Bilateral paracoccidioidomycotic iliopsoas abscess associated with ileo-colonic lesion / Abscesso paracoccidioidomicótico bilateral do iliopsoas associado ao acometimento íleo-colônico

This case report shows the clinical development of a patient with systemic paracoccidioidomycosis presenting with lymphatic-intestinalmanifestation. The patient initially had a substantial clinical improvement but had a recrudescence after six months of sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim oral treatment, with the emergence of feverish syndrome, lumbar pain, and intermittent claudication, characterizing a bilateral iliopsoas muscle abscess, necessitating clinicosurgical therapeutics.

Este relato de caso descreve a evolução clínica de paciente comparacoccidioi-domicose sistêmica com manifestação linfática-intestinal.O paciente evoluiu inicialmente com melhora clínica acentuada erecrudescência após seis meses de uso de SMX-TMP pela via oral, com o surgimento de síndrome febril, dor lombar, e claudicação intermitente,caracterizando um abscesso bilateral do músculo íleopsoas, comnecessidade de terapêutica clínico-cirúrgica.

Linfoadenopatia transitória secundária à síndrome nefrótica / Transient lymphadenopathy secondary to nephrotic syndrome

Linfadenomegalias mediastinais secundárias a hipervolemia são achados tomográficos subdiagnosticados. Descrevemos neste paciente com função cardíaca normal, achados de congestão pulmonar associados a alargamento dos linfonodos mediastinais. A síndrome nefrótica causando hipoalbuminemia, baixa pressão oncótica plasmática e aumento da pressão transcapilar foi a causa provável dos achados radiológicos.

Mediastinal lymphadenomegaly secondary to hypervolemia is an underdiagnosed tomographic finding. Herein we describe, in a patient with normal cardiac function, findings of pulmonary congestion associated to lymph node enlargement. The nephrotic syndrome causing hypoalbuminemia, low plasma colloid osmotic pressure and augmented transcapillary fluid leakage was the probable cause of the radiological findings.

Linfadenopatia cervical na infância: etiologia, diagnóstico diferenciale terapêutica: [revisão] / Cervical lymphadenopathy in children: etiology, differential diagnosis and management: [review]

Linfadenopatia é o termo empregado em qualquer alteração em tamanho e consistência de linfonodos. A linfadenopatia cervical é um problema muito frequente nos pacientes da faixa etária pediátrica e, em geral, representa reação transitória a processos inflamatórios ou infecciosos locorregionais ou sistêmicos. Porém, em uma pequena parcela, há neoplasias como fator etiológico. Na grande maioria das vezes, esses pacientes são efetivamente tratados pelo pediatra, porém, quando não há resposta à terapia inicial ou quando há suspeita de malignidade, o cirurgião pediátrico ou de cabeça e pescoço deve ser consultado. Este trabalho teve por objetivo revisar a etiologia, o diagnóstico diferencial e a terapêutica da linfadenopatia cervical na infância.

Lymphadenopathy refers to any alteration in size and consistency involving lymph nodes. Cervical lymphadenopathy is a very frequent problem in the pediatric group and, in general, represents a transitory reaction to locoregional or systemic inflammatory or infectious process. However, in a few cases, there is neoplasia as etiologic factor. Although most patients are successfully treated by their pediatrician, the pediatric or head and neck surgeon should be consulted for patients who fail to respond to initial therapy or for those in whom there is a suspiciousness of malignancy. The aim of this article was to review the etiology, the differential diagnosis, and the management of cervical lymphadenopathy in children.

Enfermedad de castleman: a propósito de un caso / Castleman disease: a purpose of a case

La enfermedad de Castleman o hiperplasia angiofolicular se caracteriza por hiperplasia linfoide reactiva, crecimiento de tumores benignos del tejido linfático y una mayor predisposición a padecer linfomas. Descrita por Benjamín Castleman en 1956, de etiología desconocida, con probable relación con el herpes virus tipo 8, fallo en la inmunorregulación, expresión aumentada del gen codificador de interleukina-6. En pediatría es excepcional. Clínicamente se distinguen las formas multicéntrica y la localizada (70 por ciento de los casos), de buen pronóstico, localizada en mediastino, cuello, abdomen, menos frecuente en axila, pelvis y páncreas; la resección de la lesión es curativa. Histológicamente se clasifica en dos tipos: hialinovascular (la más frecuente), y variedad de células plasmáticas. Se revisó la literatura y se presentan dos casos clínicos. Caso nº 1: escolar de 6 años, quien desde los 18 meses de vida presentaba masa tumoral en axila izquierda de 0,5 cm. la cual fue resecada a los 4 años. A los 6 años recidivó hasta medir 7 x 4 cms, realizándose exéresis. Presentó además hipergammaglobulinemia, bajo nivel de células NK y del índice CD4/CD8. Caso nº 2: pre-escolar masculino de 4 años, con masa tumoral en axila derecha de 1 cm. de 6 meses de evolución. Se le realizó biopsia excisional. En ambos casos el estudio anatomopatológico e inmunohistoquímico reportó Enfermedad de Castleman de variedad hialinovascular. Los pediatras y cirujanos pediatras debemos maximizar la vigilancia de adenomegalias que puedan ser lesiones centinelas de afección inmunológica o neoplásica curables si son tratadas precozmente.

Castleman’s disease or angiofolicular hiperplasy is characterized by reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, benign tumors of lymphoid tissue and predisposition to develop lymphomas. Described by Benjamin Castleman in 1956, it is of unknown etiology, probably related to herpes virus type 8, immunoregulation failure, increased expression of 6-interleukin gene. Very rare in childhood, the disease has two different clinical types: a multicentric type, and a localized type (70% of the cases). The latter with good prognosis, located inmediastinum, neck, abdomen, and less frequently in axila, pelvis and pancreas. Treatment consists in the resection of the lesion. The histological types are the hyaline-vascular type (most frequent) and the plasma cells type. Literature was reviewed and two clinical cases are reported: Case nº1: 6 year old child, who presents at 18 months of age with a 0.5 cm bulk in his left axila. The lesion was removed surgically at 4 years of age, with reappearance of a 7 x 4 lesion which was removed at 6 years of age. This child had also hipergammaglobulinemia, low levels of NK cells and of the CD4/CD8 index. Case nº2: 4 year old child, who presented with a 1 cm mass in his right axila of 6 months of evolution. An excisional biopsy was performed. In both cases the histological study reported Castleman’s disease of hialinovascular variety. Pediatricians and pediatric surgeons must follow very closely the growth of lymphoid tissue that may represent immunological. or neoplastic lesions, potentially curable if diagnosed and treated early.

Radiological findings of pulmonary tuberculosis in infants and young children

Pulmonary tuberculosis [TB] is a common worldwide lung infection. It remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Radiographic manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis are diverse and varied. This study was performed to define the various radiographic manifestations of this infection in the pediatric age group in children who were referred to Mofid Children's Hospital. We reviewed chest x-rays of 30 pulmonary TB patients admitted to our hospital to ascertain the extent of parenchymal and mediastinal involvements on chest xray. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The patients' age ranged from 2-163 months with a mean age of 36.9 months. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy was detected in 90% of the cases and pulmonary involvement, especially alveolar shadowing was seen in 83.3% of the cases [of which 43.3% had an air-space pattern and 40% had an interstitial pattern]. 19 of the 30 patients [66.3%] were under 36 months, in which 17 of the 19 patients [89.5%] revealed lymphadenopathy. Therefore 63% of all detected lymphadenopathies were seen in this age group. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy was more common on the right side [73.3%]. Furthermore, 60% of all alveolar infiltrations were seen on the right side. Pulmonary tuberculosis most commonly represents as a mediastinal and thereafter as a parenchymal involvement. Hilo-mediastinal lymphadenopathy is the most common presentation in infants and young children

Clinicoepidemiological profile of 590 cases of beetle dermatitis in western Orissa.

BACKGROUND: Beetle dermatitis is a very common condition in western Orissa. It is often misdiagnosed and causes significant morbidity among the rural population. AIM: This study was conducted to determine the epidemiological and clinical profile of beetle dermatitis in western Orissa. METHODS: All clinically diagnosed cases of beetle dermatitis were included in the study. Detailed history was taken and thorough clinical examination was conducted in all the cases. One urban and three rural localities were visited regularly to detect the epidemiological trends of the disorder. RESULTS: A total of 590 cases were studied: 486 males and 104 females. The age of the patients ranged from 2 to 65 years. Forty-four percent of the patients belonged to the pediatric age group. Majority of the cases (85%) presented during the months of March to July, indicating a distinct seasonal trend. The disorder was prevalent in the localities nearer to paddy and sugarcane fields and grasslands with stagnant water. The clinical lesions included papules, erosions, crusted lesions, urticarial plaques and vesiculobullous lesions. Distribution was mainly linear, but kissing lesions were also observed. Head, neck and upper extremities were the most commonly involved sites. Lymphadenopathy and systemic features such as fever and malaise were observed in 24% and 15% of the cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Beetle dermatitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of the acute onset of vesiculobullous lesions in the endemic areas.

Enfrentamiento diagnóstico del paciente con linfadenopatías / Diagnostic approach to patient with lymphadenopathies

Linfadenopatías son un hallazgo y motivo de consulta frecuente en adulto y obedecen a variadas causas. Se revisan los aspectos anatómicos, fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos de los ganglios linfáticos. Se analiza el enfrentamiento diagnóstico del paciente con linfadenopatía, enfatizando aspectos clínicos (semiología y exámenes complementarios), sus causas, según localización y tiempo de evolución. Se revisa la indicación de biopsia.

Cancer testicular: estudio de extension con TC de cuerpo entero

Today testicular cancer has good treatment and long-term survival. Thorax, abdomen and pelvis computerized tomography especially helical technique is the most important tool to evaluate dissemination. We analyzed retrospectively 85 patients studied in the Hospital Regional de Concepción between 2002-2005 with testicular tumors whom had complete laboratory and TC helical evaluation and correlated local invasion detected in surgery with CT staging for estimate prognostic survival in agree with European consensus on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 31 years (Range 19-57). Forty three were seminoma and 42 non seminomatous tumors. Staging demonstrated 43 stage I, 20 stage II and 22 stage III. Our prognostic groups were different to other series with 71 percent of patient's good prognostic, 24 percent intermediate and only 5 percent bad prognostic (non seminomatous tumors). We think that the new technology helical can obviate chest x-ray in the initial evaluation of these patients.

Introducción. La evaluación con tomografía computada (TC) de tórax, abdomen y pelvis de pacientes con cáncer testicular es importante para determinar la extensión de su enfermedad y los controles post-tratamiento. Quienes presentan metástasis son candidatos a quimioterapia lo que permite una supervivencia mayor al 80 por ciento en el largo plazo. Objetivos: Estimar la frecuencia de invasión regional y a distancia usando TC de cuerpo entero en los diferentes tipos histológicos de cáncer testicular y correlacionar con las pautas de pronóstico del Consenso Europeo para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de este tipo de cáncer. Material y método: Nuestro estudio incluyó 85 pacientes con cáncer testicular diagnosticados por clínica y estudio ecotomográfico en el Hospital Regional de Concepción entre los años 2002 a 2005. A todos ellos se les realizó TC tórax-abdomen-pelvis para estadificación. Los estudios fueron realizados con escáner helicoidal usando en forma rutinaria contraste oral y endovenoso no iónico en dosis estándar de 150 ml. Las imágenes axiales y reconstruidas fueron analizadas por radiólogos del servicio de imagenología. Se consigno la presencia, y ubicación de linfonódulos metastásicos y metástasis. El estudio histológico del tumor testicular se relacionó con su estadificación según la TC de cuerpo entero, siendo luego agrupados en grupos pronósticos para estimar probabilidad de sobrevida. Resultados: En nuestra casuística, los tumores testiculares afectan a varones con un promedio de edad de 31 años y en un rango de 19 a 57 años. Según TNM (AJCC staging system 1997): en etapa I estaban 43 pacientes (50,6 por ciento), en etapa II 20 (23,5 por ciento) y en etapa III 22 (25,9 por ciento). En 43 pacientes el tipo histológico fue seminoma clásico puro y en 42 no-seminoma. De los 42 pacientes con tumores no seminomas: cinco presentaron carcinoma em-brionario puro y 20 mixto, coriocarcinoma mixto se observo en seis, teratoma maduro en siete y en un paciente teratoma inmaduro. Sólo tres casos presentaron teratocarcinomas. Conclusión: La proporción de seminomas y no seminomas se correlaciona con la literatura nacional e internacional, excepto con un estudio del grupo español. Nuestros grupos pronósticos difieren con los del Consenso Europeo para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del tumor testicular. Pensamos que la Rx de tórax se podría obviar en la evaluación inicial y usar solamente TC de tórax, abdomen y pelvis en los centros que cuenten con tecnología helicoidal, ya que de esta forma evitamos una reevaluación en los casos de radiografía sospechosa o con signos de diseminación secundaria, usando una sola inyección de contraste, apnea y tiempo de examen.

Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of Jamaican adolescents with HIV/AIDS

BACKGROUND: Clinical symptomatology and socio-demographic factors have not been characterized in Jamaican adolescents with HIV/AIDS. METHODS: We studied these factors in 25 HIV-positive Jamaican adolescents, 10-19 years of age, who were seen at the Centre for HIV/AIDS Research, Education, and Services (CHARES) between the years 1996 and 2002. Data were collected between June 2003 and August 2003 from CHARES social work files and The University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) medical records. Microsoft Excel was used to compile descriptive statistics for the data. RESULTS: The mean age of HIV diagnosis was 15.6 (+/-3.09) years, and the mean age of enrollment at CHARES was 16.3 (+/- 2.9) years. Consensual sexual intercourse was the most prominent mode of transmission (56), followed by vertical transmission (16), unknown (16), forced sexual intercourse (8), and blood transfusion (4). The predominant clinical presentations among these adolescent patients were generalized dermatitis (77.2) and lymphadenopathy (50). Of the patients for whom clinical status could be determined, 70 were [quot ]Severely Symptomatic [quot]. Of these patients only 14 were recommended for antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reinforce the need to globally incorporate the goal of the 2002 Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) [quot]to provide reproductive health services, including low-cost or free condoms, voluntary counselling and testing, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and infections for adolescents in order to effectively prevent HIV infection [quot] (1)

Visceral leishmaniasis [kala-azar] with a rare manifestation of submental adenopathy

Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by L. donovani. Transmission to humans [incidental host] occurs via insect bite and the phlebotomous [female sand-fly] transmits the disease. Common presentations of the disease include hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, but fever, chills and night sweats may be part of the disease's symptoms. Lymphadenopathy without systemic manifestations is a very rare presentation of the disease. We hereby present a 9 year old boy in whom the only presentation of visceral leishmaniasis was a 2'1.5cm submental mass without any signs or symptoms. After excisional biopsy Leishmaniasis was confirmed and the patient underwent medical management that resulted in complete recovery. Visceral leishmaniasis must be considered as a cause of lymphadenopathy in endemic areas

Predicting nodal malignancy from clinical data

A large variety of disorders can lead to lymphadenopathy. It is important and beneficial to patient management to rapidly differentiate between benign and malignant causes. The objective of the study is to identify factors predicting nodal malignancy from readily available clinical data. A retrospective study was carried out on patients admitted to Riyadh Medical Complex, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between April 1996 and March 2000 with lymphadenopathy, who underwent lymph node biopsy. Univariate analysis suggests 6 variables [age, sex, the presence of other physical signs, abnormal complete blood count, abnormal liver function test and negative Mantoux test] to have independent association with nodal malignancy. The multivariate logistic regression model revealed patients aged more than 40 years, males, generalized lymphadenopathy, presence of other physical signs, abnormal liver function tests and negative Mantoux test to be statistically significantly associated with nodal malignancy [p>0.05]. The present logistic model can be useful in predicting nodal malignancy using routinely collected clinical data

Síndrome febril prolongado con linfadenopatías: actualización y revisión del tema / Prolonged febrile syndrome with lymphadenopathy: update and review of this process

Presentamos una serie de 5 pacientes con síndrome febril prolongado con linfadenopatías (S.F.P.LA.), 2 de sexo masculino y 3 de sexo femenino, entre 16 y 55 años de edad. La etiología fue: lupus eritematoso sistémico (n=1), sarcoidosis (n=1), síndrome de Felty (n=1), linfadenopatía angioinmunoblástica (n=1) y mononucleosis infecciosa (n=1). Todos los casos fueron diagnosticados entre 1997 y 2002. Realizamos además una revisión y actualización del tema.

Management of opportunistic infections in pediatric HIV.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a chronic infection that leads to profound immunosuppression. A hallmark of this process is the depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes, which predisposes the patient to develop a variety of opportunistic infections and certain neoplasms. The CD4+ lymphocyte count is the best validated predictor of the likelihood of developing opportunistic infections (OI). Susceptibility to OI increases as HIV induced immunosuppression becomes more severe. The management of HIV infection hence involves not only inhibiting viral replication using antiretroviral drugs, but also treating OI. This article focuses on the management of such commonly occurring OI in HIV infected patients.

Management of chyle fistulae following surgery in the neck.

Chyle fistulae are seen in less than twenty percent of cases following head and neck surgery. At the Cancer Institute, Madras, India, chyle leaks were seen in 19 patients between 1990 and 1999. The leak subsided spontaneously in sixteen patients on conservative management. The neck was re-explored in three patient. The thoracic duct was ligated in one and the wound packed in two. Conservative management in the form of aspirations and strapping is more likely to succeed when the volume of drainage is low or decresing over time and the surgical incision and skin flaps remain healthy. Rightsided leaks and late appearing fistulae are also likely to close on conservative management. Dietary modifications may help in this process. Re-exploration of the neck would be required when conservative management fails. Early exploration would be advised when the drainage is large or does not decrease over a few days or if there is a tendency to wound breakdown. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of lymphatic pathways from the thorax and abdomen, identification of the thoracic duct during surgery and detection and ligature of all lymphatic leaks intraoperatively using a trendelenburg position and valsalva maneuver will help reduce the occurrence of this problem.

Sarcoidosis / Sarcoidosis

La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad granulomatosa sistémica caracterizada por la presencia histológica de granulomas no caseificantes. En este trabajo se ofrece una panorámica general de la enfermedad, su historia, hipótesis etiológicas, patología, inmunología y genética, cuadro clínico general y clasificación, dificultades diagnósticas y utilidad de los exámenes disponibles en la actualidad, evolución y forma de seguimiento. Por último, se expone el tratamiento con el esquema utilizado por uno de los Centros de mayor estudio de esta patología y el lugar que ocupan las drogas de segunda línea