada a Convenção de Minamata para o Mercúrio. Esse trabalho reflete as participações do pesquisador nos encontros entre os Países e inúmeras outras reuniões entre os grupos de contato, onde participou como delegado do Ministério da Saúde.Trabalhos de pesquisa, onde o pesquisador é ator participante da discussão e de seus ensinamentos, permitem uma visão do contexto da criação da normatização que tem utilidade no contexto de Políticas Públicas para o Setor Saúde.
This study aimed to contextualize the discussion regarding the use of Thimerosal in vaccines and their implications for human health, in view of the discussion in the Council of Ministers of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), where a Working Group was set for the establishment of a Convention with the purpose of banning mercury and by products of every day use, as a way to reduce anthropogenic exposure and toxicity of this element in all human production chains. The Minamata Convention on Mercury is the result of a process of discussion, with the participation of UNEP Country Parties, international civil society, academia, other United Nations bodies - such as the World Health Organization (WHO) - and industry. This work reflects the participation of the researcher, as delegate of the Ministry of Health, to the meetings of the Working Groups, and all other ones held by contact groups, and its learning, which made possible to be inside the context of the creation of norms, which is useful to a better understanding of Public Policies for the Health Sector.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Priority Agenda , Mercury/toxicity , Public Policy , Immunization Programs/trends , Thimerosal , United NationsSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Papillomavirus Infections/immunology , Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control , Immunization Programs/standards , Immunization Programs/trends , Papillomavirus Vaccines/standards , Papillomavirus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Vaccines/therapeutic use , Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/prevention & control , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & controlSubject(s)
Humans , Mass Vaccination , Immunization Programs/history , Immunization Programs/trends , Vaccines , Child Welfare , ColombiaABSTRACT
El PAI regional del departamento de Santa Cruz en la gestion 2003 hasta el mes de diciembre se desarrollo en un contexto de transición de gobierno y de reorganización institucional, donde la implementación del nuevo modelo sanitario conformado por las redes de salud y los DILOS, aun no logran consolidarse en todos sus componentes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Immunization Programs/supply & distribution , Immunization Programs/trends , Immunization Programs , BoliviaABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo de actualización es dar a conocer la composición de la vacuna BCG, los mecanismos de acción de ésta, el significado e interpretación de la respuesta retardada a la tuberculina, la importancia de la cicatriz BCG, la seguridad, eficacia, el rol del booster en la protección contra la tuberculosis y la duración de ésta. Un tópico relevante es dar a conocer las normas de inmunización en los diferentes países, incluyendo Chile, haciendo énfasis en los argumentos del cambio de esquema de vacunación en nuestro país a contar del 2005. Por último, se muestra el éxito que esta vacuna ha tenido en la reducción de las formas graves de la tuberculosis en el niño menor de 4 años, en nuestro medio, gracias a las altas coberturas de vacunación alcanzadas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Immunization Programs/trends , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage , Chile , Tuberculin Test , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/mortality , BCG Vaccine , BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , BCG Vaccine/history , BCG Vaccine/standardsABSTRACT
In the last decade in Chile, there was a large reduction in the rate of communicable diseases, especially typhoid fever, and those preventable through the universal vaccination programs. Exceptions were hepatitis A and Pertussis. The reduction in tuberculosis, has lead the country to a threshold in which the elimination of tuberculosis as a public health problem is reachable. The HIV epidemic is still expanding, at higher rate among women and heterosexual men, keeping drug addiction as a low ranked risk factor. At the end of the century, universal or expanded access to HIV therapy was still not a reality. Cholera was a well controlled emerging infection, but Hantavirus infection has become a major threat in many regions. Syphilis and especially gonorrhea have decreased, but condyloma has increased dramatically. The nosocomial infection scenario has changed somehow, due to more severely ice and complex patients admitted to hospitals. Multiresistant nosocomial pathogens continue expanding (S aureus, fermentor and non fermentor gram negative rods, especially A baumannii). The country has been able to expand control programs to almost all hospitals. Antimicrobial resistance has continued growing. The massive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, largely responsible for the resistance, grew worse until the sale of antimicrobials in pharmacies was restricted by law. This had a major impact, with important reduction in sales of most, but not all, antibiotics. The impact in resistance rate of this reduction, if any, has yet to be assessed
Subject(s)
Humans , Communicable Diseases , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , HIV Infections , Cholera/epidemiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data , Immunization Programs/trendsSubject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/therapeutic use , Female , Haemophilus Vaccines/therapeutic use , Hepatitis B Vaccines/therapeutic use , Humans , Immunization Programs/trends , India , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/therapeutic useSubject(s)
Humans , Vaccination Coverage , Immunization Programs/trends , Chile/epidemiology , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/therapeutic use , Pertussis Vaccine/therapeutic use , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Immunization Programs/organization & administration , Measles/prevention & control , Tetanus Toxoid/therapeutic use , Whooping Cough/prevention & controlABSTRACT
A Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Säo Paulo, através de seus diversos órgäos de assessoria, estabelece novas normas de vacinaçäo que os autores atualizam, salientando-se a implantaçäo da vacinaçäo contra a hepatite B dos menores de um ano. Neste artigo de revisäo säo apresentadas as normas atualizadas, incluindo agentes imunizantes, pessoas a serem imunizadas, associaçäo de vacinas, situaçöes especiais, eventos adversos pós-imunizaçäo, bem como o Calendário de Vacinaçäo até os seis anos e acima dessa idade. Os detalhes de vacinaçäo para tuberculose, hepatite B, difteria, coqueluche e tétano, poliomielite, sarampo, caxumba e rubeóla, além de febre amarela e raiva, säo também apresentados detalhadamente
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Whooping Cough/prevention & control , Diphtheria/prevention & control , Hepatitis B/prevention & control , Measles/prevention & control , Mumps/prevention & control , Immunization Programs/standards , Immunization Programs/trends , Tetanus/prevention & control , Rabies/prevention & control , Yellow Fever/prevention & control , Immunization Schedule , Rubella/prevention & controlABSTRACT
El propósito de este docuemnto es presentar el refinamiento de la estrategia en su fase final, a fin de lograr la meta.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Tetanus , Bolivia , Health Programs and Plans , Immunization Programs/trendsABSTRACT
La autora enfatiza la importancia de la prevención de enfermedades en el Personal de Salud, específicamente a través de la inmunización del mismo. Explica los tipos de inmunidad y los mecanismos que intervienen en ella. Termina con la descripción del esquema de inmunización recomendado para el personal de salud