ABSTRACT
Injuries involving the spine are frequent in dogs and knowledge of them is important to define the patient's treatment and prognosis. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the epidemiological profile of animals and lesions in the cervical (C1-5) and cervicothoracic (C6-T2) spine diagnosed through tomographic examination. Compilation of computed tomography (CT) reports for the referred regions was carried out in a diagnostic center between 01/04/2017 and 30/04/2020, with or without contrast, from the clinical routine, in order to relate the most common lesions and their locations, as well as the species, breeds and ages most affected. A total of 1164 CT scans were performed in the period, 57.56% (n=670/1164) for the spine, with 89.7% (n=601/670) reports accessed, where both regions referred to here totaled 26.95% of the studies (n=162/601). Male mixed-breed dogs (MBD) showed the most lesions. For the cervical spine, the most identified lesion was disk extrusion and the site was C3-C4, while the mean age for lesions was 8.09±3.55 years. As for cervicothoracic, disk mineralization was more frequent and the mean age for lesions was 6.96±2.93 years. It was concluded that the spine is the main target of CT scans, that lesions related to the intervertebral disk were the main ones identified, and older MBD animals are the main ones affected.
As lesões envolvendo coluna vertebral são frequentes em animais de companhia, podendo ocorrer à nível vertebral, medula espinal, disco intervertebral, meninges ou raízes nervosas, e o conhecimento das mesmas é importante para definir o tratamento e prognóstico do animal. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos animais e das lesões em coluna vertebral cervical (C1-5) e cervicotorácica (C6-T2) diagnosticadas por meio de exame tomográfico. Realizou-se a compilação de laudos de tomografias computadorizadas para as referidas regiões realizadas em centro diagnóstico comercial, entre 01/04/2017 a 30/04/2020, contrastadas e não-contrastadas, provenientes da rotina clínica, a fim de relacionar as lesões, raças e locais mais comuns. Foram realizados 1164 exames tomográficos no período avaliado, sendo 57,56% (n=670/1164) para a coluna, com 89,7% dos laudos acessados (n=601/670), sendo que as regiões cervical e cervicotorácica somaram 26,95% dos estudos (n=162/601). Em ambas regiões, os cães sem raça definida (SRD) machos foram os que mais demonstraram lesões. Para a coluna cervical, a lesão mais identificada foi extrusão de disco e o local mais afetado foi C3-C4, enquanto a média de idade para lesões foi 8,09±3,55 anos. Já para cervicotorácica, a mineralização de disco foi mais frequente e média de idade para ocorrência de lesões foi de 6,96±2,93 anos. Concluiu-se que a coluna vertebral foi o principal alvo de tomografias, as lesões relacionadas ao disco intervertebral foram as mais identificadas, sendo animais SRD com idade avançada os mais acometidos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Spinal Injuries/diagnostic imaging , Spine/diagnostic imaging , Thorax/abnormalities , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Cats/injuries , Dogs/injuries , Intervertebral Disc/injuriesABSTRACT
For vertebromedullary injuries, epidemiological knowledge is essential to guide the choice of the most effective diagnostic method. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the epidemiological profile of animals and thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine lesions diagnosed by computed tomography scan. A compilation of CT scan reports for the aforementioned regions performed in a comercial diagnostic center from 04/01/2017 to 04/30/2020, contrasted and non-contrasted, from routine, was performed in order to list the most common lesions and their locations, as well as the species, breeds and ages most affected. There were 1164 CT scans performed in the period evaluated, all of them in dogs, 57,56% (n=670) for the spine, with 89,7% reports accessed (n=601), where the regions mentioned here added up to 73,05% studies (n=439). In both regions, male French Bulldog dogs had the most injuries. For the thoracolumbar region, disk mineralization, followed by extrusion, were the most frequent injuries, while the site was T12-13 and the mean age 6,5±3,63 years old. In the lumbosacral, disk protrusion was most frequent, the most affected site was L7-S1 and age 6,65±3,79 years. It was concluded that the spine is the main target of CT scans, and that lesions related to the intervertebral disk were the main ones identified, with chondrodystrophic animals being more predisposed to injury.
Para lesões vertebromedulares é indispensável o conhecimento epidemiológico para direcionar a escolha do método diagnóstico mais eficaz. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos animais e das lesões em coluna vertebral toracolombar e lombossacral diagnosticadas através de exame tomográfico. Realizou-se a compilação de laudos de tomografias computadorizadas para as referidas regiões realizadas em centro diagnóstico comercial, entre 01/04/2017 a 30/04/2020, contrastadas e não-contrastadas, provenientes da rotina, a fim de relacionar as lesões e seus locais de ocorrência, bem como a espécie, raças e idades mais comuns. Foram realizados 1164 exames tomográficos no período avaliado, sendo 57,56% (n=670) para a coluna, com 89,7% laudos acessados (n=601), nos quais as regiões toracolombar e lombossacral somaram 73,05% dos estudos (n=439). Em ambas as regiões, os cães Bulldog Francês machos foram os que mais apresentaram lesões. Para a região toracolombar, a mineralização de disco, seguida pela extrusão, foram as lesões mais frequentes, enquanto o local foi T12-13 e a média de idade 6,5±3,63 anos. Na lombossacral, a protusão de disco foi mais frequente, o local mais afetado foi L7-S1 e idade de 6,65±3,79 anos. Concluiu-se que a coluna vertebral é o principal alvo de tomografias, e que as lesões relacionadas ao disco intervertebral foram as principais identificadas, sendo os animais condrodistróficos mais predispostos a lesões.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Spinal Injuries/veterinary , Spine/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary , Cats/injuries , Dogs/injuries , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Lumbar Vertebrae/injuries , Lumbosacral Region/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the severity of intervertebral disc injury and the anteroposterior type of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. METHODS: Fifty-six cases of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures treated in our trauma center from October 2012 to October 2013 were included in this study. The fractures were classified by the anteroposterior classification, whereas the severity of intervertebral disc injury was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between the severity of intervertebral disc injury and the anteroposterior type of thoracolumbar fractures, whereas a χ2 test was adopted to measure the variability between different fracture types and upper and lower adjacent disc injuries. RESULTS: The Spearman correlation coefficients between fracture types and the severity of the upper and lower adjacent disc injuries were 0.739 (PU<0.001) and 0.368 (PL=0.005), respectively. It means that the more complex Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classifications are the disc injury is more severe. There was also a significant difference in the severity of injury between the upper and lower adjacent discs near the fractured vertebrae (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In thoracolumbar spinal fractures, the severity of the adjacent intervertebral disc injury is positively correlated with the anteroposterior fracture type. The injury primarily involves intervertebral discs near the fractured end plate, with more frequent and severe injuries observed in the upper than in the lower discs. The presence of intervertebral disc injury, along with its severity, may provide useful information during the clinical decision-making process.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Thoracic Vertebrae/injuries , Injury Severity Score , Spinal Fractures/classification , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Lumbar Vertebrae/injuries , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/standards , Retrospective Studies , Spinal Fractures/diagnostic imaging , Intervertebral Disc/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate T2 relaxation time change using axial T2 mapping in a rabbit degenerated disc model and determine the most correlated variable with histologic score among T2 relaxation time, disc height index, and Pfirrmann grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Degenerated disc model was made in 4 lumbar discs of 11 rabbits (n = 44) by percutaneous annular puncture with various severities of an injury. Lumbar spine lateral radiograph, MR T2 sagittal scan and MR axial T2 mapping were obtained at baseline and 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the injury in 7 rabbits and at baseline and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks after the injury in 4 rabbits. Generalized estimating equations were used for a longitudinal analysis of changes in T2 relaxation time in degenerated disc model. T2 relaxation time, disc height index and Pfirrmann grade were correlated with the histologic scoring of disc degeneration using Spearman's rho test. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in T2 relaxation time between uninjured and injured discs after annular puncture. Progressive decrease in T2 relaxation time was observed in injured discs throughout the study period. Lower T2 relaxation time was observed in the more severely injured discs. T2 relaxation time showed the strongest inverse correlation with the histologic score among the variables investigated (r = -0.811, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: T2 relaxation time measured with axial T2 mapping in degenerated discs is a potential method to assess disc degeneration.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rabbits , Disease Models, Animal , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/pathology , Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , PuncturesABSTRACT
PURPOSE:Small size needles have been regularly used for intradiscal injection of innocuous/potential therapeutic compounds in experimental conditions, but also in clinic procedures, such as discography. Our aim was to investigate if a 30-gauge needle could trigger observable changes on intact intervertebral discs. We compared these effects to those induced by a large size needle (21-gauge), a well-known intervertebral disc degenerative model based on needle puncture.METHODS:Coccygeal intervertebral discs (Co8-9) of adult male Wistar rats were punctured with a 21-gauge needle, while the coccygeal levels Co7-8 and Co9-10 remained intact. The 30-gauge needle was used to inject a safe volume of saline (2 µl) on both intact (Co9-10) and punctured (Co8-9) discs. MRI and histological score were performed at 2, 15 and 42 days after procedure.RESULTS: MRI analyses revealed significant reduction on signal intensity of 21-gauge punctured discs. Intact discs which received a saline injection through a 30-gauge needle also revealed significant alterations in the MRI signal when compared with control discs. No histological changes were observed in the intact saline injected discs at any time analyzed.CONCLUSION: Since significant intervertebral image changes were observed with a 30-gauge needle, cautious interpretation of the pharmacological inoculation findings is required.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/pathology , Intervertebral Disc/pathology , Needles/adverse effects , Punctures/adverse effects , Punctures/instrumentation , Disease Models, Animal , Equipment Design , Intervertebral Disc Degeneration/etiology , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Rats, Wistar , Sacrococcygeal Region , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Progressive hemorrhagic myelomalacia (PHM) is a rare and fatal disorder which is characterized by acute and progressive ischemic necrosis of the parenchyma of the spinal cord, leading to its liquefaction. It may occur after intervertebral disc extrusion, spinal trauma or fibrocartilaginous embolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate cases of progressive hemorrhagic myelomalacia in dogs in the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual de Londrina between 2000 and 2011, through the analysis of medical records and following of cases. There were certain criteria to include a patient in this study, such a history of paraplegia with upper motor neuron signs, worse of signs progressing to flaccid tetraplegia, progressive clinical changes and/or changes in complementary exams. There were analyzed several aspects, such as epidemiological (breed, age and sex), clinical (progress of clinical and neurological signs), laboratory (cerebrospinal fluid analysis - CSF), radiographic (conventional radiography and contrasted) and elapsed time since the onset of clinical signs until death or euthanasia. The most affected breed was Teckel (43%), the average age was 5.04 years and the neurological syndrome observed initially was the thoracolumbar syndrome grade V. Another commons signs observed were hyperpathia and cranial progression of decreased cutaneous trunci reflex. In seven dogs the cause of the PHM was the thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease, in a dog the cause was spinal cord trauma, in two dogs PHM was due to lymphoma and in four dogs the likely cause was intervertebral disc disease. CSF analysis, myelography changes and progress of clinical and neurological examinations were extremely important to diagnose PHM. Six animals progressed to tetraplegia and four dogs had already flaccid tetraplegia at the initial care. In four other patients, the identification of signs suggestive of PHM before this progression has led to indication for euthanasia. The prognosis is poor and causes animal suffering, so the clinician should be aware of the history of paraplegia with subsequent change of upper motor neuron syndrome to lower motor neuron, cranial decreased reflex panniculus and presence of abdominal breathing. Some alterations in complementary exams found in this study may also help in early diagnosis, as xanthochromic CSF with increased protein, erythrocytes and pleocytosis. Spinal cord edema and the presence of contrast within the nervous tissue together with clinical signs and CSF alterations are suggestive of PHM.
A mielomalácia hemorrágica progressiva (MHP) é uma afecção rara e fatal, em que ocorre necrose aguda isquêmica e progressiva do parênquima da medula espinhal, levando à liquefação da mesma. Pode ocorrer após extrusão do disco intervertebral, trauma medular ou embolismo fibrocartilaginoso. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar casos de mielomalácia hemorrágica progressiva em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Londrina entre os anos 2000 e 2011, realizando-se a análise dos prontuários de atendimento e acompanhamento dos casos. Os animais do presente estudo atendiam a alguns critérios de inclusão, como histórico de paraplegia com sinais de neurônio motor superior, piora dos sinais progredindo para tetraplegia flácida, alterações clínicas progressivas e/ou alterações nos exames complementares. Foram analisados os aspectos epidemiológicos (raça, idade e sexo), clínicos (evolução dos sinais clínicos e neurológicos), laboratoriais (análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano), radiográficos (radiografias simples e contrastadas) e o tempo decorrido desde o início dos sinais clínicos até óbito ou eutanásia. A raça Teckel foi a mais acometida (43%), a média de idade foi de 5,04 anos e no atendimento inicial a síndrome toracolombar grau V foi a alteração mais encontrada, além de hiperpatia e progressão cranial da diminuição do reflexo cutâneo do tronco. Em sete cães a causa da MHP foi a doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar, em um cão a causa foi o trauma medular, em dois cães a MHP foi decorrente de linfoma e em quatro cães a causa provável foi doença de disco intervertebral. Alterações na análise do líquido cerebroespinhal, na mielografia e na evolução dos sinais clínicos e neurológicos foram extremamente importantes para diagnosticar a MHP. Seis animais progrediram para tetraplegia e quatro cães já apresentavam tetraplegia flácida no atendimento inicial. Em outros quatro pacientes, a identificação de sinais sugestivos de MHP antes desta progressão levou à indicação de eutanásia. Como o prognóstico é ruim e ocasiona sofrimento ao animal, o clínico deve estar atento ao histórico de paraplegia com posterior mudança da síndrome de neurônio motor superior para neurônio motor inferior, diminuição do reflexo cutâneo do tronco cranialmente e presença de respiração abdominal, sendo que algumas alterações em exames complementares encontradas neste trabalho também podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce da MHP, como o líquido cerebroespinhal xantocrômico com aumento de proteínas, hemácias e pleocitose. Na mielografia o edema medular e a presença de contraste no interior do tecido nervoso, frente às alterações clínicas e liquóricas, são sugestivas de MHP.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Spinal Cord Diseases/veterinary , Embolism/veterinary , Lymphoma/veterinary , Necrosis/pathology , Spinal Cord Injuries/veterinary , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Paraplegia/veterinary , Horner Syndrome/veterinaryABSTRACT
Os autores propõem uma análise da degeneração dos discos intervertebrais de cadáveres através de exame de ressonância magnética. Foram coletadas nove peças de coluna lombar de cadáveres frescos as quais foram submetidas a exame de ressonância magnética. As imagens foram analisadas e classificadas de acordo com o grau de degeneração sendo proposta uma subdivisão no tipo IV em IV-a e IV -b. A análise de 44 discos intervertebrais encontrou uma distribuição de 4,5 por cento do tipo I, 40,9 por cento do tipo II, 32 por cento do tipo III e 18 por cento do tipo IV-a. Houve 4,5 por cento em que não houve concenso entre os examinadores. Os autores concluíram que a perda do sinal do disco nas imagens ponderadas em T2 pode ser correlacionada com a progressiva degeneração do disco. A correlação das alterações encontradas nas imagens produzidas pela ressonância magnética devem ser padronizadas e classificadas para sua melhor compreensão.
The authors suggest an analysis of the degeneration of intervertebral disks on human cadavers using magnetic resonance imaging. Nine lumbar spines were collected from fresh human cadavers and resonance images were captured. The images were analyzed and classified according to the degeneration grades, with the authors proposing a subdivision of type IV into IV-a and IV-b. Forty-four intervertebral disks were analyzed and authors found the following distribution: 4,5 percent type I; 40,9 percent type II; 32 percent type III and 18 percent type IV-a. However, the investigators disagreed with the conclusions in 4,5 percent of the disks. The authors found that the progressive signal lost in the T2-weighted images may be correlated to disk degeneration. Changes found in the magnetic resonance images must be standardized and classified for providing a better understanding.
Subject(s)
Humans , Intervertebral Disc/physiopathology , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/classification , Cadaver , Classification/methods , Spine/physiopathologyABSTRACT
A mensuracao da compressao do disco invertebral e uma das tecnicas aplicadas na analise da sobrecarga na coluna lombra.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a compressao intradiscal(CI)em L5?S1 no momento final do exercicio de agachamento(AG)com peso.A amostra foi composta de 25 individuos com idade 25,8 +ou-5,3anos,estatura media 171,3+ ou- 9,9cm e peso medio 69,5+ou-13,9Kg fotografados com sobrecarga:de pe,AG com flexao minima e AG com flexao de tronco.As cargas utilizadas representaram um percentual medio do peso corporal de 25,0+ ou-7,7 por cento.Foram medidos,nas fotos,os angulos de flexao de tronco,joelho e tornozelo,utilizados como dados no aplicativo 2D STATIC STRENGTH PREDICTION PROGRAMVersion 4.2(Michigam University USA),alem de outras medidas antropometricas para estimativa da CI.Os valores estimados de CI foram comparados atravez do teste estatico Wilcoxon,o os resultados considerados significativos com p menor 5.Os resultados medios de CI na posicao em pe foi de 124,6 + ou-39,8lbs.A CI no exercicio com minima flexao de tronco foi 508,1 + ou-127,0lbs,significativamente menor que a no exercicio com flexao livre de tronco que foi de 670,3 + ou -128,7lbs.Os resultados masculinos apresentam valores medios maiores que os femininos.Mesmo exercutado corretamente, o AG aumenta significativamnete a CI,sendo fundamental a orientacao profissional na realizacao e indicacao do exercicio de AG
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Intervertebral Disc/abnormalities , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Intervertebral Disc/physiology , Intervertebral Disc/virology , Back Pain/diagnosis , Back Pain/etiologyABSTRACT
Se estudiaron 25 pacientes adultos, de uno y otro sexos, con edades entre 29 y 68 años (promedio 48 años), con diagnóstico lumbar, de mayo de 1990 aq octubre de 1991, en el Centro Médico Nacional del IMSS en Torreón, Coahuila, tratados mediante microdisquectomía lumbar, con revisión y ampliación de los forámenes en los casos que lo requirieron, y cierre del ligamento amarillo en todos los casos. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante mielografía, tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) o Mielotomografía. Se realizó tratamiento conservador inicial de tres meses en del en 15 pacientes con medicina física, u en tres con bloqueo terapéutico, sin mejoría en ninguno de ellos Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a ciruguía por el mismo cirujano, con un tiempo quirúrgico menor a 1 hora 30 minutos en 23 casos y en dos casos menor de dos horas; bajo anestesia general en 20 casos, y bloqueo peirulas en cinco casos. El sangrado en todos los casos fue menor a 300 mil como complicaciones se presentaron unicamente dos casos de ruptura de saco diral, que furon resultados sin problemas, no se registraron infecciones fístulas, ni alteraciones neurológicas. El seguimiento fue de cuatro A 18 meses, obteniéndose resultados regulares en cuatro pacientes (16 por ciento), buenos en 18, y excelentes en 3 casos, para un total de resultados buenos o exelentes de 84 por ciento, sin registrarse al seguimiento ninguna reoperación o casos de fiebrosis, lo cual fue el objetivo del presente trabajo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery , Ligaments/surgery , Lumbar Vertebrae/injuriesABSTRACT
En los departamentos de Neurocirugía y Ortopedia del Hospital de PEMEX, en el periodo entre 1985 y 1988, se trataron de 257 pacientes mediante disquectomía translaminar lumbar, debido a hernia de disco. Todos los pacientes fueron valorados clínica y radiológicamente. La evaluación clínica postoperatoria fue hecha durante un mínimo de dos meses y un máximo de tres años, obteniendo un j66 por ciento de excelentes resultados, 16 por ciento de buenos resultados; 10 por ciento fueron regulares y 8 por ciento fueron malos resultados. La evaluación de la severidad en las lesiones de espalda baja puede ser basada en el diagnóstico, el dolor, la incapacidad, el daño físico, y la capacidad para el trabajo. Los cirujanos ortopedistas no pueden separar el daño de la incapacidad. Para reducir y optimizar la carga de trabajo impuesta en el sistema musculoesquelético en una situación dada, tres áreas principales de interés son la técnica del trabajo, el diseño del lugar de trabajo y el trabajo producido por sí mismo. El retorno a las actividades laborales sería considerado una parte de el proceso de restauraqción física.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Surgical Procedures, Operative/statistics & numerical data , Accidents, Occupational , Intervertebral Disc/injuries , Intervertebral Disc Displacement/surgery , Sciatic Nerve/surgery , Nerve Compression Syndromes/surgery , Lumbar Vertebrae/injuriesABSTRACT
Se presenta una serie de 69 pacientes de ambos sexos con edades entre 17 y 80 años con promedio de 43, en quienes intervinieron un total de 79 discos herniados intervertebrales lumbares por medio de disquectomía percutánea manual o mecanizada en el Hospital Salpetrie-Pitie de París, Francia, de 1948 a marzo de 1989. Los resultados a un mínimo de seis meses después de la cirugía fueron excelentes y buenos en el 100%de los casos de edad menor de 30 años; en el 71%en los pacientes de 30 a 55 años y solamente en el 33%de los pacientes mayores de 55 años.