Obstrução lacrimal pós-tratamento oncológico: revisão de literatura / Lacrimal drainage system obstruction after cancer treatment: a literature review

RESUMO A obstrução de via lacrimal é uma possível complicação decorrente de tratamentos oncológicos sistêmicos e locais. A epífora crônica gera grande impacto na qualidade de vida desses pacientes, e, como a fibrose terminal da via lacrimal pode necessitar de procedimentos complexos para sua resolução, é importante estarmos atentos a esse efeito adverso, com o objetivo de reconhecê-lo e tratá-lo precocemente, ou mesmo preveni-lo. Nesta revisão da literatura, os autores analisam todos os agentes quimioterápicos e radioterápicos associados à obstrução lacrimal e descrevem os mecanismos, a frequência, os tratamentos e a profilaxia. Os tratamentos oncológicos associados à obstrução lacrimal foram: radioterapia em cabeça e pescoço (dosagem acima de 45 a 75Gy), radioiodoterapia (dosagem acima de 150mCi) e quimioterapia com 5-FU, S-1, capecitabine e docetaxel. A obstrução lacrimal pode ser irreversível, e a intubação profilática das vias lacrimais é uma possibilidade descrita de tratamento profilático em casos de radioterapia e uso do 5-FU, S-1 e docetaxel. O tratamento cirúrgico de todos os casos é a dacriocistorrinostomia.

ABSTRACT Lacrimal duct obstruction can be a side effect of systemic and/or local cancer treatments. Chronic epiphora has a great impact on the quality of life of oncological patients. Since terminal fibrosis of the lacrimal system may require complex procedures, it is important to be aware of this adverse effect in order to recognize and treat it, or even prevent it. A literature review was performed to identify all types of systemic cancer treatment associated with lacrimal obstruction and to describe the mechanisms, frequency, treatment, and prophylaxis. The oncological treatments associated with lacrimal obstruction were head and neck radiotherapy (dosage above 45-75 Gy), radioiodine therapy (dosage above 150 mCi), and chemotherapy with 5-FU, S-1, Capecitabine and Docetaxel. Depending on the dose, this complication may be irreversible. Prophylactic intubation of the lacrimal system is an option for prophylaxis in cases of radiotherapy, use of 5-FU, S-1, and Docetaxel. Final surgical treatment is dacryocystorhinostomy.

Silicone perforated punctal plugs for the treatment of punctal stenosis / Tampões perfurados de silicone no tratamento da estenose do ponto lacrimal

ABSTRACT Purpose: Punctal stenosis can result in symptoms such as epiphora and can significantly reduce the quality of life of patients. Perforated punctal plug insertion is an easy procedure that is commonly used as the first step of treatment for punctal stenosis. Methods: Clinical, demographic, and outcome data were retrospectively collected for 54 eyes of 21 males and 11 females who consecutively presented to our Oculoplastic Clinic and underwent silicone Micro Flow perforated punctal plug insertion. All patients had epiphora with punctal stenosis. Results: Of the 54 plugs, 26 plugs (48.1%) were lost and 28 (51.8%) stayed in place. Of the latter, eight were explanted because of the occlusion of the plug with secretions and recurrent conjunctivitis; moreover, two plugs migrated deep into the vertical canaliculus. Of the 54 plugs, only 18 (33.3%) were well-tolerated with significant symptomatic improvement. Conclusion: Plug loss is a prominent problem in patients implanted with perforated punctal plugs. Silicone punctal plugs failed in 66.7% of our patients over a mean follow-up of 14.2 months.

RESUMO Objetivo: A estenose punctal pode resultar em sintomas como a epífora e diminuir significativamente a qua­lidade de vida dos pacientes. A inserção de um tampão perfurado é um procedimento fácil que é comumente usado como o primeiro passo do tratamento para a estenose punctal. Métodos: Dados clínicos, demográficos e de resultado foram coletados retrospectivamente de 54 olhos de 21 homens e 11 mulheres que consecutivamente se apresentaram em nossa Clínica de Oculoplástica e foram submetidos a inserção de um tampão de silicone perfurado Micro Flow. Todos os pacientes tinham epífora com estenose punctal. Resultados: Dos 54 tampões, 26 (48,1%) foram perdidos e 28 (51,8%) permaneceram no local. Destes últimos, 8 foram removidos devido a oclusão do tampão com secreção e conjuntivite recorrente, além disso, 2 migraram profundamente no canalículo vertical. Dos 54 tampões, apenas 18 (33,3%) foram bem tolerados com significativa melhora dos sintomas. Conclusão: A perda de tampões é um problema de destaque em pacientes implantados com tampões perfurados. Tampões de silicone falharam em 66,7% dos pacientes durante um seguimento médio de 14,2 meses.

Prevalence and associated factors of external punctal stenosis among elderly patients in Turkey / Prevalência e fatores associados à estenose externa do ponto lacrimal em pacientes idosos na Turquia

ABSTRACT Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of external punctal stenosis (EPS) in the elderly population and investigate associated factors. Methods: A total of 278 patients ≥65 years of age were evaluated for evidence of EPS from January to July 2016. Associated systemic, ocular, demographic, and lifestyle factors were investigated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the factors related to having EPS. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of EPS in this study population was 63.3%, with a mean age of 70.67 ± 7.85 (65-92 years). The ocular factor that was most commonly related to EPS was chronic blepharitis (48.9%). EPS was also associated with taking glaucoma medications (95% CI, 0.08-0.96, p=0.043), smoking history (95% CI, 0.13-0.84, p=0.021), ectropion (95% CI, 0.004-0.26, p=0.001), complaints of tearing (95% CI, 1.11-3.52, p=0.02), and outdoor occupational activity (95% CI, 3.42-9.97, p<0.05). Conclusions: EPS is more common in elderly patients than in the general population. Outdoor occupational activity, taking antiglaucomatous medications, ectropion, and smoking are significantly associated with EPS. In addition, surgical treatment decisions should be made after complete evaluation and interviewing the patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de estenose externa do ponto lacrimal (EEPL) na população idosa e investigar os fatores associados. Métodos: Foram avaliados 278 pacientes ≥65 anos com estenose externa do ponto lacrimal de janeiro a julho de 2016. Todos os fatores sistêmicos, oculares, demográficos e de estilo de vida associados foram investigados. Foram utilizadas análises de regressão logística múltipla para avaliar os fatores relacionados a estenose externa do ponto lacrimal, valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A prevalência de estenose externa do ponto lacrimal foi de 63,3%, com idade média de 70,67 ± 7,85 (65-92 anos). O fator ocular mais relacionado com estenose externa do ponto lacrimal foi blefarite crônica. (IC de 95%, 0,08-0,96, p=0,043), história de tabagismo (IC 95%, 0,13-0,84, p=0,021), ectrópio (IC 95%, 0,004-0,26, p=0,001), queixa de lacrimejamento (95% IC, 1,11-3,52, p=0,02) e atividade ocupacional ao ar livre (IC 95%, 3,42-9,97, p<0,05). Conclusão: A estenose externa do ponto lacrimal é um distúrbio mais comum em pacientes idosos do que na população em geral. Atividade ocupacional ao ar livre, medicação antiglaucomatosa, ectrópio e tabagismo foram significativamente associados com estenose externa do ponto lacrimal. A decisão sobre tratamento cirúrgico deve ser dada após a avaliação completas dos fatores associados em cada paciente.

Dacriocistorrinostomía externa: resultados en un año de experiencia en Villa / External dacryocystorhinostomy: outcomes achieved in one-year experience in Villa Clara province

Objetivo: describir los resultados de la cirugía dacriocistorrinostomía externa en un año. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en 25 pacientes, 28 ojos. Se consideraron las variables sexo, color de piel, edad, lado afectado, etiología, complicaciones y resultados de la cirugía. Resultados: hubo 7 pacientes masculinos y 18 femeninos; de ellos, 16 blancos y 9 no blancos con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,043). La edad promedio fue de 69 ± 11 años. En 13 pacientes (52,0 por ciento) se afectó el lado izquierdo y en el 68,0 por ciento la etiología fue involutiva con significación estadística (p= 0,0003). El sangramiento transoperatorio se presentó como complicación en el 24,0 por ciento de los pacientes. El 92,0 por ciento refirió mejoría de la sintomatología después de operados. Según el criterio del cirujano, la mejoría objetiva se obtuvo en el 88,0 por ciento de los casos. La dacriocistorrinostomía externa fue más frecuente en mujeres blancas encontradas entre su sexta y séptima década de vida. El lado izquierdo fue el más afectado con predominio de la etiología involutiva. Las complicaciones fueron escasas; dentro de ellas predominó el sangramiento transoperatorio. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes sintieron mejoría después de la cirugía; el criterio del cirujano estuvo a favor de los resultados positivos en la cirugía dacriocistorrinostomía externa(AU)

Objective: to describe the results of external dacryocystorhinostomy surgery in one year. Methods: a prospective, longitudinal descriptive and observational study was conducted in 28 patients from 25 patients. The study variables were gender, race, age, affected side, etiology, complications and surgery outcomes. Results: there were 7 male and 18 female patients, 16 Caucasians and 9 non-Caucasians with statistically significant difference (p= 0,043). The mean age was 69 ± 11 years. The obstruction involved the left side in 13 patients (52 percent) and involution was the main etiology in 68 percent with statistical significance (p= 0,0003). Perioperative bleeding was the main complication (24 percent). In the group, 92 percent said the symptoms had reduced after surgery, and according to the surgeon, objective improvement was attained in 88 percent of cases. Conclusion: external dacryocystorhinostomy was more frequent in Caucasian women aged 60 to 70 years. The left side was the most affected, with prevailing involution etiology. There were minimum complications, being perioperative bleeding predominant. Most of the patients felt better after surgery and the surgeon´s criteria were in favor of the positive results of this surgery(AU)

Dacriocistorrinostomía endoscópica: experiencia de 4 años del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: four years experience at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile

Introducción: La dacriocistorrinostomía abierta es el gold estándar para el tratamiento de la obstrucción nasolacrimal, patología manifestada como epífora crónica, dacriocistitis y conjuntivitis recurrente. Desde el desarrollo del abordaje endonasal, se ha considerado como una alternativa terapéutica eficaz con notorias ventajas respecto a la técnica abierta y que además ofrece la posibilidad de corregir otras alteraciones de la nariz y cavidades paranasales en el mismo tiempo quirúrgico. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la técnica quirúrgica endoscópica según la realidad del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, durante los años 2010-2014. Determinar la etiología de la obstrucción en los pacientes intervenidos. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de obstrucción de la vía lacrimal sacular y postsacular sometidos a dacriocistorrinostomía endoscópica. Se incluyeron 27pacientes entre los cuales se realizaron 33 cirugías, ya que 22,2% de ellos (6/27) fueron sometidos a intervención bilateral. Resultados: El éxito quirúrgico objetivo y subjetivo se presentó en 75,8% (25/33) y 65,4% (17/26) respectivamente. El 7,4% (2/27) presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias (falsa vía y extrusión de grasa orbitaria) y 18,5% (5/27) complicaciones posoperatorias (sinequias y fibrosis). Dentro de las causas destacan: idiopática 66,7% (18/27), postraumática 14,8% (4/27), secundaria a utilización de radioyodo 11,1% (3/27), granulomatosis de Wegener3,7% (1/27)y congénita 3,7% (1/27). La sonda instalada se mantuvo por un promedio de 3,5 meses, y el seguimiento se realizó por un periodo de 7,4 meses. Conclusión: La dacriocistorrinostomía endoscópica resulta ser una excelente herramienta quirúrgica para el manejo de pacientes con diagnóstico de obstrucción nasolacrimal, siendo un procedimiento exitoso, seguro, con baja tasa de complicaciones y una muy buena evolución posoperatoria, recomendado para todos aquellos casos con mala respuesta a las terapias médicas.

Introduction: Open dacryocystorhinostomy is the gold standard for the treatment of nasolacrimal obstruction, pathology manifested as chronic epiphora, recurrent dacryocystitis and conjunctivitis. Since the development of endonasal approach, it has been considered as an alternative therapy with notable advantages over the open technique and offers the possibility to correct other abnormalities of the nose and paranasal sinuses in the same surgical time. Aim: To evaluate the results of endoscopic surgical technique according to the reality of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile, during the years 2010-2014. Determine the etiology of the obstruction in patients undergoing surgery. Material and method: A retrospective cohort study was performed with review of clinic files of patients diagnosed with lacrimal duct obstruction submitted to an endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. 27 patients were included and 33 surgeries were performed, as 22.2% of them (6/27) underwent bilateral intervention. Results: Objective and subjective surgical success occurred in 75,8% (25/33) and 65,4% (17/26) respectively. 7,4% (2/27) had intraoperative complications (false passage and orbital fat extrusion) and 18,5% (5/27) postoperative complications (fibrosis and synechiae). Among the causes are: idiopathic 66,7% (18/27), postraumatic 14.8% (4/27), history of radioiodine use 11.1% (3/27), Wegener's granulomatosis 3.7% (1/27) and congenital 3.7% (1/27). Probe Installed was kept for an average of 3,5 months, and the follow-up was performed for 7,4 months. Conclusions: Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is an excellent surgical tool for the management of patients with nasolacrimal obstruction. It's a successful procedure, with low rate of complications and good postoperative outcome, recommended for those cases with poor response to medical therapies.

Obstrução da via lacrimal após radioiodoterapia: relato de caso e conduta / Lacrimal duct obstruction after radioiodine therapy: case report and treatment

Iodoterapia representa a terapia com iodo radioativo. A radiação beta emitida pelo iodo radioativo são partículas que irão se armazenar no tecido da tireóide destruindo as células cancerígenas que ainda restaram após a cirurgia (tireoidectomia). É importante enfatizar este possível efeito deletério da terapêutica, a qual afeta a mucosa da via lacrimal, sendo o resultado do processo de inflamação e cicatrização vascular, produzindo transtornos hipovasculares, hipocelulares e hipóxicos.

Iodotherapy represents the radioactive iodine therapy. The beta radiation emitted by radioactive iodine are particles that will be stored in the thyroid tissue destroying cancer cells that were left after surgery (thyroidectomy). It is important to emphasize a possible deleterious effect of therapy which affects the mucosa of the lacrimal system which results in a process of vascular inflammation and scarring producing disorders hypovascular, hypocellular and hypoxic.

Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Caused by Oncocytic Carcinoma

Here, we report an extremely rare case of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction caused by oncocytic carcinoma. A 64-year-old man presented to the hospital complaining of epiphora and left-side nasal obstruction. Ophthalmic and otolaryngology examination revealed a left lacrimal duct obstruction caused by a mass in the left nasal cavity and lacrimal drainage system. The mass was removed and confirmed as an oncocytic carcinoma. Nine months after surgery, without adjuvant radiotherapy, a left orbital mass was observed and the patient underwent reoperation. The mass proved to be recurrent oncocytic carcinoma. The patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy to eradicate any residual tumor and the patient remains tumor-free one year post-radiotherapy.

Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Caused by Oncocytic Carcinoma

Here, we report an extremely rare case of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction caused by oncocytic carcinoma. A 64-year-old man presented to the hospital complaining of epiphora and left-side nasal obstruction. Ophthalmic and otolaryngology examination revealed a left lacrimal duct obstruction caused by a mass in the left nasal cavity and lacrimal drainage system. The mass was removed and confirmed as an oncocytic carcinoma. Nine months after surgery, without adjuvant radiotherapy, a left orbital mass was observed and the patient underwent reoperation. The mass proved to be recurrent oncocytic carcinoma. The patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy to eradicate any residual tumor and the patient remains tumor-free one year post-radiotherapy.

Obstrução de vias lacrimais associada ao tratamento radioiodoterápico de carcinoma de tireoide / Lacrimal drainage system obstruction associated to radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma série de pacientes portadores de obstrução do sistema lacrimal associado à radioiodoterapia para tratamento de carcinoma de tireoide, revisar os dados clínicos e a resposta ao tratamento cirúrgico desta rara complicação. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva dos achados oftalmológicos de pacientes com histórico de carcinoma de tireoide previamente submetidos à tireoidectomia e à RIT que foram encaminhados para cirurgia de vias lacrimais. RESULTADOS: Dezessete pacientes com carcinoma de tireoide tratados com tireoidectomia e RIT apresentaram obstrução do ducto nasolacrimal sintomática após período médio de 13,2 meses do tratamento do câncer. Onze pacientes tiveram epífora bilateral, 8 com mucocele de saco lacrimal. A idade dos pacientes variou entre 30 e 80 anos, sendo 10 com idade menor ou igual a 49 anos. A dose cumulativa média de radioiodo administrada foi de 571 mCi (variação entre 200-1200 mCi). Sintomas de obstrução nasal e aumento de glândulas salivares ocorreram em 53% dos pacientes. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à dacriocistorrinostomia. Observou-se ainda que nos 3 pacientes mais jovens houve maior sangramento intraoperatótio e dilatação de saco lacrimal. A resolução completa da epífora e da dacriocistite ocorreu em 82,4%, e foi parcial em 17,6% (3 pacientes mantiveram queixa unilateral após a correção da obstrução bilateralmente). O seguimento médio foi de 6 meses (intervalo: 2-24 meses). CONCLUSÕES: Alta dose cumulativa de radioiodo, disfunção nasal e de glândulas salivares estão associadas à obstrução das vias lacrimais. Observa-se uma maior porcentagem de pacientes mais jovens apresentando quadro de dacriocistite quando comparado à dacrioestenose idiopática. A absorção de iodo radioativo pela mucosa do ducto nasolacrimal com subsequente inflamação, edema e fibrose parece ter relação direta com a obstrução do ducto nasolacrimal. O conhecimento desta complicação é importante para o estudo e abordagem correta desses pacientes.

PURPOSE: To report the finding of nasolacrimal drainage system obstruction associated with radio iodine therapy and to review clinical data and the surgical treatment outcome of this rare complication. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed ophthalmological data of patients with history of thyroid carcinoma that underwent radioactive iodine I-131 therapy and were referred to lacrimal surgery. RESULTS: 17 patients with thyroid cancer treated with thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine I-131 therapy presented symptomatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction after 13.2 months following cancer treatment. 11 patients presented bilateral epiphora, 8 had lacrimal sac mucocele. Age range was 30 to 80 years, 10 patients had less than or equal to 49 years. The mean cumulative dose of radioiodine was 571mCi (range: 200-1200 mCi). Nasal obstruction symptoms and increased salivary glands were also present in 53% of patients. All subjects underwent dacryocystorhinostomy. Dilation of the lacrimal sac and increased intraoperative bleeding was also observed in 3 younger patients. Complete epiphora and dacryocystitis resolution after surgery occurred in 82.4%, and partial in 17.6% (3 patients that still presented unilateral relapse after correction of bilateral obstruction). Mean follow-up was 6 months (range: 2-24 months). CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative high dose of radioidine, nasal and salivary gland dysfunction are associated with lacrimal drainage obstruction. We observed a great percentage of younger patients presenting dacryocystitis when compared to the idiopathic dacryostenosis. Radioactive iodine uptake by nasolacrimal duct mucosa with subsequent inflammation, edema and fibrosis seems to have a relationship to lacrimal duct obstruction. The knowledge of this complication is important for the study and proper management of these patients.

A rare cause of nasolacrimal duct obstruction: Dentigerous cyst in the maxillary sinus.

The most common abnormality of the lacrimal drainage system is congenital or acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The causes of acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction may be primary or secondary. The secondary acquired obstructions may result from infection, inflammation, neoplasm, trauma or mechanical causes. The maxillary sinus cysts usually obstruct the nasolacrimal duct mechanically. Dentigerous cysts are one of the main types of maxillary cysts. These cysts are benign odontogenic cysts which are associated with the crowns of unerupted teeth. The clinical documentations of mechanical nasolacrimal duct obstructions due to a dentigerous cyst in the maxillary sinus are very rare in literature. In this case report, we describe a dentigerous cyst with a supernumerary tooth in the maxillary sinus in an 11-year-old male child causing an obstruction to the nasolacrimal duct. The case was successfully managed surgically by Caldwell Luc approach.

Helical computed tomographic dacryocystography and its role in the diagnosis and management of lacrimal drainage system blocks and medial canthal masses.

AIM: To study the indications, technique and diagnostic utility of helical computed tomographic dacryocystography (CTDCG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 13 patients who underwent CTDCG with subsequent surgical intervention, during the period January 2003 to December 2005, was done. Axial plain computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, followed by administration of water-soluble contrast in the conjunctival cul de sac or by cannulation of the lacrimal passages. Thin-slice helical CT with two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) coronal and sagittal reformation was done. RESULTS: Four patients were males and 9 were females. Age range was 5 to 62 years. Seven patients presented with watering and 6 patients with a medial canthal mass. Three patients had history of trauma. CTDCG was performed by instillation technique in 10 patients and by cannulation in 3 patients. CTDCG showed mass lesion displacing the sac in 5 cases, nasolacrimal duct obstruction in 6 cases and mucocele in 2 cases. Based on the findings on CTDCG, 5 patients underwent mass excision, 7 underwent dacryocystorhinostomy and 1 patient underwent primary silicone tube intubation. CONCLUSION: Helical CTDCG is a safe and useful diagnostic tool for the lacrimal surgeon. Instillation technique is a physiological and convenient method, and cannulation is needed only in cases where adequate visualization is not achieved.

Microbiology of dacryocystitis among adults population in southern Australia.

Retrospective study on microbiology of dacryocystitis cases in adults was carried out at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (RVEEH). Sixty-four consecutive cases seen between March 2000 and June 2003 were included. Seventy-nine organisms were isolated from the sixty-six samples (1.2/specimen). Aerobic or facultative bacteria were recovered in 76 (96.2), fungi from two specimens (2.5%). And anaerobic bacteria from only one specimen (1.3%). Staphylococcus aureus (27), was most common followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6), Proteus mirabilis (4), Hemophilus parainfluenza (4) and H. influenza (4). Fifty-four samples showed single organism while 12 samples showed multiple organisms. Overall, Gram-positive organisms were predominating (54.4%) over Gram negative (41.8%) organisms. The current bacteriology of lacrimal duct obstruction in the population served by the RVEEH should be taken into account while selecting first line antimicrobial treatment for dacryocystitis and in prophylaxis in lacrimal drainage surgery.

Análise da evolução de pacientes com obstrução baixa de vias lacrimais submetidos à cirurgia de dacriocistorrinostomia externa / Evaluation of patients with lacrimal obstruction submitted

Objetivo: Analisar a evolução pós-operatória de pacientes submetidos a DCR externa identificando e caracterizando os casos de insucesso a fim de aprimorar os índices de resultados positivos das cirurgias realizadas no Serviço de Plástica Ocular do Hospital São Geraldo - UFMG. Metodologia: Levantamento de prontuários de 17 pacientes com OVL baixa submetidos pela primeira vez a DCR no período de 1999 a 2002. Diagnóstico de OVL através de exames clínicos e DCG. Os casos de falência identificados com a mesma propedêutica além de endoscopia nasal. Os dados foram coletados através do protocolo padronizado, armazenados e analisados no software Epiinfo. Resultados: 17 pacientes, 5 (29,4 porcento) homens e 12 (70,4 porcento) mulheres com média de idade de 42,5 anos. A maioria, 14 (82,4 porcento), foi submetida a DCR externa com entubação bicanalicular onde o tempo médio de permanência do tubo de silicone foi de 4,4 meses. O tempo médio de acompanhamento pós-operatório dos pacientes foi de 7,9 meses. Observou-se 4 (23,5 porcento) casos de falência. Conclusões: Não constatou-se associação estatística entre sexo, idade, entubação bicanalicular, experiência dos cirurgiões e a recidiva da OVL. O índice de sucesso foi baixo, 75 porcento. O estudo mostra a importância do preenchimento correto dos prontuários com utilização de protocolos como fonte de pesquisa e padronização de um serviço. Mesmo sem significância estatística, talves pela pequena amostragem, fica claro a importância de cirurgiões experientes para garantir o êxito do procedimento.

Etiologia da obstruçäo canalicular / Canaliculus obstruction etiology

Objetivo: Säo raros os artigos encontrados na literatura nacional sobre a etiologia da obstruçäo alta das vias lacrimais de drenagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi, portanto, analisar as diversas etiologias encontradas no nosso meio. Métodos: Foram estudadas 63 vias lacrimais (59 pacientes examinados) com diagnóstico de obstruçäo alta feito, na maioria dos casos, apenas por meio da propedêutica clínica que incluiu a inspecçäo, a biomicroscopia, os testes de Jones I e 11 e a cateterizaçäo dos canalículos lacrimais. O estudo foi realizado nos Departamentos de Oftalmologia da Universidade Federal de Säo Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina e do Hospital Central da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Säo Paulo, no período compreendido entre 1991 e 1997. Resultados:As etiologias mais freqüentes foram a dacriocistite crônica e pós-dacriocistorrinostomia que, em conjunto, foram responsáveis por 53,9 por cento dos casos. Em seguida apareceram os traumatismos, nos quais houve 4 agressöes, 5 acidentes automobilísticos e uma mordida de cäo. As agenesias contribuíram com 9,5 por cento e menos freqüentes foram a canaliculopatia estenosante, os procedimentos cirúrgicos e radioterápicos no canto medial e as obstruçöes idiopáticas. Conclusöes: Baseando-se nos dados encontrados, pode-se inferir que a etiologia da obstruçäo alta das vias lacrimais de drenagem em nosso meio näo difere da referida na literatura internacional.

Congenital lacrimal amniotocele

To report a very rare congenital lacrimal /disorder with controversy regarding its origin, difficulty in differential diagnosis, and management. Patients and methods: Six newborns with age range between two days and one month, were seen between 1986 and 1996. All had pinkish swellings inferior to the medial canthal tendon. One case was treated by hot soaks, massage, and local antibiotic. Two cases were seen with complicated mucoceles, and had developed erythema of the tissues overlying their distended lacrimal sacs. Those three patients were probed and irrigated under general anesthesia. The first of those three patients had bilateral congenital cataract, the other who presented with pointing infected sacs which were drained percutaneously Cultures from the aspirates of all sacs were done. None of the patients developed epiphora or needed probing later on. There was no fistula formation for those who were drained. In order to avoid inappropriate investigations and hasten treatment, congenital amniotocele must be diagnosed early and differentiated from other congenital masses in the area. Initially, amniotocele must be treated conservatively in the same way as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, but if the conservative treatment fails or if the patient is referred with infected sac, probing is recommended

Obstructive lacrimal disease in the Palestinian community of the west bank and Gaza strip

Purpose To delineate the disease associations of obstructive lacrimal disease in the Palestinian community of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and to evaluate the outcome of lacrimal surgery. Methods A prospective study of the causes of obstructive lacrimal disease in 68 patients was carried out. The causes and outcome of a series of 30 dacryocystorhinostomies [DCR] is reported. Thirty intraoperative lacrimal dissections were performed in order to correlate operative pathology with the associated disease. Results Diseases commonly associated with obstructive lacrimal disease were found to be vernal, nasal and paranasal sinus disease 51.4%, inactive trachoma 30.8%, congenital obstruction 14.7%, and idiopathic 2.9%. Canalicular obstruction was commonly associated with inactive trachoma. Lacrimal sac disease, in particular mucocele, was associated with obstruction due to vernal disease. Follow up of lacrimal surgery was obtained for two thirds of operated patients only. The operation performed for patients with longstanding pathology affecting both lacrimal sac and canaliculi was DCR with routine positioning of O'Donahue tubes. Eighty% of operated patients obtained relief of or had obstructive symptoms improved. Patients also noted cosmetic improvement. Conclusions The DCR with intubation provides a safe, reliable surgical option with reasonable results in the relief of obstructive lacrimal disease in an economically deprived, developing community with a high incidence of lacrimal disease. With the decline of endemic [active] trachoma, vernal disease of the external eye and paranasal sinus is now the most common pathology associated with obstructive lacrimal disease in this region

Dacryocystography in congenital epiphora

This work aimed to study the role of dacryocystography in the management of congenital epiphora. Twenty-four dacryocystograms of 17 children with congenital epiphora showed bilaterally of the disease in 41% of the cases. The site of obstruction was found in nasolacrimal duct. The obstruction was detected in 58.34% of the eyes in upper part of nasolacrimal duct and in 41.66% in its lower part. Lipiodol injection could relieve 33.3% of the obstructions and probings was successful in 50% while 16.7% of the obstructions did not improve. It was concluded that dacryocystography is an essential investigation in congenital epiphora. The lower the obstruction of nasolacrimal duct the better the prognosis. Lipiodol injection alone could relieve 33.3% of the affected eyes. 28.6% of the eyes with upper nasolacrimal duct obstruction were resistant to probing and need dacryocystorhinostomy

Estudo sobre obstruçöes lacrimais baixas relacionadas com fraturas orbitrárias / Study on low lacrimal obstructions related to orbital fractures

Neste estudo, foram revisados 187 casos de fraturas orbitárias, dos quais foram selecionados 58 pacientes (31,02 por cento) - ou 66 vias lacrimais excretoras, que apresentaram obstruçäo lacrimal baixa (OLB) após o trauma. Identificados os tipos de fraturas, verificou-se maior correlaçäo da OLB com as fraturas naso-orbitárias (36,4 por cento) e da parede medial isolada (31,8 por cento). O telecanto esteve associado em 48,48 por cento destes casos. As obstruçöes foram comprovadas por meio de semiologia apropriada e tratadas cirurgicamente (55 vias lacrimais), tendo sido alcançado êxito em 98,18 por cento dos casos operados primariamente, sendo que, após a reoperaçäo a taxa de sucesso foi de 100 por cento.

Obstrucao de vias lacrimais em recem-nascidos / Lacrimal obstruction in newborns

Os autores fazem uma revisao sobre as obstrucoes lacrimais dos recem-nascidos, chamando a atencao para a importancia do encaaminhamento das criancas para o tratamento em epoca adequada.

Dacriostenose: análise dos casos atendidos em nosso serviço / Dacryostenosis: analysis of cases seen in our service

Foram analisados os casos de dacrioestenose atendidos no Serviço de Plástica Ocular da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Säo Paulo) de 1985 a 1989. Encontramos 109 portadores de obstruçäo do ducto nasolacrimal dos quais 75.1 p/cento de etiologia idiopática, 17,4 p/cento congênita e 7.3 p/cento traumática. As obstruçöes idiopoáticas foram mais frequentes em mulheres (87.8 p/cento) da 4a. 5a. décadas: as congênitas ocorreram mais em meninas (57.9 p/cento); as traumáticas, mais em homens (75 p/cento). No período foram realizadas 71 cirugias (65 dacriocistorrinostomias) e 7 sondagens. Descrevemos a técnica cirúrgica que utilizamos e realçamos sua exequibilidade e o baixo índice de insucessos (12.7p/cento)