El factor inhibidor de la migración de macrófagos y su relación con la obesidad y la diabetes / Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its relationship with obesity and diabetes

En diversos estudios se ha identificado que la obesidad y principalmente el aumento de adiposidad en la región abdominal, se asocia con inflamación de grado bajo, resistencia a la insulina (RI), homeostasis alterada de la glucosa y con sus comorbilidades tales como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2), la hipertensión, las dislipidemias y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. El factor inhibidor de la migración de macrófagos (MIF) es una citocina proinflamatoria involucrada en enfermedades autoinmunes e inflamatorias. Sin embargo, actualmente, se sugiere que el MIF está involucrado en el proceso inflamatorio que acompaña a la obesidad, así como en el control metabólico de las complicaciones asociadas a la obesidad. Los diferentes estudios muestran de manera consistente, el aumento en los niveles séricos del MIF en personas con obesidad, diabetes tipo 2 y en los diabéticos que presentan complicaciones microvasculares (la nefropatía, la retinopatía y el síndrome de pie diabético). La relación del MIF con la regulación del metabolismo de la glucosa y la apoptosis de las células β pancreáticas, así como la asociación de algunos polimorfismos funcionales en el promotor del gen del MIF con la obesidad y la diabetes. Esta revisión resume conocimientos basados en estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos sobre el papel del MIF en la obesidad y la diabetes tipo 2.

Several studies have found that obesity and increased adiposity mainly in the abdominal region, are associated with low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), impaired glucose homeostasis and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, currently it is suggested that MIF is involved in the inflammatory process associated with obesity and the metabolic control of the complications associated with obesity. Different studies show consistently, increased serum levels of MIF in subjects with obesity, type 2 diabetes and diabetics with microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy and diabetic foot syndrome). The relationship of the MIF to the regulation of glucose metabolism and apoptosis of pancreatic β cells, and the association of some functional polymorphisms in the promoter of the MIF gene with obesity and diabetes.This review summarizes, the knowledge based on clinical and epidemiological studies on the role of MIF in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

The effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on macrophage migration inhibitory factor, C-reactive protein and fetuin-a levels

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication on blood levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), macrophage migration inhibitory factor and fetuin-A in patients with dyspepsia who are concurrently infected with H. pylori. METHODS: H.pylori infection was diagnosed based on the 14C urea breath test (UBT) and histology. Lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily were given to all infected patients for 14 days; 14C UBT was then re-measured. In 30 subjects, migration inhibitory factor, fetuin-A and hs-CRP levels were examined before and after the eradication of H. pylori infection and compared to levels in 30 healthy subjects who tested negative for H. pylori infection. RESULTS: Age and sex distribution were comparable between patients and controls. Migration inhibitory factor and hs-CRP levels were higher, and fetuin-A levels were lower, in H. pylori-infected patients (p<0.05). Following eradication of H. pylori, migration inhibitory factor and hs-CRP levels were significantly decreased, whereas fetuin-A levels were increased. However, eradication of the organism did not change lipid levels (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that H. pylori eradication reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as migration inhibitory factor and hs-CRP and also results in a significant increase in anti-inflammatory markers such as fetuin-A.

Serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in children and adolescents with autistic disorders

There is growing awareness of an immunological involvement in children with autistic disorder [AD]. Studies suggest that innate rather than adaptive neuroimmune responses are associated with autism. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF], being an upstream regulator of innate and adaptive immunity, could play a role in this disorder. We aimed to study serum levels of MIF in a subset of children with autism and its relation to disease severity and important clinical manifestations of the disease. The study included 21 children and adolescents diagnosed with AD with a mean age of 6.9 +/- 2.9 years. Patients were neurologically evaluated and categorized into those with mild to moderate autism and those with severe disorder. In addition to assessment of cognitive abilities and electroencephalogram performance, MIF levels were measured in the sera of included patients and were compared to those of a matched control group. Levels of MIF were not significantly different in the patients and the control group. However, serum MIF was significantly reduced in patients with severe AD [z=2. 197, P=0. 029] compared to those with milder disease. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between MIF levels and the degree of severity of the non-verbal communicative skills [r=-0.49, P=0. 042]. MJF levels were not different in patients with mental retardation, or abnormal electroencephalogram when compared to the rest of the patients. Our study suggests the presence of immune dysfunction in the form of derangement in serum MIF levels in children with AD. Its levels were specifically decreased in a subset of patients with severe disorder compared to those with mild to moderate disease. Decreased serum levels of MIF in patients with AD seem to be associated with worsening of the nonverbal communicative skills which is one of the disturbed behavioral parameters of AD. Further research is warranted to study the precise relationship of immune derangement and both the etiopathogenesis and the behavioral components of AD and its therapeutic implications

potential role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in house dust nasal allergy

The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF] was studied in patients with house dust nasal allergy. Macrophage migration inhibition test [MIT] was done for 30 patients with house dust nasal allergy. In 43% of the patients; nasal allergy was associated with other atopic diseases as bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic conjunctivitis. Patients were clinically classified into: seasonal, perennial allergic rhinitis and perennial with seasonal exacerbation groups. 20 healthy subjects served as a control group. Eosinophilia was detected in all patients. 80% of the patients had positive MIT as compared to 60% in healthy individuals. The difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant [p > 0.05], while there was a significant difference in the mean value of MIT results between the two groups [p < 0.05]. In addition, there was significant association between the production of MIF and the severity of allergic manifestations and the presence of other atopic disease. On the other hand there was no significant association between the production of MIF and the type of nasal allergy. It is concluded that the production of MIF by allergen-stimulated T-Iymphocytes may be a useful laboratory parameter to comprehend the clinical course of the disease