Accidente cerebrovascular de la arteria basilar: cannabis como factor de riesgo en jóvenes / Cerebrovascular accident of basilar artery: Cannabis as a risk factor in young people / Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) da artéria basilar: cannabis como fator de risco em jovens

Introducción. La arteria basilar se forma de las arterias vertebrales, cursa sobre el puente y se bifurca originando las arterias cerebrales posteriores. Irriga parte del tronco encefálico, cerebelo, tálamo y los lóbulos occipitales y temporales cerebrales. Su obstrucción es rara (1% de los accidentes isquémicos), puede ocurrir en cualquier parte de su trayecto, con cuadro clínico diverso. En jóvenes se añaden otros factores de riesgo distintos a los cardiovasculares, se incluye el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el caso de un adulto joven, su evolución posterior a la intervención endovascular y la asociación, pasada por alto, al consumo de cannabinoides. Caso clínico. Individuo de 23 años con 14 horas de parálisis facial periférica derecha, diplopía, disartria, hemiparesia e hiperreflexia izquierda, disfagia, náuseas y emesis. Tomografía Axial Computarizada de cráneo simple sin alteraciones. Posteriormente, al realizarse resonancia magnética nuclear, se evidencia isquemia pontomesencefálica y focos isquémicos agudos lacunares en lóbulos cerebelosos. Se consideró comprometido el territorio de la arteria basilar, por lo que se realizó angiotomografía que evidenció una obstrucción crítica de dicho vaso a nivel del tercio distal. Se realizó trombectomía con stent-retriever con recanalización total de la arteria basilar con flujo en toda su extensión. Al egreso fue clasificado como TOAST idiopático. Conclusiones. Las escalas etiológicas para stroke creadas para adultos mayores sobreestiman la etiología idiopática en pacientes jóvenes, lo cual puede ocasionar que el consumo de cannabis sea pasado por alto como causante pese a la asociación reportada por la literatura.

Introduction. The basilar artery is formed from the vertebral arteries, runs over the pons and bifurcates, originating the posterior cerebral arteries. It irrigates part of the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, and the occipital and temporal lobes of the brain. Its obstruction is rare (1% of ischemic accidents), it can occur in any part of its path, with a diverse clinical condition. In young people, other risk factors other than cardiovascular ones are added; psychoactive substance use is included. The objective of this article is to present the case of a young adult, his evolution after endovascular intervention and the association, overlooked, to the consumption of cannabinoids. Clinical case. 23-year-old man with 14 hours of right peripheral facial paralysis, diplopia, dysarthria, left hyperreflexia and hemiparesis, dysphagia, nausea and emesis. Simple skull Computerized Axial Tomography without alterations. Subsequently, when a nuclear magnetic resonance was performed, pontomesencephalic ischemia and acute lacunar ischemic foci in the cerebellar lobes were evidenced. The basilar artery territory was considered compromised, so a CT angiography was performed, which revealed a critical obstruction of said artery at the level of the distal third. A stent-retriever thrombectomy was performed with total recanalization of the basilar artery with flow in its entirety. Upon discharge, he was classified as "idiopathic" according to the TOAST classification. Conclusions. The etiological scales for stroke created for older adults overestimate idiopathic etiology in young patients, which may cause cannabis use to be overlooked as a cause despite the association reported in the literature.

Introdução. A artéria basilar é formada pelas artérias vertebrais, passa pela ponte e se bifurca, originando as artérias cerebrais posteriores. Irriga parte do tronco cerebral, cerebelo, tálamo e os lobos occipital e temporal do cérebro. Sua obstrução é rara (1% dos acidentes isquêmicos), podendo ocorrer em qualquer parte de seu trajeto, com quadro clínico diverso. Nos jovens, são adicionados outros fatores de risco além dos cardiovasculares, incluindo o consumo de substâncias psicoativas. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o caso de um adulto jovem, sua evolução após a intervenção endovascular e a associação, despercebida, ao consumo de canabinoides. Caso clínico. Indivíduo de 23 anos com 14 horas de paralisia facial periférica direita, diplopia, disartria, hemiparesia e hiperreflexia esquerda, disfagia, náuseas e vômitos. Tomografia axial computadorizada de crânio simples sem alterações. Posteriormente, quando foi realizada a ressonância magnética nuclear, foram evidenciados isquemia pontomesencefálica e focos agudos de isquemia lacunar nos lobos cerebelares. O território da artéria basilar foi considerado comprometido, por isso foi realizada uma angiotomografia, que revelou uma obstrução crítica do referido vaso no terço distal. Foi realizada trombectomia stent-retriever com recanalização total da artéria basilar com fluxo em sua totalidade. No momento da alta, foi classificado como TOAST idiopática. Conclusões.As escalas etiológicas para AVC criadas para idosos superestimam a etiologia idiopática em pacientes jovens, o que pode fazer com que o uso de cannabis seja negligenciado como causa, apesar da associação relatada na literatura.

Dual Mechanical Thrombectomy for Recanalization of a Resistant Acute Posterior Circulation Stroke

A 71-year-old man with acute basilar artery occlusion was referred for endovascular treatment 6 hours after the onset of stroke with a Glasgow Coma Score of 3 and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale of 27. A cerebral arteriogram revealed occlusion of the left vertebral artery proximally and thromboembolic occlusion of the basilar tip. Direct aspiration and mechanical thrombectomy with various stent retrievers failed to reconstitute arterial flow in the basilar artery. Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b recanalization was achieved only after placement of double Catch Mini stent retrievers through 2 microcatheters, on both side branches of the basilar bifurcation in a kissing fashion and retrieving them simultaneously. It was possible to perform this maneuver through a single distal access catheter without any complications. On follow-up the patient awakened and was able to follow commands on his right side. To our knowledge, dual mechanical thrombectomy with stent retrievers has not been reported in the posterior circulation previously. This technique may be useful in retrieving thrombi located at major intracranial bifurcations of the posterior circulation which do not recanalize with standard mechanical thrombectomy procedures. Although bilateral access to the basilar artery through both vertebral arteries is an advantage in posterior circulation for this technique, dual mechanical thrombectomy can also be performed through a unilateral access.

Primary stent retrieval for acute intracranial large artery occlusion due to atherosclerotic disease / 대한뇌졸중학회지

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The goal of stent retriever-based thrombectomy is removal of embolic clots in patients with intracranial large artery occlusion. However, outcomes of stent retrieval may differ between acute arterial occlusions due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease (IAD) and those due to embolism. This case series describes the outcomes of stent retriever-based thrombectomy and rescue treatments in 9 patients with IAD-related occlusion. METHODS: Among patients who underwent endovascular treatment for acute intracranial large artery occlusion, those in whom stent retrieval was attempted as first-line treatment were included in this review. IAD was defined as significant fixed focal stenosis at the occlusion site, which was evident on final angiographic assessment or observed during endovascular treatment. RESULTS: Median number of stent retriever passes was 2 (range, 1-3), and temporary bypass was seen in all patients. Immediate partial recanalization (arterial occlusive lesion grade 2-3) was observed in 7 patients. Immediate modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction grade 2b-3 was seen in 6 patients, but the lesions often required rescue treatment due to reocclusion or flow insufficiency. In terms of rescue treatments, angioplasty and intra-arterial tirofiban infusion seemed to be effective. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that stent retrieval can effectively remove thrombi from stenotic lesions and achieve partial recanalization despite the tendency toward reocclusion in most patients with IAD-related occlusion. Further research into the use of rescue treatments, such as tirofiban infusion and angioplasty, is warranted.

Primary stent retrieval for acute intracranial large artery occlusion due to atherosclerotic disease / 대한뇌졸중학회지

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The goal of stent retriever-based thrombectomy is removal of embolic clots in patients with intracranial large artery occlusion. However, outcomes of stent retrieval may differ between acute arterial occlusions due to intracranial atherosclerotic disease (IAD) and those due to embolism. This case series describes the outcomes of stent retriever-based thrombectomy and rescue treatments in 9 patients with IAD-related occlusion. METHODS: Among patients who underwent endovascular treatment for acute intracranial large artery occlusion, those in whom stent retrieval was attempted as first-line treatment were included in this review. IAD was defined as significant fixed focal stenosis at the occlusion site, which was evident on final angiographic assessment or observed during endovascular treatment. RESULTS: Median number of stent retriever passes was 2 (range, 1-3), and temporary bypass was seen in all patients. Immediate partial recanalization (arterial occlusive lesion grade 2-3) was observed in 7 patients. Immediate modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction grade 2b-3 was seen in 6 patients, but the lesions often required rescue treatment due to reocclusion or flow insufficiency. In terms of rescue treatments, angioplasty and intra-arterial tirofiban infusion seemed to be effective. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that stent retrieval can effectively remove thrombi from stenotic lesions and achieve partial recanalization despite the tendency toward reocclusion in most patients with IAD-related occlusion. Further research into the use of rescue treatments, such as tirofiban infusion and angioplasty, is warranted.

Complete spontaneous thrombosis of a non-giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm: report of two cases / Trombose espontânea de aneurisma da artéria cerebral média: relato de dois casos

Spontaneous intra-aneurysmal thrombosis occurs in approximately 50% of giant intracranial aneurysms. The incidence of this process is associated to location, size, and origin, and the natural history of spontaneous thrombosis occurrence in non-giant aneurysms is rare and still unclear. We describe two non-giant middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms that spontaneously thrombosed and comment the aspects of the literature.

Trombose intra-aneurismática espontânea ocorre em aproximadamente 50% dos aneurismas intracranianos gigantes. A incidência é associada a localização, tamanho e origem, e a história natural da ocorrência de trombose espontânea em aneurismas não gigantes é rara e ainda indefinida. Descrevemos dois aneurismas de artéria cerebral média com trombose espontânea e comentamos os aspectos da literatura.

Infarto cerebeloso en el puerperio inmediato / Cerebella infarction in the immediate puerperium

La enfermedad cerebrovascular durante la gestación es rara. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las características clínicas de una paciente con embolismos de la arteria humeral derecha y tallo encefálico en el periodo expulsivo de un parto eutócico sin foco embolígeno causante de dicho accidente cerebrovascular. Se presenta el caso de una parturienta de 29 años con 40,2 semanas de edad gestacional que durante el periodo expulsivo de un parto eutócico comenzó a presentar dolor intenso en el miembro superior derecho con cambios de coloración y temperatura e impotencia funcional, imposibilidad para la apertura palpebral bilateral, vómitos sin náuseas, disartria y dificultad en los movimientos oculares...

The cerebrovascular disease during pregnancy is uncommon. The objective of present paper is to describe the clinical features of a patient with embolisms of the right humeral artery and of the brainstem at expulsion period of a spontaneous labor without emboligen focus causing this cerebrovascular accident...

Cerebral fat embolism: a diagnostic challenge

Fat embolism syndrome [FES] is a rare but a serious clinical catastrophe occurring after traumatic injury to long bones. Cerebral involvement in the absence of pulmonary or dermatological manifestation on initial presentation may delay the diagnosis of cerebral fat embolism [CFE]. We discuss a case series of CFE which posed a challenge in diagnosis. The clinical presentations of these patients did not satisfy the commonly used clinical criteria for aiding the diagnosis of FES. Early MRI brain [DWI and T2 weighted sequences] in patients with neurological symptoms after trauma even in the absence of pulmonary and dermatological findings should be the goal

Trombose intracardíaca na síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolipídio como fonte de acidente vascular cerebral / Intracardiac thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome as a source of stroke

O acometimento cardíaco, nos portadores de síndrome do anticorpo antifosfoslipídio (SAAF) é relativamente comum, e pode ser detectado pela ecocardiografia transtorácica em mais de um terço dos pacientes. Frequentemente, manisfesta-se como espessamento valvular e pequenas vegetações (endocardite trombótica não bacteriana ou de Libman-Sacks), sendo rara a ocorrência de trombose intracardíca. Relata-se o caso de paciente feminima, 48 anos, com diagnóstico prévio de SAAF primária, que foi admitida na emergência de um hospital terciário com hemiparesia esquerda e redução do nível de consciência, evoluíndo rapidamente com AVC isquêmico extenso e instabilidade hemodinâmica, sendo identificada, ao ecocardiograma transtorácico, volumosa massa móvel e pedunculada aderida à mitral (>4cm), sugerindo provável etiologia cardioembólica. A paciente apresentou evolução clínica surpreendentemente favorável, com resolução completa da massa, após tratamento empírico com heparinização plena e imunoglobulina intravenosa. Recebeu alta do hospital 30 dias após a admissão, com sequelas neurológicas mínimas, sendo mantido o tratamento com cumarínico oral e AAS em dose profilática.

Long-term Prognosis of Patients With Acute Intracranial Large Artery Occlusion and its Determining Factors

BACKGROUND: Acute intracranial large-artery occlusions (AILAOs) are detected frequently and cause severe neurological disabilities. Most studies in this field do not focus on the natural history of AILAOs, but on the individual prognosis for each intervention. The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical profiles and outcomes of AILAOs. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients hospitalized between January 2004 and October 2007 due to AILAO within 24 hours from onset were recruited. Based on a prospective stroke registry, their clinical profiles were collected. AILAO was defined as an intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), or basilar artery (BA) occlusion that could be confirmed by angiography, with relevant lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The modified Rankin Scale (MRS) score at 3 months and the recanalization rate within 14 days were recorded as outcomes. RESULTS: Among 1,047 patients with acute ischemic stroke who were examined within 24 hours of onset, 189 [18.1%; 101 men, 88 women; age 68.6+/-13.0 years (mean+/-SD); median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score=11]. Occlusion sites were MCA M1, MCA M2, distal ICA, and BA in 99 (52.4%), 50 (26.5%), 20 (10.6%), and 20 (10.6%) of cases,respectively. Embolic sources were found in 103 (54.5%) cases. MRS scores were available for 184 (97.4%) of the patients, of which 78 had a favorable outcome (MRS: 0.2). Follow-up angiography was performed in 122 (64.6%) cases, with recanalization observed in 88 (72.1%) of these. Thrombolysis, occlusion site, presence of an embolic source, and initial glucose level were predictors of early recanalization (p<0.001). Recanalization status and initial NIHSS score were strongly correlated with a favorable outcome (p<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of the clinical profiles, outcomes, and their predictors in a cohort of Korean patients with AILAO.

Accidente cerebrovascular recurrente y adenocarcinoma mucinoso de páncreas / Mucin-secretine adenocarcinomas of pancreatobiliary origin, hypercoagulable states and stroke

El adenocarcinoma mucinoso de páncreas se caraacteriza por su rápido crecimiento, su alta mortalidad y su frecuente asociación a los síndromes de hipercoagulabilidad. Sin embargo, el accidente cerebrovascular recurrente (ACV) como manifestación inicial, es excepcional. Se prestenta un paciente masculino de 57 años con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma mucinoso de probable origen pancreático con diseminación hepática, que presentó ACV múltiples. En la resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) de encéfalo inicial se constató una lesión isquémica aguda temporoparietal izquierda, y desarrolló lesiones isquémicas agudas en diversos territorios vasculares. Ante la sospecha de síndrome de Trousseau, un síndrome paraneoplásico de hipercoagulabilidad y fenómenos trombóticos, se solicitó un ecocardiograma transesofágico que descartó focos embolígenos cardíacos (endocarditis trombótica no bacteriana o ETNB) pero visualizó pequeñas placas fibrocálcicas en el cayado aórtico. Este caso ilustra la asociación sinérgica de síndrome de Trousseau y embolias del cayado aórtico en un paciente con ACV recurrente multifocal y adenocarcinoma mucinoso.

Bilateral Paramedian Thalamic Contrast Enhancement on CT after Intra-arterial Thrombolysis

A 58-year-old woman presented with an acute embolic occlusion of the distal basilar artery. She underwent angioplasty and intra-arterial thrombolysis. Angiography performed after recanalization revealed a single perforating thalamic artery. A nonenhanced CT scan carried out immediately after the procedure revealed hyperdense lesions in the bilateral paramedian portions of the thalami, which disappeared on the 24-hour follow-up CT scan. Three months later, the patient improved to functional independence, but had some memory dysfunction and vertical gaze palsy. This case suggests that contrast enhancement or extravasation can occur in the thalamus after intra-arterial thrombolysis performed to recanalize a basilar artery occlusion.

Ecocardiografia transesofagica en el estudio de pacientes con eventos cerebrovasculares en quienes se sospecha origen cardiovascular embolico / Transesophageal echocardiography for patient's study with cerebrovascular events

Se presenta una experiencia realizada durante diez años con 866 pacientes: 416 mujeres y 450 hombres con una edad promedio de 62ñ15 años, entre diciembre de 1992 y mayo de 2002, en la Clínica Cardiovascular Santa María. Los cinco diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: ateromatosis aórtica (34 por ciento), cardiopatía dilatada (8.2 por ciento), cardiopatía isquémica (8.2 por ciento), contraste espontáneo en la aurícula izquierda (8.0 por ciento), foramen ovale permeable (7.7 por ciento) y aneurisma del septum interauricular (4.5 por ciento). 30 por ciento fueron normales. La ecocardiografía ayudó a orientar el estudio y el manejo de la mayoría de pacientes. Hubo un episodio de ruptura de esófago y quince pacientes presentaron hemorragias leves en la orofaringe. La ecocardiografía transesofágica es un método diagnóstico muy útil en el estudio de este grupo de pacientes

Acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes jovens: análise de 164 casos / Stroke in young adults: analysis of 164 patients

Realizamos análise epidemiológica de 164 pacientes com AVC, cujo primeiro episódio ocorreu entre 15 e 49 anos de idade através de um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes ambulatoriais. O principal tipo de apresentaçäo foi AVC isquêmico (AVCI) em 141 pacientes, ocorrendo AVC hemorrágico (AVCH) em16 casos e 7 pacientes com trombose venosa. A presença de fatores de risco aterotrombóticos foi prevalente, em 48,22 por cento dos pacientes com AVCI sendo que a hipertensäo arterial sistêmica (HAS), nos casos de AVCH, foi a etiologia mais frequente. Em 32 por cento dos casos näo se pode determinar a sua causa. Embora a populaçäo jovem possua determinantes diferentes e geralmente deva ter uma investigaçäo etiológica mais abrangente, no grupo estudado foram prevalentes os fatores de risco conhecidos e potencialmente controláveis, sugerindo que campanhas de prevençäo e detecçäo precoce devam ser incentivados

Trombose venosa cerebral e homocistinúria: relato de caso / Cerebral venous thrombosis and homocystinuria: case report

Homocistinúria apresentando-se como trombose venosa cerebral é incomum. Relatamos o caso de um adolescente com características fenotípicas de homocistinúria que foi admitido por cefaléia intensa, vômitos e sonolência. Investigaçäo diagnóstica com tomografia computadorizada de crânio, ressonância magnética e angiorressonância foi compatível com trombose dos seios transversos e sigmóides. Altos níveis de homocisteína foram detectados no sangue e na urina. Apresentamos os aspectos clínicos e radiológicos deste caso discutindo a controversa fisiopatologia da tendência trombofílica associada a homocistinúria

Protocolo de manejo del ECV isquémico hiperagudo / Ischemic stroke acute management: a protocol for clinical use

El reconocimiento de la "penumbra isquémica" ha llevado a la exploración de estrategias terapéuticas tendientes a incrementar la perfusión del tejido cerebral en forma rápida, dentro del tiempo en que éste es aún viable, evitando así daño neuronal irreversible. Enfrentar el ataque cerebral isquémico con adecuadas medidas de soporte vital y tratar adecuadamente las complicaciones ha causado un notable impacto en la historia natural del ECV isquémico. De igual forma lo han hecho las unidades especializadas en atención de enfermedad cerebrovascular. La presente, es una revisión del infarto cerebral isquémico hiperagudo, con base en los avances científicos que hasta la fecha han demostrado mayor beneficio en la reducción de la morbi-mortalidad

Transcranial Doppler evaluation of blood flow velocity changes in basal cerebral arteries in cerebral AVMs following embolisation and surgery.

Blood flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries were evaluated in 41 patients with supratentorial arteriovenous malformation (AVM), using a transcranial doppler 64-B instrument. The AVM was surgically excised in 20 patients and embolised in 21 patients. Blood flow velocities in feeding basal cerebral arteries were found markedly decreased in both the groups, at 24 hours after intervention. On follow up study at 3 months, blood flow velocity in feeding cerebral artery was found to be increased in 47 percent of patients who were embolised, but remained normal in all the patients who underwent surgery.

Infarto migranoso / Migraine stroke

A coincidência entre migrânea e doença cerebral vascular isquêmica é um dos mais intrigantes problemas no diagnóstico médico. Relata-se caso de paciente que apresentou quadro de doença cerebral vascular aguda durante crise migranosa. Discutem-se aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos e fatores de risco relacionados a essas duas enfermidades

Hidrocefalia e distúrbio visual permanente com complicações de cateterismo cardíaco / Hydrocephalus and permanent visual disturb following cardiac catheterization

O caso de uma paciente de 42 anos, com dor precordial, que ao realizar cateterismo cardíaco, apresentou uma síndrome de hipertensão intra craniana, é relatado. É um caso raro de complicaçao de cateterismo cardíaco, relacionado ao desenvolvimento de hidrocefalia obstrutiva com distuúrbio visual permanente, provalvelmente consequente a um infarto cerebral e occipital com efeito de massa e obstrução do IV ventrículo. A hipótese de embolia cerebral com alojamento do êmbolo no território da circulação vértebro-basilar é fortemente sugerida. Houve reabsorção do êmbolo desde que a ângio-ressonância dos vasos cerebrais não mostrou anormalidades compatíveis com obstrução do fluxo sanguineo