Sobrevida del cáncer glótico en estadio inicial en 4 centros hospitalarios de Uruguay / Survival of glottic cancer in the initial stage in 4 hospital centers in Uruguay / Sobrevivência de câncer glótico em estágio inicial em 4 hospitais uruguaios

Introducción: El cáncer de laringe es el tumor maligno de mayor prevalencia en la Otorrinolaringología. La topografía glótica es la más frecuente en Uruguay y suele detectarse en estadios tempranos dada la manifestación precoz y sostenida de disfonía. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la sobrevida libre de enfermedad (SLE) y la sobrevida global (SG) de los pacientes con cáncer de laringe glótico en estadio T1N0M0 en 4 instituciones de Montevideo. Metodología: Se analizó de forma retrospectiva la SG y SLE de 55 pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de glotis T1 entre los años 2009 y 2019. Para el cálculo de la sobrevida se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se estudió además el efecto de variables pronósticas de interés sobre la SG mediante análisis univariado y multivariado. Resultados: En la muestra analizada la SG de los pacientes con cáncer glótico T1N0M0 fue como media de 7.706 años (IC 95% 6.63 - 8.78). A los 5 años, la SG fue de 77.5% (± 7%) y de 62% (± 9.8%) a los 10 años. La SLE para todos los pacientes correspondió al 74.6% (± 7.5%) y 63.1% (± 9.8%), a 5 y 10 años respectivamente. No se alcanzaron las medianas de SG ni de SLE para los grupos. Conclusiones: Los valores de SG y SLE medios obtenidos en nuestro medio son comparables a los valores reportados en la bibliografía internacional. No se alcanzó la mediana de SG ni de SLE, por lo que se puede afirmar que ésta enfermedad tiene, cuando se realiza el tratamiento adecuado, un buen pronóstico vital a los 10 años. Se requiere un seguimiento más largo para determinar las medianas de SG y SLE de los grupos en estudio.

Introduction: Laryngeal cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor in Otorhinolaryngology. Glottic topography is the most frequent in Uruguay and is usually detected in early stages given the early and sustained manifestation of dysphonia. The objective of this study is to analyze disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with stage T1N0M0 glottic laryngeal cancer at 4 institutions in Montevideo. Methodology: The mean OS and DFS of 55 patients diagnosed with T1 glottic cancer between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival. The prognostic effect of certain variables of interest on OS was also studied using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: In this study, mean odds survival (OS) for T1N0M0 glottic cancer was 7.706 years (CI 95% 6.63 - 8.78). At 5 years, OS was 77.5% (± 7%) and at 10 years was 62% (± 9.8%). Disease free survival (DFS) was 74.6% ± (7.5%) at 5 years and 63.1% (± 9.8%), at 10 years. Median OS and DFS for the groups were not reached. Conclusions: OS and DFS in our medium is comparable to that reported in the international literature. The median OS and DFS were not reached, so it can be stated that this disease has, when appropriate treatment is performed, a good vital prognosis at 10 years. Longer follow-up is required to determine the median OS and DFS of the study groups.

Introdução: O câncer de laringe é o tumor maligno mais prevalente na Otorrinolaringologia. A topografia glótica é a mais frequente no Uruguai e geralmente é detectada em estágios iniciais devido à manifestação precoce e sustentada da disfonia. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a sobrevida livre de doença (DFS) e a sobrevida global (OS) de pacientes com câncer de laringe glótico estágio T1N0M0 em 4 instituições em Montevidéu. Metodologia: Foram analisados retrospectivamente o OS e DFS de 55 pacientes diagnosticados com câncer glótico T1 entre 2009 e 2019. O método de Kaplan-Meier foi usado para calcular a sobrevida. Resultados: Na amostra, a sobrevida global (OS) do câncer glótico T1N0M0 foi em média de 7.706 anos (IC 95% 6,63 - 8,78). Aos 5 anos, a OS foi de 77,5% (± 7%) e 62% (± 9,8%) aos 10 anos. A DFS para todos os pacientes correspondeu a 74,6% (± 7,5%) e 63,1% (± 9,8%), aos 5 e 10 anos, respectivamente. As medianas de OS e DFS para os grupos não foram alcançadas. Conclusões: OS e DFS em nosso ambiente é comparável ao relatado na literatura internacional. As medianas de SG e SLD não foram alcançadas, pelo que se pode afirmar que esta doença apresenta, quando realizado tratamento adequado, um bom prognóstico vital aos 10 anos. É necessário um acompanhamento mais longo para determinar a mediana da SG e da SLD dos grupos de estudo.

Comparación de sutura mecánica con sutura manual de la faringe en laringectomía total / Comparison of mechanical suture with manual suture of the pharynx in total laryngectomy

Introducción: La sutura mecánica es una opción para el cierre de la faringorrafia en laringectomía total por cáncer de laringe. Objetivo: Comparar el uso de sutura mecánica lineal con sutura manual de la faringe durante la laringectomía total por cáncer de laringe. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio de tipo experimental prospectivo. Se compararon dos grupos pacientes: Los pacientes con sutura mecánica desde 2018 a marzo de 2020 y los pacientes con sutura manual previa a enero de 2018 en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Barros Luco. Se analizaron fístula faringo-cutánea posoperatoria (FFC), tiempo operatorio, estadía hospitalaria y costo. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 14 pacientes, cada grupo con n = 7. El grupo con sutura mecánica presento 0% de FFC y el grupo sutura manual 28%. El grupo con sutura mecánica reinicio alimentación a los 7 días y el grupo con sutura manual en promedio a los 11,5 (7-23) días. (p = 0,0023). El tiempo promedio de cirugía para el grupo experimental es de 288 ± 37,4 minutos y con sutura manual 311 ± 32,4 minutos. (p = 0,0176). El promedio de hospitalización para el grupo experimental fue de 11 ± 2,6 días (9 a 16), y para el grupo control fue de 21 ± 14 días (10 a 49) (p < 0,0001). Conclusión: La sutura mecánica es un procedimiento fácil de usar y seguro. Existiría un beneficio en el uso de sutura mecánica para el cierre faríngeo al compararlo con la sutura manual al disminuir el número de FFC, el tiempo operatorio y los días de hospitalización.

Introduction: Mechanical suture is an option for the closure of the pharyngorrhaphy in total laryngectomy due to laryngeal cancer. Aim: To compare the use of linear mechanical suture with manual pharyngeal suture during total laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. Material and Method: A prospective experimental study was carried out. Two patient groups were compared: patients with mechanical suture from 2018 to March 2020 and patients with manual suture prior to January 2018 at the otorhinolaryngology service of the Barros Luco Hospital. Postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistula (FFC), operative time, hospital stay and cost were analyzed. Results: The study included 14 patients, each group with n = 7. The group with mechanical suture presented 0% of FFC and the group with manual suture 28%. The group with mechanical suture restarted feeding at 7 days and the group with manual suture on average at 11.5 (7-23) days (p = 0.0023). The average surgery time for the experimental group was 288 ± 37.4 minutes, while for the group with manual suture was 311 ± 32.4 minutes (p = 0.0176). The mean hospitalization for the experimental group was 11 ± 2.6 days (9 to 16), and for the control group it was 21 ± 14 days (10 to 49) (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The mechanical suture is an easy to use and safe procedure. There would be a benefit in the use of mechanical suture for pharyngeal closure when buying it with manual suture by reducing the number of FFCs, operative time and days of hospitalization.

Incidence and mortality by larynx cancer in Central and South America / Incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de laringe en Centro y Sudamérica / Incidência e mortalidade por câncer de laringe na América Central e do Sul

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe how the incidence and mortality trends for laryngeal cancer in South and Central American countries. Methods: Time series study, with incidence data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, from 1990 to 2012 and mortality data from 17 countries of the World Health Organization, from 1995 to 2013. The trend was analyzed by Joinpoint regression. Results: The highest incidence rate for laryngeal cancer was in Brazil, with 5.9 new cases per 100,000 men, and the highest mortality rate in Uruguay with 4.2 deaths per 100,000 men. The incidence ratio between genders ranged from 4: 1 (Colombia) to 12: 1 (Ecuador). The mortality ratio between the sexes ranged from 4: 1 (Peru) to 14: 1 (Uruguay). Conclusion: Most countries had low incidence rates and reduced mortality in Latin America.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir cómo tendencias de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de laringe en países de América del Sur y Central. Métodos: Estudio de series temporales, con datos de incidencia de Agencia Internacional de Investigación sobre el Cáncer, de 1990 a 2012 y datos de mortalidad de 17 países de Organización Mundial de Salud, de 1995 a 2013. La tendencia se analizó mediante regresión de Joinpoint. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia más alta para el cáncer de laringe fue en Brasil, con 5.9 casos nuevos por cada 100,000 hombres, y tasa de mortalidad más alta en Uruguay con 4.2 muertes por cada 100,000 hombres. La razón de incidencia entre géneros varió de 4: 1 (Colombia) a 12: 1 (Ecuador). La razón de mortalidad entre los sexos varió de 4: 1 (Perú) a 14: 1 (Uruguay). Conclusión: La mayoría de países tenían tasas de incidencia bajas y mortalidad reducida en América Latina.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as tendências da incidência e mortalidade para o câncer de laringe em países da América do sul e central. Métodos: Estudo de série temporal, com dados de incidência da Agência Internacional para Pesquisa do Câncer, no período de 1990-2012 e dados de mortalidade de 17 países da Organização Mundial da Saúde, no período de 1995-2013. A tendência foi analisada pela regressão Joinpoint. Resultados: A taxa de incidência mais elevada para o câncer de laringe foi no Brasil, com 5,9 casos novos por 100.000 homens, e a taxa de mortalidade mais elevada foi no Uruguai com 4,2 óbitos por 100.000 homens. A razão de incidência entre os sexos variou de 4:1 (Colômbia) até 12:1 (Equador). A razão de mortalidade entre os sexos variou de 4:1 (Peru) a 14:1 (Uruguai). Conclusão: A maioria dos países apresentou baixas taxas de incidência e redução de mortalidade na América Latina.

Análisis de supervivencia de carcinoma escamoso de laringe en una cohorte retrospectiva chilena del Hospital Carlos Van Buren de Valparaíso / Survival analysis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a chilean retrospective cohort at the Carlos Van Buren Hospital of Valparaíso

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer laríngeo es una de las neoplasias de cabeza y cuello más frecuentes, asociado al envejecimiento y a los hábitos de vida. Los análisis de supervivencia de cáncer laríngeo en Chile son escasos. Objetivo: Calcular y analizar la supervivencia y las características clínicas del cáncer laríngeo en pacientes del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaíso, Chile. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de cohorte, incluyendo pacientes diagnosticados con carcinoma escamoso de laringe entre 2007 y 2018. Se calculó la supervivencia con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se aplicaron las pruebas de log rank, t de Student y exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Se incluyeron 211 pacientes, 90,52% hombres, con un promedio de edad de 68 años. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el tabaquismo. La ubicación tumoral más frecuente fue la glotis (59,44%) y el motivo de consulta más común la disfonía (52,66%). Un 70,48% presentó estadios avanzados. En 23,92% se realizó laringectomía total como tratamiento primario. La supervivencia global a 2 años fue de 86,6% en estadio precoz y 45,2% en estadio avanzado, mientras que a 5 años fue de 77,4% y 33%, respectivamente. Conclusión: La supervivencia estimada fue menor que en otros estudios nacionales, lo que puede asociarse al tamaño de la muestra analizada, a factores etarios y/o a mayor latencia de inicio de tratamiento. Se enfatiza el mejoramiento de los registros clínicos y la gestión sanitaria para un manejo oportuno.

Abstract Introduction: Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the most frequent head and neck neoplasms, being associated with ageing and lifestyles. In Chile, survival analyses of laryngeal carcinoma are scarce. Aim: To estimate and analyze the survival and clinical characteristics of laryngeal carcinoma in patients attended at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaíso, Chile. Material and Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including patients diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2007 and 2018. Kaplan-Meier estimator was applied for survival analysis. Log rank test, Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test were applied. Results: 211 patients were included, 90,52% were men, with an average age of 68 years. The main risk factor was smoking (80%). The most frequent tumor location was in the glottis (59,44%) and the most frequent reason for consultation was dysphonia (52,66%). Most cases (70,48%) presented at advanced stages. Laryngectomy was performed as a primary treatment in 23,92%. The 2-year overall survival rate was 86,6% for early stages and 45,2% for advanced stages; the 5-year overall survival rate was 77,4% and 33%, respectively. Conclusion: The estimated survival rate was lower than those referred by other national studies, which may be associated with the analyzed sample size, age-related factors and/or period of latency until the beginning of treatment. We emphasize the necessity of an improvement in clinical records and the health management to the timely treatment.

An estimate of the incidence and prevalence of laryngeal papillomatosis in São Paulo State (Brasil)

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis, caused by the Human Papilloma Virus, has a significant economic impact worldwide and there are no epidemiological data of this disease in Brasil. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of laryngeal papillomatosis of some otorhinolaryngology centers in São Paulo State (Brasil). METHODS: A questionnaire containing data on the number of new and follow-up cases diagnosed with laryngeal papillomatosis was sent to the Otorhinolaryngology services (n=35) of São Paulo State (Brasil). RESULTS: A total of 20 otorhinolaryngology centers answered the questionnaire. Of these, the five largest regional health centers were selected as follows: Campinas (42 cities - 4,536,657 inhabitants), Sao Jose do Rio Preto (102 cities - 1,602,845 inhabitants), Ribeirão Preto (26 cities - 1,483,715 inhabitants), Bauru (68 cities - 1,770,427 inhabitants), and Sorocaba (47 cities - 2,478,208 inhabitants). The incidence and prevalence of each regional health centers were, respectively: Campinas (5.51;7.27), Sorocaba (2.02;6.86), São José do Rio Preto (1.87;7.49), Ribeirão Preto (11.46;22.92), and Bauru (3.95;7.91). CONCLUSION: The incidence and prevalence of the laryngeal papillomatosis of the five largest regional health centers of the interior of São Paulo State (Brasil) varied between 1.87 to 11.46 and 6.86 to 22.92 per 1,000,000 inhabitants, respectively for a total population of 11,871,852 inhabitants.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A papilomatose recorrente da laringe, causada pelo vírus do papiloma humano, tem um impacto econômico significativo em todo o mundo e não existem dados epidemiológicos dessa doença no Brasil. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi estimar a incidência e prevalência de papilomatose laríngea em alguns centros de otorrinolaringologia do estado de São Paulo (Brasil). MÉTODOS: Um questionário contendo dados sobre o número de casos novos e de retornos diagnosticados com papilomatose laríngea foi enviado aos serviços de otorrinolaringologia (n-35) do estado de São Paulo (Brasil). RESULTADOS: Vinte centros de otorrinolaringologia responderam ao questionário e, destes, os cinco maiores centros regionais de saúde foram selecionados da seguinte forma: Campinas (42 cidades - 4.536.657 habitantes), São José do Rio Preto (102 cidades - 1.602.845 habitantes), Ribeirão Preto (26 cidades - 1.483.715 habitantes), Bauru (68 cidades - 1.770.427 habitantes) e Sorocaba (47 cidades - 2.478.208 habitantes). A incidência e prevalência de cada centro de saúde regional foram, respectivamente: Campinas (5,51; 7,27), Sorocaba (2,02; 6,86), São José do Rio Preto (1,87; 7,49), Ribeirão Preto (11,46; 22,92), Bauru (3,95; 7,91). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência e prevalência da papilomatose laríngea dos cinco mais importantes centros regionais de saúde do interior do estado de São Paulo (Brasil) variaram entre 1,87 e 11,46 e 6,86 e 22,92, por 1.000.000 de habitantes, respectivamente, para uma população total de 11.871.852 habitantes.

Profile of Laryngeal Microsurgeries in Patients Over 60 Years Old

Abstract Introduction The increase in life expectancy is an incentive to the development of researches with the elderly population aiming at actions that may ensure healthy and active aging. Objective To analyze the profile of laryngeal microsurgery performed in patients > 60 years old. Methods A retrospective observational study, with a cross-sectional design. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of elderly patients submitted to laryngeal microsurgery was performed at a private hospital in Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, between January 2004 and December 2016. Were included all of the patients > 60 years old that underwent laryngeal microsurgery during this period. Results During the studied period, 213 laryngeal microsurgeries were performed in 181 patients > 60 years old. There was a preponderance of male patients. The mean age was 67.6 years old. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most prevalent disorder (26%), followed by Reinke edema (20%), papillomatosis (14%), polyps (11%), leukoplakia (8%), minor structural alterations (8%), associated lesions (9%), and others (4%). Men presented a higher probability of SCC diagnosis, regardless of the age group, while Reinke edema was more frequently observed in women. A directly proportional relation between the frequency of laryngeal cancer and age increase was also observed. No significant differences were observed in professional voice users. Conclusion Further researches are required to properly comprehend the factors associ- ated with laryngeal lesions and determine prevention and treatment approaches.

Características clinicoepidemiológicas de pacientes con cáncer de laringe / Clinical epidemiological characteristics of patients with larynx cancer

Introducción: La laringe es la localización más común de los tumores malignos de cabeza y cuello no cutáneos. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los afectados por lesiones malignas de laringe. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de 242 pacientes con carcinoma de laringe atendidos en el Hospital Oncológico Docente Provincial Conrado Benítez García de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2015. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes eran hombres (88,8 %), con una relación de 8:1 respecto al sexo femenino, y la edad media fue de 65 años. Así mismo, el tabaquismo estuvo presente en 204 pacientes (84,3 %) y los tumores glóticos resultaron ser los más frecuentes, con 168 afectados, de los cuales 89,3 % presentó como primer síntoma la disfonía, seguida en orden del aumento de volumen cervical como manifestación principal del cáncer de supraglotis (26,6 %) y de subglotis (60,0 %). El estadio predominante al momento del diagnóstico fue el I (35,5 %). Conclusiones: En la actualidad los tumores malignos de laringe resultan un importante problema de salud por la tendencia ascendente en el número de pacientes a nivel mundial.

Introduction: The larynx is the most common localization of non cutaneous head and neck malignancies. Objective: To characterize those affected patients due to larynx malignancies. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study of 242 patients with larynx carcinoma was carried out, they were assisted in Conrado Benítez García Provincial Teaching Cancer Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2013 to December, 2015. Results: Most of the patients were men (88.8 %), with an 8:1 ratio regarding the female sex, and mean age was of 65 years. Likewise, nicotine addiction was present in 204 patients (84.3 %) and glottic tumors were the most frequent, with 168 affected, of which 89.3% presented dysphonia as first symptom, followed in order by the increase of cervical volume as main manifestation of the supraglottis (26.6 %) and subglottis (60.0 %) cancer. The predominant stage at the moment of the diagnosis was the I (35.5 %). Conclusions: At the present time larynx malignancies are an important health problem for the upward tendency in the number of patients worldwide.

Association between oral hygiene and head and neck cancer in Brazil / Associação entre higiene oral e câncer de cabeça e pescoço no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Poor oral hygiene, regular use of mouthwash and absence of visits to the dentist could correspond to potential risk factors for the development of head and neck cancer. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether oral hygiene is associated with the occurrence of oral cavity and head and neck cancer in a Brazilian sample. Method: The variables of oral hygiene condition, such as toothbrushing frequency, dental loss, need and use of prosthesis, and regular visit to the dentist in a case-control study were analyzed in patients from five hospitals in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, paired by gender and age, from the multicenter project Genoma do Câncer de Cabeça e Pescoço (GENCAPO). Results: The most frequent malignancies in the 899 patients included were those of the tongue border (11.41%) and tongue base (10.92%). The multivariable statistical analysis found odds ratio values: Brushing once 0.33 (95%CI 0.25 - 0.44); Brushing twice 0.42 (95%CI 0.35 - 0.52); Flossing always 0.19 (95%CI 0.13 - 0.27); Flossing sometimes 0.19 (95%CI 0.15 - 0.24); Bleeding 2.40 (95%CI 1.40 - 4.09); Prosthesis 1.99 (95%CI 1.54 - 2.56); Visiting the dentist 0.29 (95%CI 0.22 - 0.37); Good hygiene 0.21 (95%CI 0.17 - 0.27); Regular hygiene 0.20 (95%CI 0.15 - 0.25); number of missing teeth (6 or more) 3.30 (95%CI 2.67 - 4.08). Conclusion: These data showed that, in the population studied, indicators of good hygiene such as brushing teeth and flossing were protective factors for mouth and head and neck cancer, while bleeding and many missing teeth were risk factors.

RESUMO: Introdução: Má higiene bucal, uso regular de enxaguante bucal e ausência de visitas ao dentista podem corresponder a potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de câncer de cabeça e pescoço. Objetivo: Determinar se a higiene bucal está associada à ocorrência de câncer em cavidade oral e cabeça e pescoço em uma amostra brasileira. Método: O estudo caso controle analisou variáveis de higiene bucal, como frequência de escovação, perda dentária, necessidade e uso de prótese e visita regular ao dentista em pacientes de cinco hospitais do estado de São Paulo, pareados por sexo e idade, provenientes do projeto multicêntrico Genoma do Câncer de Cabeça e Pescoço (GENCAPO). Resultados: As neoplasias mais frequentes nos 899 pacientes incluídos foram: bordo de língua (11,41%) e base de língua (10,92%). A análise estatística múltipla encontrou os seguintes valores de odds ratio: escovar uma vez 0,33 (IC95% 0,25 - 0,44); escovar duas vezes 0,42 (IC95% 0,35 - 0,52); uso de fio dental sempre 0,19 (IC95% 0,13 - 0,27); uso de fio dental às vezes 0,19 (IC95% 0,15 - 0,24); sangramento 2,40 (IC95% 1,40 - 4,09); prótese 1,99 (IC95% 1,54 - 2,56), visita ao dentista 0,29 (IC95% 0,22 - 0,37); boa higiene 0,21 (IC95% 0,17 - 0,27); higiene regular 0,20 (IC95% 0,15 - 0,25); e número de dentes ausentes (6 ou mais) 3,30 (IC95% 2,67 - 4,08). Conclusões: Esses dados mostraram que, na população estudada, indicadores de boa higiene, como escovar os dentes e uso do fio dental, foram fatores de proteção para o câncer de boca e cabeça e pescoço, enquanto sangramento e muitos dentes ausentes foram fatores de risco.

Laryngeal Cancer Attributable Factors and the Influence on Survival Rates: A Single Brazilian Institution Experience

Abstract Introduction Epidemiological studies focused on prognostic factors associated with laryngeal cancer in the Brazilian population are poorly reported in the literature. Objective To evaluate the influence of certain risk factors on the survival rates of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on adult patients who were admitted to the outpatient clinic of the head and neck department in a tertiary care hospital. Evaluation of the influence of risk factors on the survival rates of patients registered in the hospital with laryngeal SCC was performed based on age, sex, initial stage, time of evolution, habits, educational levels and relapse and death. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and clinical-demographic data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test and Cox regression. Results A total of 107 patients with a mean age of 59.8 years (range 19-81) were included in this study. Stages III and IV were associated with decreased DFS (p = 0.02) and OS (p = 0.02). Smoking patients had a greater period of disease evolution than non-smoking patients (p = 0.003). Alcohol consumption in smokers increased the risk of death by 2.8 (p = 0.002) compared with non-drinking smokers. Male patients presented lower DFS average when compared with female patients (p = 0.04). Conclusion Our study confirms that male gender, smoking habit combined with alcohol consumption, and advanced stages were strongly associated with poor prognosis.

Estimación de la incidencia del cáncer de laringe en Chile según la aplicación de un formulario de registro digital / Estimation of the laryngeal cancer incidence in Chile according to a digital registration form

Introducción: El cáncer de laringe es una neoplasia frecuente en otorrinolaringología. Actualmente la incidencia ajustada por edad en Chile de cáncer laríngeo se proyecta en base al Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de la provincia de Los Lagos (International Agency for Research on Cancer - WHO), siendo ésta de 1,3 x100.000 habitantes. Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia del cáncer de laringe en Chile medida mediante un formulario de registro digital en hospitales y clínicas del país que realizan diagnóstico y tratamiento a esta patología, entre septiembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2016. Material y metodo: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo. Se utilizó un formulario de registro digital. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de cáncer de laringe entre septiembre de 2015 y septiembre de 2016. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 134 carcinomas escamosos de laringe. 15 (11%) de sexo femenino y 119 (89%) de sexo masculino. La incidencia fue de 2,13 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes, al estandarizarla por edad fue de 2,12 por cada 100.000 habitantes. Conclusión: La estimación del presente estudio es más alta que la reportada en los registros nacionales. Es necesario crear un registro poblacional más representativo de la realidad nacional, y así conocer la magnitud real de los casos de cáncer en el país.

Introduction: The squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is a frequent neoplasms within otorhinolaryngology Currently the age standardized incidence of Chile for laryngeal cancer is based on the cancerpopulation registration of the province of Los Lagos (International Agency for Research on Cancer - WHO), which is 1.3 x 100,000 inhabitants. Aim: To estimate the incidence of laryngeal cancer in Chile using a digital registry form in hospitals and clinics of the country that diagnose and treat this condition between September 2015 and September 2016. Material and method: A descriptive prospective study was conducted. We use a digital registration form. We included patients with clinical diagnosis of laryngeal cancer between September 2015 and September 2016. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 134 squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx were registered. 15 (11%) were female and 119 (89%) were male, with a mean age of65years. The incidence was of 2.13 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the age-standardized incidence was of 2.12 per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: In this study the incidence is greater than the one reported in other registrations. It is necessary a more representative population registration of the national reality in order to estimate accurately the cancer cases in the country.

Cáncer de laringe: serie de casos en 6 años en el Complejo Asistencial Doctor Sótero del Río / Laryngeal cancer: report of 6 years cases in Complejo Asistencial Doctor Sótero del Río

Introducción: El cáncer de laringe es la segunda causa de muerte en otorrinolaringología. Su tratamiento en estadios avanzados es agresivo y controversial. Objetivo: Reportar los datos de pacientes atendidos en el Complejo Asistencial Doctor Sótero del Río entre los años 2005-2011. Material y método: Análisis retrospectivo descriptivo. Resultados: Total de 38 pacientes, 30 (79%) hombres, mediana de edad 66 años. Los principales motivos de consulta fueron dificultad respiratoria en 18 pacientes (47%) y disfonía en 14 (37%). Se realizó estudio y etapificación con nasofibroscopía y tomografía computarizada. El 71% se presentó en estadio avanzado, de ellos, el 30% recibió quimiorradioterapia exclusiva. La sobrevida global a 2 y 5 años fue de 56% y 42% respectivamente en estadio avanzado y de 100% y 71% respectivamente en estadio precoz. Discusión: El cáncer de laringe es una enfermedad con sobrevida baja a pesar de tratamientos agresivos. Se han planteado alternativas al tratamiento estándar como terapia conservadora con quimiorradioterapia exclusiva o microcirugía láser transoral. Conclusiones: La epidemiología del cáncer laríngeo se ha mantenido relativamente estable y la clasificación TNM sigue siendo fundamental para el tratamiento, especialmente en contexto de nuevas alternativas de manejo de cáncer avanzado. Se espera evaluar estas terapias.

Introduction: Laryngeal cancer is the second cause of death in otolaryngology. Its treatment in advanced stage is aggressive and controversial. Aim: To report data from patients treated in Complejo Asistencial Doctor Sótero del Río in the period between 2005-2011. Material and method: Descriptive retrospective analysis. Results: 38 patients in total, 30 (79%) men, median age 66 years. The main symptoms were breathing difficulty in 18 patients (47%) and dysphonia in 14 (37%). Every patient completed study and disease staging with nasofibroscopy and computed tomography. 71% presented in advanced stage, among them, 30% received exclusive chemoradiotherapy. Overall survival for 2 and 5-year in advanced stage was 56% and 42% respectively; and 100% and 71% in early stage. Discussion: Advanced laryngeal cancer has low survival rate in spite of aggressive treatments. Alternatives to standard care have been proposed, such as conservative therapy with exclusive chemoradiotherapy or transoral laser microsurgery. Conclusions: Laryngeal cancer's epidemiology remains relatively unchanged and TNM classification still remains fundamental for treatment, specially in the context of new therapeutic alternatives for advanced cancer. Evaluation of these therapies is expected.

Importancia de la epidemiología en cáncer laríngeo: incidencia y mortalidad por carcinoma escamoso de laringe / Importance of epidemiology in laryngeal cancer: incidence and mortality due to squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx

Actualmente se realiza un diagnóstico anual de 650.000 nuevos casos de carcinoma escamoso de cabeza y cuello en el mundo, siendo el carcinoma escamoso de laringe una patología neoplásica que compete al otorrinolaringólogo. La incidencia mundial del cáncer escamoso de laringe se estima en 3,9 por cada 100.000 habitantes con una mortalidad general de 2,0 por cada 100.000 habitantes. En Chile el registro de cáncer se realiza en base a los cinco registros poblacionales de cáncer que existen. No se tienen datos exactos respecto a incidencia y mortalidad por carcinoma escamoso de laringe, siendo la estimación de la incidencia de 1,2 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes y la estimación de mortalidad ajustada por edad de 0,7 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. Se han descrito diversos factores de riesgo ambientales y estilos de vida para este cáncer, por lo tanto, las estrategias de prevención primaria en salud son claves a la hora de generar un impacto en la incidencia del carcinoma escamoso de laringe.

The annual diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is 650,000 new cases. The laryngeal carcinoma is a malignant disease that should include an otolaryngologist in its evaluation. The global incidence of laryngeal carcinoma is estimated at 3.9 per 100,000 inhabitants with an overall mortality rate of 2.0 per 100,000 inhabitants. In Chile the cancer registry is based on the five population cancer registries that exist. There is no accurate data on incidence and mortality from laryngeal carcinoma, being an estimated incidence of 1.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and an age-adjusted mortality of 0.7 cases per 100.00 inhabitants. There have been described various environmental risk factors and lifestyles for this cancer, therefore, primary prevention strategies are key to generate an impact on the incidence of larynx carcinoma.

La radiothérapie postopératoire du cancer du larynx: Étude clinique et résultats thérapeutiques à propos de 164 cas

But:Étudier les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, cliniques et anatomopathologiques, ainsi que les résultats thérapeutiques des cancers laryngés traités par radiothérapie postopératoire.Méthodes: Une étude rétrospective a été menée entre Janvier 1995 et Décembre 2010 colligeant 164 patients atteints d'un cancer laryngé traités à Sousse (Tunisie).Résultats :L'âge médian était de 60 ans. La prédominance masculine était marquée avec un sex- ratio de 26,4. Il s'agissait d'un carcinome épidermoïde dans 98,2%. Tous les patients ont eu une laryngectomie totale ou partielle associée à un curage cervical uni ou bilatéral. Tous les patients ont eu une radiothérapie postopératoire. La dose totale délivrée variait de 50 à 74 Gy avec une fraction de 1,8- 2 Gy/ séance. Avec un recul moyen de 55 mois, 49,4 % des patients étaient en vie en situation de rémission complète. Les probabilités de survie globale à trois, cinq et dix ans étaient respectivement de 77 % et 73 %, 69%. Les facteurs pronostiques de survie globale et de survies sans récidive locorégionale retenus, en analyse uni-variée, étaient : La radicalité du curage ganglionnaire, l'atteinte ganglionnaire histologique et l'effraction capsulaire.Conclusion :Le cancer du larynx est un cancer fréquent occupant la première place des cancers des voies aéro-digestives chez l'homme en Tunisie. Notre étude présume que l'absence d'atteinte ganglionnaire, la sélectivité de l'évidement ganglionnaire et l'absence d'effraction capsulaire sont des facteurs pronostic favorables de survie globale et de contrôle local

Carcinome epidermoide du larynx chez la femme

Le cancer du larynx est assez rare chez la femme. Cependant; il risque d'etre en recrudescence a cause de l'augmentation du tabagisme feminin. Peu de travaux se sont consacres a rechercher les specificites du cancer du larynx chez la femme. But: Analyser le profil epidemiologique et clinique des femmes porteuses d'un carcinome epidermoide du larynx et degager les caracteristiques therapeutiques; evolutives et les facteurs pronostiques chez cette population. Methodes: etude retrospective portant sur 50 femmes prises en charge pour un carcinome epidermoide du larynx sur une periode de treize ans (1994-2006). Resultats : L'age moyen de nos patientes etait de 63;5 ans. L'intoxication tabagique etait retrouvee chez 32;6 des patientes. Chez 30 de nos patientes aucun facteur de risque n'a ete retrouve. Les signes cliniques etaient domines par la dysphonie suivie de la dyspnee et la dysphagie. Les tumeurs prenaient naissanceau depend de l'etage glottique dans 55;8 des cas. Nous avons releve que 60;4 des tumeurs etaient vus a un stade evolue T3-T4 et que 95;3des tumeurs etaient initialement classees N0. La chirurgie a ete pratiquee chez 47;5 des patientes tandis que 16;2 ont recu une radio-chimiotherapie. La survie globale cumulee etait de 78;8 a 3 ans et de 73;5 a 5 ans. Conclusion : L'absence des facteurs de risque classiques chez un grand nombre de nos patientes laisse supposer le role d'autres facteurs etiopathogeniques dans la genese du cancer du larynx chez la femme. Toute dysphonie chez la femme doit etre exploree meme en l'absence de facteurs de risque. La prise en charge et le pronostic semblent superposables a celui de l'homme

Synchronous primary cancers of the head and neck region and upper aero digestive tract: Defining high-risk patients

Background: Patients with cancers in the head and region are at increased risk of developing synchronous primary cancers. Aim: To see the epidemiology of synchronous cancers of the head and region and identification of high-risk factors for the development of synchronous primary in the head and neck cancers. Materials and Methods: Data of head and neck cancer patients from January 2010 to December 2011 were obtained from the hospital cancer registry for retrospective analysis of patients with synchronous cancers. All synchronous malignancies were analyzed for distribution of sites, association with smoking history, stage of index head, and neck tumor and the average age of patients at presentation with synchronous cancers. The Chi-square test for association of upper aero digestive tract (UADT) and smoking and statistical formula of median for calculating the average age have been employed for analysis. Results: Incidence of synchronous primaries has been found to be 1.33%, majority were seen at the oropharynx (39.2%) and 60.7% synchronous occurred at the esophagus, 0.81% of all head and neck cancers developed synchronous primary at the esophagus. Approximately, 65% of all synchronous primaries were in Stage III and Stage IV disease and 88.2% esophageal synchronous had Stage II disease. Association of UADT synchronous cancers with smoking is highly significant, relative risk = 1.95 95% confidence interval for relative risk 1.05-3.64 P = 0.00010981 (P < 0.05) and the average age is 62.4 years in males and 57.8 years in females. Conclusion: Patients who are at the high-risk for the development of synchronous primary tumors in the cancers of the head and neck region are patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma, smoking population, patients over the age of 62 years in males, and 57 years in females and in patients with higher staged index tumor.

Laryngeal carcinoma: experience in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalent age; pattern of presentation; histopathology type; and outcome of management of laryngeal carcinoma in our environment. Design and Setting: This was a 10-year retrospective study carried out at a teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: Records of patients managed for laryngeal carcinoma from January 1994 to December 2004 were reviewed. Only 13 cases with tissue diagnosis were included in this review. The age; sex; occupation; presentation; use of cigarette and alcohol; investigations; histology; outcome of management; and duration of follow-up were extracted and analyzed. Results: The patients had a mean age of 69.9 years (range 38-88 years) and a male-to-female ratio of 12:1. Histopathology was squamous cell carcinoma in all. Symptoms included hoarseness in voice and breathlessness in all; cough in 7 (53.8); weight loss in 7 (53.8); and otalgia in 6 (46.2). Two patients indulged in alcohol and two were also regular cigarette smokers. All the patients presented with stage IV disease and in respiratory distress necessitating emergency tracheostomy. Seven (53.8) patients had total laryngectomy plus postoperative radiotherapy while 2 (15.4) had pharyngolaryngectomy; thyroidectomy; radical neck dissection plus postoperative radiotherapy and thyroxine supplement. Surgical complications included pharyngocutaneous fistula in 2 (15.4) patients; pharyngeal stenosis; stomal stenosis; and hypocalcemia with hypothyroidism in 1 patient each. The fistulae were managed conservatively and prognosis was good despite late presentation. Conclusion: Laryngeal carcinoma mainly occurs in males. Presentation is late with hoarseness in voice and breathlessness in our community. Soft-tissue neck x-ray is a useful diagnostic tool. Scarce radiotherapy centers; ignorance; local taboo; poverty; and poor recognition by primary healthcare providers have a negative impact on its management. Laryngeal carcinoma should be excluded when managing elderly patients for bronchial asthma

Câncer de laringe: um olhar sobre a qualidade de vida / Laryngeal cancer: a view searching patients' life quality

Introdução: os tumores de laringe representam 25% dos tumores de cabeça e pescoço e cerca de 2% de todos os cânceres no Brasil. No entanto, a evolução dos pacientes com câncer de laringe, após ser determinado o fim das possibilidades de cura e tratamento, é pouco conhecida. Atualmente, os estudos sobre a qualidade de vida desses pacientes têm alcançado grande destaque na literatura e na prática clínica. Esses estudos visam a sugerir como desenvolver o tratamento para que haja uma menor repercussão dos sintomas do câncer e/ou como desenvolver o tratamento no desempenho diário do paciente. Objetivo: contribuir com os profissionais envolvidos na assistência a estes pacientes, para que reflitam sobre os fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida dos mesmos. Métodos: revisão bibliográfica sobre a qualidade de vida do paciente com câncer de laringe e aspectos epidemiológicos. Resultados: ultimamente, diversos instrumentos específicos foram criados com o objetivo de quantificar a qualidade de vida de portadores do câncer de cabeça e pescoço, avaliando esse aspecto durante ou após o tratamento, e refletindo a perspectiva do paciente frente ao tratamento, assim como discutindo e expondo as possíveis fragilidades terapêuticas. Conclusões: é necessário, a fim de aumentar a eficácia desses instrumentos, que se conheça mais sobre a história natural da doença, sua epidemiologia, sintomas, tratamento e tempo de sobrevida após o diagnóstico e, assim, os profissionais envolvidos no tratamento desse câncer podem contribuir ainda mais na recuperação da saúde do paciente.

Introduction: The laryngeal tumors represent 25% of head and neck tumors and about 2% of all cancers in Brazil. However, is not too much known the evolution of the carrying patients of this cancer, after to be determined the end of the possibilities of its cure. Currently, studies on quality of life of these patients have achieved great distinction in literature and in clinical practice. These studies aim at to suggest as to develop the treatment causing a smaller repercussion of the cancer´s symptoms and/or treatment in the patients' daily performance. Objective: To contribute to the professionals involved in assistance for these patients to reflect about the aspects that influence the life quality of the patient submitted to cancer treatment. Methods: A literature review on quality of life of patients with laryngeal cancer and epidemiological aspects. Results: Lately diverse specific instruments had been created with the objective of quantify the quality of life for patients with cancer of head and neck, evaluating this aspect during or after treatment, and reflecting the perspective of the subjects front to the treatment, as well as, discussing and exposing possible weaknesses therapies. Conclusions: it is necessary to add itself to the effectiveness of these instruments, more knowledge about the natural history of disease, its epidemiology, symptoms, treatment and the time of supervened after the diagnosis, and in this way, allow the professionals involved in the treatment may contribute more in the recovery of patient health.

Cáncer laríngeo de histología inhabitual / Unusual histology laryngeal cancer

Introducción: El cáncer laríngeo en 95 por ciento de los casos corresponde a carcinomas escamosos, siendo el porcentaje restante de diversos tipos histológicos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de cáncer laríngeo de histología inhabitual en nuestro centro. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo, revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de cáncer laríngeo evaluados en el Servicio Otorrinolaringología Hospital San Juan de Dios, entre años 2000-2008. Se describen sexo, edad, tipo histológico, hábito tabáquico y localización tumoral, realizándose un análisis descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 85 pacientes; 74 casos (87,1 por ciento) de sexo masculino; promedio edad 64 años; se encontraron 5 casos de tumores de histología inhabitual (5,9 por ciento); un caso respectivamente de: condrosarcoma, tumor carcinoide, carcinoma adenoideo-quístico, carcinoma sarcomatoide y carcinoma verrucoso. Discusión: Se podría sospechar histología inhabitual con base estadística ante un paciente menor de 60 años y con un tumor de localización subglótica. Además, sexo femenino, no fumador y más de una toma de muestra para biopsia. Conclusión: Los tumores de histología inhabitual se encontraron en 5,9 por ciento de los casos, similar a lo reportado en la literatura.

Introduction: The laryngeal cancer in 95 percent of the cases corresponds to squamous cell carcinomas, being the remaining percentage several histological different types. Aim: To determine the frequency of laryngeal cancer of unusual histology in our center. Material and method: Retrospective study review of clinical data of patients with histophatological diagnosis of laryngeal cancer evaluated in Otolaryngology Department ofSan Juan de Dios's Hospital between years 2000-2008. Sex, age, histological type, tobacco smoking and tumor location are described, being carried outa descriptive analysis ofthe data. Results: 85 patients were included; 74 cases (87,1 percent) ofmasculine sex; mean age 64 years; there were 5 cases of unusual histology tumors (5,9 percent); a case respectively of: chondrosarcoma, carcinoid tumor, adenoid-cystic carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma and verrucous carcinoma. Discussion: It might suspect unusual histology with statistical base in patient younger than 60 years and tumor of subglotic location. Also, in feminine patient, not smoking and more than one capture ofsample forbiopsy Conclusion: The tumors of unusual histology viere found in a 5.9 percent of the cases, similar to the reponed in the literature.

Demografía del cáncer laríngeo en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Demographic data of laryngeal cancer at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City

Objetivo: Describir los datos demográficos de los pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de cáncer laríngeo en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Material y métodos: Se revisaron los expedientes de 500 pacientes atendidos entre 1986 y 2002. Resultados: Se encontraron 452 hombres (90.4 %) y 48 mujeres (9.6 %), en una relación hombre:mujer de 10.6:1. La media de edad fue de 62.37 años; predominaron los pacientes con edad entre 56 y 70 años. El tabaquismo y el alcoholismo estuvieron presentes en la mayoría. El síntoma cardinal de inicio fue disfonía en 458 (91.6 %). La media de evolución de la sintomatología fue de 11.6 meses. La localización del tumor más común fue la glotis (61.6 %). En 142 pacientes (28.4 %) se encontraron tumores tempranos (T1-T2) y en 354 (70.8 %), tumores tardíos (T3-T4). Clínicamente 165 pacientes (33.0 %) tuvieron adenopatías palpables desde el inicio (33.0 %) y 13 (2.6 %), metástasis al momento del diagnóstico. La histología en 483 (96.6 %) fue epidermoide; 325 recibieron tratamiento. Las recurrencias fueron locales en 146 (44.9 %), regionales en nueve (2.8 %) y a distancia en uno (0.3 %). En 169 pacientes (52 %) se logró un adecuado control del tumor primario. La media de supervivencia de los 325 pacientes fue 38 meses. Conclusiones: El cáncer laríngeo es una entidad potencialmente curable. Ante disfonía mayor de un mes de evolución se debe hacer diagnóstico diferencial de cáncer. El pronóstico en la supervivencia de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer laríngeo está determinado por el estadio clínico inicial.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to describe the demographic data of patients with laryngeal cancer treated at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical files from 1986 to 2002, revealing 500 patients. RESULTS: Included were 452 men (90.4%) and 48 women (9.6%) (M:F ratio--10.6:1). Average age of patients was 62.37 years. The highest incidence of patients was among those aged 56 to 70 years. Smoking and alcoholism were present in most patients from this series. The cardinal symptom of presentation was dysphonia in 458 patients (91.6%). The mean evolution time of symptomatology was 11.6 months. The most common localization of the tumor was the glottis (61.6%). One hundred forty two patients (28.4%) presented early-stage tumors (T1-T2) and 354 patients (70.8%) presented with late-stage tumors (T3-T4). Clinically, 165 patients (33.0%) presented adenopathies and 13 patients (2.6%) had metastases at the time of diagnosis; 483 patients (96.6%) presented with invasive epidermoid cancer. Of these, 325 patients received treatment. One hundred forty six patients (44.9%) presented local recurrence, in nine patients (2.8%) there was regional recurrence, and one patient (0.3%) recurred with a distant tumor. Adequate control of the primary tumor was achieved with the established treatment in 169 patients (52%). verage survival time of the 325 treated patients was 38 months. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer of the larynx is a potentially curable entity. In any patient with major dysphonia of >1 month evolution, a differential diagnosis of cancer must be made. The survival prognosis for patients with cancer of the larynx is determined by the initial clinical stage.

Distribución geográfica del cáncer de laringe en Cuba / Geographical distribution of laryngeal cancer in Cuba

Introducción Cuba se encuentra entre los países con más altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad por cáncer de laringe. Objetivos Identificar la distribución geográfica de la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de laringe durante el período 1999-2004. Métodos Se tomaron los casos nuevos reportados al Registro Nacional de Cáncer durante el período 1999-2003 y los fallecidos del período 2000-2004. Se estimaron las Razones de Incidencia y Mortalidad promedio Estandarizada por edades para ambas etapas. Como riesgo estándar se tomaron las tasas específicas promedio de incidencia y mortalidad por grupos de edades de Cuba para los períodos respectivos. Se realizó la representación cartográfica del riego estimado. Resultados El riesgo de enfermar y morir fue más alto en hombres que en mujeres. En hombres el riesgo de enfermar fue significativamente más alto en Villa Clara, Matanzas, Ciudad de La Habana e Isla de la Juventud, mientras que el mayor riego de morir se observó en Granma, Ciudad de La Habana, Holguín e Isla de la Juventud. En mujeres el riesgo de enfermar no mostró diferencias regionales significativas mientras que el riesgo de morir fue significativamente más alto en Pinar del Río. Conclusiones Las diferencias regionales de enfermar y morir por cáncer de laringe pueden sugerir diagnósticos más tardíos y tratamientos menos oportunos en algunas provincias. Estos hallazgos deben alertar a las autoridades sanitarias, fundamentalmente en lo que respecta a la revisión del cumplimiento de las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento y al desarrollo de planes de actualización y formación de profesionales.

Introduction Cuba is one of the countries with the highest rates of incidence of and mortality from laryngeal cancer. Objectives To identify the geographical distribution of the incidence of and mortality from laryngeal cancer in the 1999-2004 period. Methods The new cases reported to the National Register of Cancer from 1999 to 2003 as well as the deaths occured in the period of 2000 to 2004 were taken into consideration. Age-standardized average incidence and mortality rations for both periods were estimated. The standard risk was the specific average incidence and mortality rates by age groups in Cuba for the respective periods. The cartographic representation of the estimated risk was made. Results The risk of getting sick and dying was higher in men than in women. Regarding men, the risk of getting sick was significantly higher in Villa Clara, Matanzas, Ciudad de la Habana and Isla de la Juventud whereas the highest risk of dying was observed in Gramma, Ciudad de La Habana, Holguín and Isla de la Juventud. The risk of getting sick for women did not show significant regional differences whereas the risk of dying was substantially higher in Pinar del Río. Conclusions The regional differences in the risk of getting sick and dying from laryngeal cancer may suggest that later diagnosis and less timely therapies in some provinces could have been the causes. These findings should be an alert to the health authorities in terms of the review of the compliance with diagnosis and treatment guidelines and the development of professional formation and updating programs.