Effects of higher femoral tunnels on clinical outcomes, MRI, and second-look findings in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a minimal 5-year follow-up / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#To perform anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), tunnels should be placed relatively higher in the femoral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint based on the findings of direct and indirect femoral insertion. But the clinical results of higher femoral tunnels (HFT) in double-bundle ACLR (DB-ACLR) remain unclear. The purpose was to investigate the clinical results of HFT and lower femoral tunnels (LFT) in DB-ACLR.@*METHODS@#From September 2014 to February 2016, 83 patients who underwent DB-ACLR and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into HFT-ACLR (group 1, n = 37) and LFT-ACLR (group 2, n = 46) according to the position of femoral tunnels. Preoperatively and at the final follow-up, clinical scores were evaluated with International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner activity, and Lysholm score. The stability of the knee was evaluated with KT-2000, Lachman test, and pivot-shift test. Cartilage degeneration grades of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) were evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Graft tension, continuity, and synovialization were evaluated by second-look arthroscopy. Return-to-sports was assessed at the final follow-up.@*RESULTS@#Significantly better improvement were found for KT-2000, Lachman test, and pivot-shift test postoperatively in group 1 ( P >0.05). Posterolateral bundles (PL) showed significantly better results in second-look arthroscopy regarding graft tension, continuity, and synovialization ( P <0.05), but not in anteromedial bundles in group 1. At the final follow-up, cartilage worsening was observed in groups 1 and 2, but it did not reach a stastistically significant difference ( P >0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in IKDC subjective score, Tegner activity, and Lysholm score between the two groups. Higher return-to-sports rate was found in group 1 with 86.8% (32/37) vs. 65.2% (30/46) in group 2 ( P = 0.027).@*CONCLUSION@#The HFT-ACLR group showed better stability results, better PL, and higher return-to-sports rate compared to the LFT-ACLR group.

Outcome of percutaneous reconstruction of chronic lateral collateral ligament rupture / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Many techniques have been described for the reconstruction of chronic lateral collateral ligament (LCL) rupture with different autograft options. The advantages of percutaneous LCL reconstruction include small incisions, minimal soft tissue disruption, less postoperative pain, and speedy rehabilitation and recovery. The aim of this study was to report the functional outcome of percutaneous LCL reconstruction and overall patient satisfaction in Africans.@*METHODS@#This prospective and interventional study involving 51 patients with chronic LCL rupture who had percutaneous LCL reconstruction using peroneus longus autograft was conducted between January 2021 and December 2022 in National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dala-Kano, Nigeria. The inclusion criteria were patients between the ages of 18 and 45 years with chronic isolated LCL and not more than 1 injury of knee ligament. Exclusion criteria were active infection, and multi-ligament knee injury requiring 2-staged surgery. The knee functions were assessed preoperatively, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively using the Lysholm scoring system. Patient satisfaction with the outcome of the treatment was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Relevant information was recorded into Microsoft Excel sheet and data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 for windows. The paired samples t-test was used to compare the clinical outcomes as continuous variables. Statistical significance was considered at p < 0.05.@*RESULTS@#The mean age of the patients was (30.10 ± 5.90) years. The median time from injury to surgery was 7 months (ranging from 3 to 28 months). The mean follow-up period was (14.07 ± 3.13) months. The mean preoperative and 1-year postoperative Lysholm scores were 44.33 ± 12.97 and 97.96 ± 1.23, respectively.@*CONCLUSION@#Percutaneous LCL reconstruction using peroneus longus autograft significantly improves patient knee function and results in excellent patient satisfaction.

Progress on study of factors influencing the prognosis and complications of surgery for discoid meniscus injury in children / 中国骨伤

The discoid meniscus is a common congenital meniscal malformation that is prevalent mainly in Asians and often occurs in the lateral discoid meniscus. Patients with asymptomatic discoid meniscus are usually treated by conservative methods such as observation and injury avoidance, while patients with symptoms and tears need to be treated surgically. Arthroscopic saucerization combined with partial meniscectomy and meniscus repair is the most common surgical approach., and early to mid-term reports are good. The prognostic factors are the patient's age at surgery、follow-up time and type of surgery. Some patients experience complications such as prolonged postoperative knee pain, early osteoarthritis, retears and Osteochondritis dissecans. The incidence of prolonged postoperative knee pain was higher and the incidence of Osteochondritis dissecans was the lowest. Retears of the lateral meniscus is the main reason for reoperation.

Retrospective analysis and comparison of total internal disability preservation technique and standardized reconstruction technique / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy and clinical results of total internal protection technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.@*METHODS@#A total of 56 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction treated from January 2018 to December 2019 were selected. According to the different surgical methods, they were divided into total internal reconstruction group and standard bone tunnel group. There were 21 patients in the total internal reconstruction group, including 15 males and 6 females, aged from 20 to 48 with an average of (35.6±6.7) years old, and 35 patients in the standard tibial tunnel group, including 26 males and 9 females, aged 22 to 51 years old with an average of (33.7±9.6) years old. Preoperative examination of Lachman test was positive, magnetic resonance indicated anterior cruciate ligament rupture. There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex, body mass index, time from injury to ACL reconstruction, combined meniscus injury and operation method, operation time, ligament diameter, ligament length and other general information. Postoperative evaluation included operation duration, length and diameter of transplanted tendon after braid. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, Tegner score and perioperative complications 2 years after surgery.@*RESULTS@#Both groups were followed up, ranging from 24 to 30 months with an average of (26.9±3.4) months. Postoperative incision healing was good, and no failure or joint infection occurred at the last follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in IKDC score, Lysholm score and Tegner score before, 1 year and 2 years after surgery. However, IKDC score, Lysholm score and Tegner score at 1 year and 2 years after surgery.@*CONCLUSION@#The same postoperative function and stability of knee joint can be obtained by both the residual whole technique and the standardized reconstruction technique. In the residual whole group, only the semitendinosus muscle is taken, and the femoral thin muscle is retained, with greater tibial bone mass preserved, which is safe and effective in clinical practice.

Evaluation of early effectiveness of local infiltration anesthesia with compound betamethasone in total knee arthroplasty / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the early effectiveness of local infiltration anesthesia (LIA) with compound betamethasone in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 102 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated by TKA and met the selection criteria between May 2022 and March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into control group and study group according to whether LIA preparation was added with compound betamethasone, with 51 cases in each group. There was no significant difference of baseline data, such as age, gender, body mass index, operative side, preoperative range of motion (ROM), Knee Society Score (KSS), white blood cell (WBC), and hematocrit between the two groups ( P>0.05). The intraoperative total blood loss and hidden blood loss were recorded, and WBC was recorded on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days after operation. Pain was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) score on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days after operation and morphine intake milligrames equivalent within 48 hours after operation. Passive ROM, maximum extension and flexion angles of knee joint were measured on the 3rd day after operation; the early postoperative complications were recorded.@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in total blood loss and hidden blood loss between the two groups ( P>0.05). The postoperative pain levels in both groups were relatively mild, and there was no significant difference in VAS scores in the first 3 days after operation and in morphine intake milligrams equivalent within 48 hours after operation between the two groups ( P>0.05). The WBC in the first 3 days after operation was significantly improved in both groups ( P<0.05). The WBC in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group on the 1st and 2nd days after operation ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups on the 3rd day after operation ( P>0.05). On the 3rd day after operation, the maximum extension angle of knee joint in the study group was smaller than that in the control group, while the maximum flexion angle and passive ROM of knee joint in the study group were larger than those in the control group, and the differences were significant ( P<0.05). There were 6 cases of fever and 17 cases of deep venous thrombosis in the control group, and 1 case and 14 cases in the study group, respectively. There was no poor wound healing and periprosthetic joint infection in the two groups, and there was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The application of compound betamethasone in LIA during TKA is a safe and optimal strategy to promote the early postoperative rehabilitation of patients.

Systematic evaluation of the incidence of the knee donor area after autobone cartilage mosaic xentoplasty / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To provide an overview of the incidence of knee donor -site morbidity after autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty.@*METHODS@#A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, EMbase, Wanfang Medical Network, and CNKI databases from January 2010 to April 20, 2021. Relevant literature was selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data were evaluated and extracted. The correlation between the number and size of transplanted osteochondral columns and donor-site morbidity was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 13 literatures were included, comprising a total of 661 patients. Statistical analysis revealed an incidence of knee donor-site morbidity at 8.6% (57/661), with knee pain being the most common complaint, accounting for 4.2%(28/661). There was no significant correlation between the number of osteochondral columns and postoperative donor-site incidence (P=0.424, N=10), nor between the diameter size of osteochondral columns and postoperative donor-site incidence(P=0.699, N=7).@*CONCLUSION@#Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty is associated with a considerable incidence of knee donor-site morbidity, with knee pain being the most frequent complaint. There is no apparent correlation between donor-site incidence and the number and size of transplanted osteochondral columns. Donors should be informed about the potential risks.

Comparison of outcomes of mixed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty in the treatment of medial osteoarthritis of the knee / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate outcomes of mixed unicompartmental knee arthroplasty(UKA) and total knee arthroplasty(TKA) in the treatment of medial osteoarthritis(OA) of the knee.@*METHODS@#Retrospective analysis of 156 patients, 44 males and 112 females, aged from 50 to 75 years old with an average of(58.76±4.97) years old, who underwent knee arthroplasty from October 2017 to October 2019. The patients were divided into two groups:81 cases(81 knees) underwent TKA, including 23 males and 58 females, aged from 51 to 75 years old with an average of (58.60±5.01) years old, and 75 case (75 knees) underwent UKA with mixed phase 3 Oxford, including 21 males and 54 females, aged from 50 to 72 years old with an average of (58.92±4.95) years old. The two groups were compared regarding to the clinical outcomes, assessed using surgical information and complications, American Knee Society score(AKSS) clinical score and functional score. Radiographs were assessed using hip-knee-ankle angle(HKA), tibial component valgus/varus angle(TCVA), tibial component posterior slope angle(TCPSA), femoral component valgus/varus angle(FCVA), femoral component posterior slope angle(FCPSA), looking for bearing dislocation, prosthesis loosening, progression of OA in lateral compartment.@*RESULTS@#Intraoperative bleeding, operative time and hospital days were significantly better in the UKA group than in the TKA group (P<0.05), and there were no postoperative complications in either group. Patients in both groups were enrolled with an average follow-up time of (38.01±8.90) months, ranged from 24 to 54 months. AKSS functional, AKSS clinical, HKA in both groups significantly improved at the final follow-up compared with those before operation. At the final follow-up, the UKA group was significantly better than the TKA group in AKSS functional and AKSS clinical, whereas HKA in the TKA group was better. At the final follow-up. TCVA and FCVA between the two groups were not significantly different, while TCPSA and FCPSA in the UKA group were significantly greater than the TKA group. No signs of progression of OA to the lateral compartment were observed.@*CONCLUSION@#Mixed phase 3 Oxford UKA in medial unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis was considerably better than TKA for less blood loss, shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay, rapid postoperative recovery, helping achieve satisfactory function, provided satisfactory outcome.

Mid-term clinical outcome of arthroscopic surgery on early knee osteoarthritis in middle-old aged patients / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the mid-term clinical effect of arthroscopic surgery versus conservative treatment on the middle aged early knee osteoarthritis (EKOA) patients, with the hope to provide clinical evidence for their individual therapy.@*METHODS@#A total of 145 middle aged EKOA patients(182 knees) who received arthroscopic surgery or conservative treatment from January 2015 to December 2016 were retrospectively enrolled, including 35 males and 110 females, aged from 47 to 79 years old with an average of (57.6±6.9) years old, and the duration of disease ranged from 6 to 48 months with an average of(14.6±8.9) months. According to treatment method, patients were divided into arthroscopic surgery group (47 patients, 58 knees) and conservative treatment group(98 patients, 124 knees). Before treatment, patients presented with symptoms of knee joint, such as pain, swelling, locking, limited flexion and extension, and weakness, as well as abnormal findings in knee X-ray (without or suspicious joint space narrow, and a few of osteophyte formation) or in knee MRI (injury or degeneration of articular cartilage or meniscus, loose body in the joint cavity and synovial hyperemia edema, etc). Related data were collected, including duration of knee symptoms, presence of meniscus injury, loose body in the joint cavity or mechanical symptoms such as locking, and visual analogue scale (VAS) and Lysholm knee function score before treatment and at the latest follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the differences in VAS or Lyshilm score before or after treatment between the low groups and within each group.@*RESULTS@#Patients in the two groups were followed up from 60 to 76 months. In the arthroscopic surgery group, the incision healing was good and no surgical complications occurred. There were no significant differences in age, gender, BMI and follow-up time between the two groups(P>0.05). Before treatment, compared with conservative group, duration of symptoms in the arthroscopic group was longer (P<0.001), comorbidity rates of meniscus injury (P<0.001), free body (P=0.001) and mechanical symptoms (P<0.001) were higher, VAS (P<0.001) and Lysholm score (P<0.001) were worse. At the final follow-up, VAS and Lysholm score in either the conservative group or the arthroscopic group were significantly better than before treatment (P<0.05), while no significant differences between the two groups were found. The VAS was (1.5±1.2) scores in the arthroscopic group and (1.6±1.0)scores in the conservative group(P=0.549), and the Lysholm score was (84.9±12.5) scores in the arthroscopic group and (84.2±9.9) scores in the conservative group (P=0.676).@*CONCLUSION@#Both arthroscopic surgery and conservative treatment have satisfactory intermediate clinical effect middle- aged patients with EKOA, without statistically differences. However, most of the patients before surgery in the arthroscopic treatment group had mechanical locking symptoms caused by meniscus injury or loose body. Therefore, for the middle-aged EKOA patients with mechanical locking symptoms or without obtaining satisfactory outcome after conservative treatment, arthroscopic surgery may be considered.

Long-term outcomes of lateral femoral notch after early anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the outcome of lateral femoral notch (LFN) after early anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and evaluate the recovery of knee joint function after the operation.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 32 patients who underwent early ACL reconstruction from December 2015 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included 18 males and 14 females, aged 16 to 54 years old, with an average age of (25.39±2.82) years. The body mass index (BMI) of the patients ranged from 20 to 30 kg/cm2, with an average of (26.15±3.09) kg/cm2. Among them, 6 cases were caused by traffic accidents, 19 by exercise, and 7 by the crush of heavy objects. MRI of all patients showed LFN depth was more than 1.5 mm after injury, and no intervention for LFN was performed during surgery. Preoperative and postoperative depth, area, and volume of LFN defects were observed by MRI data. International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score, Lysholm score, Tegner activity levels, and knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) were analyzed before and after the operation.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 2 to 6 years with an average of (3.28±1.12) years. There was no significant difference in the defect depth of LFN from (2.31±0.67) mm before the operation to (2.53±0.50) mm at follow-up (P=0.136). The defect area of LFN was decreased from (207.55±81.01)mm2 to (171.36±52.69)mm2 (P=0.038), and the defect volume of LFN was decreased from (426.32±176.54) mm3 to (340.86±151.54)mm3 (P=0.042). The ICRS score increased from (1.51±0.34) to (2.92±0.33) (P<0.001), the Lysholm score increased from (35.37±10.54) to (94.46±8.45) (P<0.001), and the Tegner motor score increased from (3.45±0.94) to (7.56±1.28), which was significantly higher than that of the preoperative data (P<0.001). The KOOS score of the final follow-up was 90.42±16.35.@*CONCLUSION@#With the increase of recovery time after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, the defect area and volume of LFN decreased gradually, but the defect depth remained unchanged. The knee joint function of the patients significantly improved. The cartilage of the LFN defect improved, but the repair effect was not good.

Value of personalized osteotomy in primary total knee arthroplasty for severe varus knee osteoarthritis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore application value and efficacy of personalized osteotomy in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for severe varus knee osteoarthritis.@*METHODS@#From June 2018 to January 2020, 36 patients (49 knees) with severe varus knee osteoarthritis were treated, including 15 males (21 knees) and 21 females (28 knees), aged from 59 to 82 years old with an average of (67.6 ± 6.5) years old;the course of disease ranged from 9.5 to 20.5 years with an average of (15.0 ± 5.0) years;11 patients (15 knees) with Kellgren-Lawrence grade Ⅲ and 25 patients (34 knees) with grade Ⅳ according to Kellgren-Lawrence grading. According to AORI clsssification of tibial bone defects, 8 patients (15 knees) were typeⅠTa and 16 patients (18 knees) were typeⅡ T2a. All patients' femor-tibial angle (FTA) was above 15°, and received primary TKA with personalized osteotomy. Thirty-three patients (45 knees) were treated with posterior-stabilized (PS) prostheses, 13 patients (15 knees) with PS prostheses combined with a metal pad and extension rod on the tibial side, and 3 patients (4 knees) with legacy constrained condylar knee (LCCK) prostheses. FTA, posterior condylar angle (PCA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) and lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) before and after operation at 1 month were measured and compared by using picture archiving and communication systems (PACS). Recovery of lower limbs before and after operation at 12 months was evaluated by American Knee Society Score(KSS), and complications were observed and recorded.@*RESULTS@#All 36 patients (49 knees) were followed up from 15 to 40 months with an average of (23.46±7.65) months. FTA, MPTA were corrected from preoperative (18.65±4.28)° and (83.75±3.65)° to postoperative (2.35±1.46)° and (88.85±2.25)° at 1 month, respectively (P<0.001). PCA was decreased from (2.42±2.16)° before operation to (1.65±1.35)° at 1 month after operation, LDFA improved from (89.56 ± 3.55)° before operation to (91.63±3.38)° at 1 month after operation (P<0.05). KSS increased from (67.58±24.16) before opertion to(171.31±15.24) at 12 months after operation, 14 patients (19 knees) got excellent result, 19 (26 knees) good, and 3 (4 knees) fair.@*CONCLUSION@#Personalized osteotomy is helpful for recovery of axial alignment of lower limbs and correct placement of prosthesis, could effectively relieve pain of knee joint, recover knee joint function.

Treatment analysis of complex Schatzker type Ⅳ tibial plateau fractures / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore treatment strategy for complex Schatzker Ⅳ tibial plateau fracture.@*METHODS@#Forty-one patients with complex Schatzker type Ⅳ tibial plateau fractures were treated from January 2016 to January 2021, including 28 males and 13 females, aged from 19 to 65 years old with an average of (35.3±19.8) years old. Individualized treatment plan was developed according to preoperative imaging characteristics, medial surgical approach was mainly combined with other auxiliary incisions. Posteromedial inverted L approach was used in 18 patients, posteromedial approach and anterolateral extended approach in 19 patients, and posteromedial approach with anterolateral and lateral condylar osteotomy in 4 patients. Articular surface and facture healing were observed, range of knee joint motion was measured at 12 months after opertaion, and function of knee joint was evaluated by Lysholm scoring system.@*RESULTS@#Forty-one patients were followed up for 12 to 26 months with an average of (13.3±6.8) months. Twenty-nine patients and 10 patients were obtained complete fracture healing at 6 and 12 months after operation respectively, and fracture healing time was 4 to 13 months with an average of (5.0±3.7) months. Two patients occurred posterior medial internal fixation failure and varus deformity of knee joint, and the fracture healed and varus deformity was corrected after the second operation. Range of knee joint motion was (118±29) °, and Lysholm score was(83.0±16.0) points.@*CONCLUSION@#Individualized treatment should be reasonably selected for complex Schatzker Ⅳ tibial plateau fractures, the characteristics of lateral plateau fractures are an important reference for selecting surgical approaches, the effective fixation of posteromedial bone blocks should be pay full attention, and the overall treatment results are satisfied.

Research progress of knee meniscal repair techniques / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the research progress of meniscus repair in recent years, in order to provide help for the clinical decision-making of meniscus injury treatment.@*METHODS@#The domestic and foreign literature related to meniscal repair in recent years was extensively reviewed to summarize the reasons for the prevalence of meniscal repair, surgical indications, various repair methods and long-term effectiveness, the need to deal with mechanical structural abnormalities, biological enhancement repair technology, rehabilitation treatment, and so on.@*RESULTS@#In order to delay the occurrence of osteoarthritis, the best treatment of meniscus has undergone an important change from partial meniscectomy to meniscal repair, and the indications for meniscal repair have been expanding. The mid- and long-term effectiveness of different meniscal repair methods are ideal. During meniscus repair, the abnormality of lower limb force line and meniscus protrusion should be corrected at the same time. There are controversies about the biological enhancement technology to promote meniscus healing and rehabilitation programs, which need further study.@*CONCLUSION@#Meniscal repair can restore the normal mechanical conduction of lower limbs and reduce the incidence of traumatic osteoarthritis, but the poor blood supply and healing ability of meniscal tissue bring difficulties to meniscal repair. Further development of new biological enhanced repair technology and individualized rehabilitation program and verification of its effectiveness will be an important research direction.

Establishment of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction model in cynomolgus monkey with autogenous hamstring tendon transplantation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the feasibility of establishing an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction model using hamstring tendon autograft in cynomolgus monkeys.@*METHODS@#Twelve healthy adult male cynomolgus monkeys, weighing 8-13 kg, were randomly divided into two groups ( n=6). In the experimental group, the ACL reconstruction model of the right lower limb was prepared by using a single bundle of hamstring tendon, and the ACL of the right lower limb was only cut off in the control group. The survival of animals in the two groups was observed after operation. Before operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation, the knee range of motion, thigh circumference, and calf circumference of the two groups were measured; the anterior tibial translation D-value (ATTD) was measured by Ligs joint ligament digital body examination instrument under the loads of 13-20 N, respectively. At the same time, the experimental group underwent MRI examination to observe the graft morphology and the signal/ noise quotient (SNQ) was caculated.@*RESULTS@#All animals survived to the end of the experiment. In the experimental group, the knee range of motion, thigh circumference, and calf circumference decreased first and then gradually increased after operation; the above indexes were significantly lower at 3 and 6 months after operation than before operation ( P<0.05), and no significant difference was found between pre-operation and 12 months after operation ( P>0.05). In the control group, there was no significant change in knee range of motion after operation, showing no significant difference between pre- and post-operation ( P>0.05), but the thigh circumference and calf circumference gradually significantly decreased with time ( P<0.05), and the difference was significant when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). At 6 and 12 months after operation, the thigh circumference and calf circumference were significantly larger in the experimental group than in the control group ( P<0.05). At 3 and 6 months after operation, the knee range of motion was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group ( P<0.05). Under the loading condition of 13-20 N, the ATTD in the experimental group increased first and then decreased after operation; and the ATTD significantly increased at 3, 6 months after operation when compared with the value before operation ( P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between the pre-operation and 12 months after operation ( P>0.05). There was no significant change in ATTD in the control group at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation ( P>0.05), and which were significantly higher than those before operation ( P<0.05). At each time point after operation, the ATTD was significantly smaller in the experimental group than in the control group under the same load ( P<0.05). The MRI examination of the experimental group showed that the ACL boundary gradually became clear after reconstruction and was covered by the synovial membrane. The SNQ at each time point after operation was significantly higher than that before operation, but gradually decreased with time, and the differences between time points were significant ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The ACL reconstruction model in cynomolgus monkey with autogenous hamstring tendon transplantation was successfully established.

Effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with personalized femoral locator based on apex of deep cartilage / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction assisted by personalized femoral locator based on the apex of deep cartilage (ADC) combined with patient imaging data.@*METHODS@#Between January 2021 and January 2022, a total of 40 patients with primary ACL rupture were selected and randomly divided into study group (ACL reconstruction assisted by personalized femoral locator based on ADC) and control group (ACL reconstruction assisted by intraoperative fluoroscopy and traditional femoral locator), with 20 cases in each group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, affected side, cause of injury, and preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lyshlom score, and Tegner score between the two groups ( P>0.05). IKDC score, Lyshlom score, and Tegner score were used to evaluate the functional recovery of the affected knee before operation and at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation. CT scan and three-dimensional reconstruction were performed before and after operation to measure the horizontal distance from ADC to the anterior cartilage margin (L) and the horizontal distance from ADC to the center of the femoral canal (I), and the anteroposterior position of the bone canal (R) was calculated by I/L; the distance from the center to the distal cartilage margin (D) was measured on the two-dimensional cross section; the R value and D value were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The operation time of the study group was significantly less than that of the control group [ MD=-6.90 (-8.78, -5.03), P<0.001]. The incisions of the two groups healed by first intention, and no complication such as intra-articular infection, nerve injury, and deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs occurred. There was no significant difference in the R value and D value between the preoperative simulated positioning and the actual intraoperative positioning in the study group [ MD=0.52 (-2.85, 3.88), P=0.758; MD=0.36 (-0.39, 1.11), P=0.351]. There was no significant difference in the actual intraoperative positioning R value and D value between the study group and the control group [ MD=1.01 (-2.57, 4.58), P=0.573; MD=0.24 (-0.34, 0.82), P=0.411]. The patients in both groups were followed up 12-13 months (mean, 12.4 months). The IKDC score, Lysholm score, and Tegner score of the two groups increased gradually with time, and there were significant differences between pre- and post-operation ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the scores between the two groups at each time point after operation ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The personalized femoral locator based on ADC can accurately assist the femoral tunnel positioning in ACL reconstruction, which can shorten the operation time when compared with traditional surgical methods, and achieve satisfactory early effectiveness.

Effect of body mass index on short-term effectiveness of high tibial osteotomy in treatment of varus knee arthritis / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the short-term effectiveness of high tibial osteotomy (HTO) in the treatment of varus knee arthritis.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 84 patients (84 knees) with varus knee arthritis treated with HTO between May 2016 and August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to BMI, the patients were divided into normal group (32 patients in group A, BMI<25 kg/m 2), overweight group (27 patients in group B, BMI>30 kg/m 2), and obese group (25 patients in group C, BMI>30 kg/m 2). The BMI of groups A, B, and C were (23.35±0.89), (26.65±1.03), and (32.05±1.47) kg/m 2, respectively. There was no significant difference ( P>0.05) in gender, age, surgical side, disease duration, and preoperative Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, knee range of motion, and hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) between groups. The operation time, intraoperative dominant blood loss, and the decrease of hemoglobin on the 3rd day after operation were recorded and compared between groups. The improvement of knee joint function and pain status were evaluated by knee joint HSS score, knee range of motion, and VAS score before and after operation, and measuring the HKA of patients on X-ray film. During the follow-up, the X-ray films of the knee joint were reexamined to observe the position of the internal fixator and the healing of osteotomy.@*RESULTS@#All patients completed the operation successfully and were followed up 8-40 months (mean, 19.3 months). There was no significant difference in follow-up time, operation time, intraoperative dominant blood loss, and the decrease of hemoglobin on the 3rd day after operation between groups ( P>0.05). No operative complications such as severe vascular or nerve injury occurred. After operation, deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities occurred in 1 case in groups A and B respectively, and fat liquefaction of surgical incision occurred in 2 cases in group C. There was no significant difference in the incidence of perioperative complications between groups (3.1% vs. 3.7% vs. 8.0%) ( P=0.689). During the follow-up, there was no bone nonunion, plate fracture or loosening. At last follow-up, HSS score, VAS score, knee range of motion, and HKA significantly improved in the 3 groups when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the differences of the above indexes between groups before and after operation ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#BMI does not affect the short-term effectiveness of HTO in the treatment of varus knee arthritis. HTO can be selected for overweight and obese patients after standard medical treatment is ineffective.

Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of knee joint after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with personalized femoral positioner based on apex of deep cartilage / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the changes of knee joint kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction assisted by personalized femoral positioner based on the apex of deep cartilage (ADC).@*METHODS@#Between January 2021 and January 2022, a total of 40 patients with initial ACL rupture who met the selection criteria were randomly divided into the study group (using the personalized femoral positioner based on ADC design to assist ACL reconstruction) and the control group (not using the personalized femoral positioner to assist ACL reconstruction), with 20 patients in each group. Another 20 volunteers with normal knee were collected as a healthy group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, body mass index, and affected side between groups ( P>0.05). Gait analysis was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after operation using Opti _ Knee three-dimensional knee joint motion measurement and analysis system, and the 6 degrees of freedom (flexion and extension angle, varus and valgus angle, internal and external rotation angle, anteroposterior displacement, superior and inferior displacement, internal and external displacement) and motion cycle (maximum step length, minimum step length, and step frequency) of the knee joint were recorded. The patients' data was compared to the data of healthy group.@*RESULTS@#In the healthy group, the flexion and extension angle was (57.80±3.45)°, the varus and valgus angle was (10.54±1.05)°, the internal and external rotation angle was (13.02±1.66)°, and the anteroposterior displacement was (1.44±0.39) cm, the superior and inferior displacement was (0.86±0.20) cm, and the internal and external displacement was (1.38±0.39) cm. The maximum step length was (51.24±1.29) cm, the minimum step length was (45.69±2.28) cm, and the step frequency was (12.45±0.47) step/minute. Compared with the healthy group, the flexion and extension angles and internal and external rotation angles of the patients in the study group and the control group decreased at 3 months after operation, and the flexion and extension angles of the patients in the control group decreased at 6 months after operation, and the differences were significant ( P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the other time points and other indicators when compared with healthy group ( P>0.05). In the study group, the flexion and extension angles and internal and external rotation angles at 6 and 12 months after operation were significantly greater than those at 3 months after operation ( P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the other indicators at other time points ( P>0.05). There was a significant difference in flexion and extension angle between the study group and the control group at 6 months after operation ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference of the indicators between the two groups at other time points ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with conventional surgery, ACL reconstruction assisted by personalized femoral positioner based on ADC design can help patients achieve more satisfactory early postoperative kinematic results, and three-dimensional kinematic analysis can more objectively and dynamically evaluate the postoperative recovery of knee joint.

Effectiveness of arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel for posterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion fracture in adults / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effectiveness of arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tibial insertion fractures in adults.@*METHODS@#Between October 2019 and October 2021, 16 patients with PCL tibial insertion fractures were treated with arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel. There were 11 males and 5 females with an average age of 41.1 years (range, 26-58 years). The fractures were caused by traffic accident in 12 cases and sports in 4 cases. The time from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 10 days with an average of 6.0 days. The fractures were classified as Meyers-McKeever type Ⅱ in 4 cases and type Ⅲ in 9 cases, and Zaricznyi type Ⅳ in 3 cases. There were 2 cases of grade Ⅰ, 7 cases of grade Ⅱ, and 7 cases of grade Ⅲ in the posterior drawer test. There were 3 cases combined with lateral collateral ligament injury and 2 cases with meniscus injury. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, and knee range of motion were used to evaluate knee joint function. The posterior drawer test and knee stability tester (Kneelax 3) were used to evaluate knee joint stability. The X-ray films were used to evaluate fracture reduction and healing.@*RESULTS@#All incisions healed by first intention after operation. There was no incision infection, popliteal neurovascular injury, or deep venous thrombosis of lower limbs. All patients were followed up 6-12 months, with an average of 10 months. X-ray films at 6 months after operation showed the fractures obtained bone union. There were 11 cases of grade 0, 4 cases of gradeⅠ, and 1 case of grade Ⅱin posterior drawer test, showing significant difference when compared with preoperative results ( Z=23.167, P<0.001). The VAS score, Lysholm score, IKDC score, knee range of motion, and the results of Kneelax3 examination all significantly improved when compared with preoperative results ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For adult patients with PCL tibial insertion fractures, the arthroscopic binding fixation using suture through single bone tunnel has the advantages of minimal trauma, good fracture reduction, reliable fixation, and fewer complications. The patient's knee joint function recovers well.

Short- and mid-term effectiveness of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty for post-traumatic arthritis of knee / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the short- and mid-term effectiveness of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) for post-traumatic arthritis (PTA) of knee.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 30 patients with PTA of unilateral knee between March 2014 and September 2021 was retrospectively analyzed. There were 14 males and 16 females with an average of 64.5 years (range, 33-81 years). The average body mass index was 26.7 kg/m 2 (range, 19.8-35.6 kg/m 2). The types of injuries that caused PTA included intra-articular fracture in 16 cases, extra-articular fracture in 8 cases, and soft tissue injury in 6 cases. The initial injuries were treated by conservative therapy in 12 cases and by surgical therapy in 18 cases. Ten cases were medial compartment osteoarthritis and 20 cases were lateral compartment osteoarthritis. According to Kellgren-Lawrence staging, there were 19 cases of grade Ⅲ and 11 cases of grade Ⅳ. The operative time, the length of hospital stay, complications, and subjective satisfaction were recorded. The Oxford Knee Function Score (OKS), Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score, and knee range of motion (ROM) were used to evaluate knee function. Weight-bearing X-ray films were taken to measure the femoro-tibial angle (FTA) and to assess alignment correction of the lower limb.@*RESULTS@#The operative time ranged from 50 to 95 minutes (mean, 63.7 minutes), the length of hospital stay ranged from 3 to 8 days (mean, 6.9 days). Superficial infection occurred in 2 patients, while the remaining incisions healed by first intention. There was no deep vein thrombosis or neurovascular injury. All patients were followed up 17-109 months (median, 70 months). At last follow-up, OKS score, HSS score, and ROM in 30 cases significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05). Lower limb alignment was significantly corrected and there was significant difference in FTA of the varus and valgus knees between pre- and post-operation ( P<0.05). The patient satisfaction rate was 86.7% (26/30). Two cases developed contralateral osteoarthritis progression during follow-up. No bearing dislocation, prosthesis loosening or sinking occurred and none required further revision.@*CONCLUSION@#For patients with PTA of knee, UKA can obtain definite short- and mid-term effectiveness with high patient satisfaction.

Relationship between trace elements in synovial fluid and cartilage and severity of knee osteoarthritis / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between trace elements in synovial fluid and cartilage and severity of knee osteoarthritis (KOA).@*METHODS@#Patients with KOA who underwent knee arthrocentesis or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were recruited based on inclusion criteria between June 2021 and December 2021. Synovial fluid samples were obtained during knee arthrocentesis and TKA, and participants were divided into the mild group (grading Ⅰ/Ⅱ) and the severe group (grading Ⅲ/Ⅳ) according to the Kellgren-Lawrence grading (K-L grading). Cartilage samples with different degrees of wear were collected during the TKA from the same patient and were divided into mild wear (0-1 point) and severe wear (2-4 points) groups based on the Pelletier score. The contents of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in synovial fluid and cartilage were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the differences between groups were compared.@*RESULTS@#A total of 33 synovial fluid samples were collected, including 19 specimens from 14 patients who underwent knee arthrocentesis of mild group, with 5 bilateral sides knee arthrocentesis in them, and 14 specimens from 14 TKA patients of severe group. The patients were significantly younger in the mild group than in the severe group ( P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in gender or body mass index between the two groups ( P>0.05). Nineteen pairs of cartilage samples with mild and severe wear were collected from severe KOA patients (K-L grading Ⅲ and Ⅳ), including 9 males and 10 females, with an average age of 70.4 years (range, 58-80 years). The body mass index ranged from 21.2 to 30.7 kg/m 2, with an average of 25.6 kg/m 2. The content of Zn in synovial fluid and cartilage from KOA patients was the highest, followed by Cu, and Mn was the lowest. The Cu content in synovial fluid was significantly higher in the severe group than in the mild group ( P<0.05), and in the severe wear group than in the mild wear group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in Zn and Mn content between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The Cu content increases with the severity of cartilage wear in patients with KOA.

Risk factors for contralateral anterior cruciate ligament injury after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the risk factors of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury after primary ACL reconstruction.@*METHODS@#A retrospective review was conducted on the 716 patients with ACL injury who received primary ACL reconstruction surgery and met the selection criteria between January 2012 and September 2018. After a mean follow-up period of 7.6 years (range, 4-10 years), 65 patients (9.1%) experienced contralateral ACL injury (injured group) and 651 patients (90.9%) did not (uninjured group). There was no significant difference in age, body mass index, and preoperative Lachman test degree between groups ( P>0.05). However, the proportion of female in the injured group was significantly higher than that of male ( P<0.05), and the preoperative posterior tibial slope (PTS) was significantly higher than that of the uninjured group ( P<0.05). Using the outcome of contralateral ACL injury as the dependent variable, the clinical data of the patient was first used as the independent variable, and univariate COX regression was used to analyze the prognostic influencing factors. Then, the indicators with differences in univariate COX regression were used as the independent variable, and multivariate COX regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting prognosis. Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to test and analyze the occurrence time of contralateral ACL injury in patients of different genders; X-tile software was used to analyze the occurrence time of contralateral ACL injury in patients with different PTS using Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox) test and PTS cut-off values.@*RESULTS@#Univariate COX regression analysis showed that gender and PTS were influence factors for contralateral ACL injury ( P<0.05); further multivariate COX regression analysis showed that female and increased PTS were independent risk factors for contralateral ACL injury ( P<0.05). The Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox) test results showed that the contralateral ACL injury occurred in female at 8.853 (8.600, 9.106) years, which was significantly shorter than that in male [9.661 (9.503, 9.819) years] ( χ 2=20.323, P<0.001). Using X-tile software to analyze the cut-off value of PTS, it was found that the cut-off value of PTS for contralateral ACL injury was 10.92°. According to the Log-Rank (Mantel-Cox) test, it was found that the contralateral ACL injury occurred in 5.762 (4.981, 6.543) years in patients with PTS≥10.92°, which was significantly shorter than patients with PTS<10.92° [9.751 (9.650, 9.853) years]( χ 2 =302.479, P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#Female and PTS≥10.92° after primary ACL reconstruction are independent risk factors for contralateral ACL injury.