Consideraciones sobre la necesidad de supervisión a los ingresantes a las residencias médicas / On the need for supervision of the entrants to medical residences

Según la Asociación Americana de Facultades de Medicina existen 13 actividades profesionales confiables que los graduados de medicina deberían poder realizar en su primer día de residencia sin supervisión directa. Esas actividades no están claramente definidas en nuestro país. Además, no existen datos locales sobre la necesidad de su supervisión. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la opinión de residentes y docentes acerca del nivel de supervisión que requieren los médicos ingresantes al sistema de residencias para realizar esas actividades. Se efectuó un estudio de corte transversal. Se incluyeron residentes de primer año de especialidades clínicas y quirúrgicas y sus docentes. Se enviaron encuestas electrónicas o en papel, con participación voluntaria y anónima. Se investigó la estimación sobre el nivel de supervisión que requerían los médicos ingresantes durante el primer mes de formación para 13 actividades. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre la evaluación hecha por residentes (n = 71) y los docentes (n = 39) en 11 de 13 de esas actividades. Más de la mitad de los docentes consideró que los residentes requerían supervisión directa para realizarlas, con las excepciones de formular interrogatorios clínicos y buscar evidencia. La mayoría de los residentes consideró que se requería supervisión directa solo en seis de ellas. En conclusión, los residentes estimaron requerir menor supervisión que sus docentes, quienes pensaban que los ingresantes al sistema de residencia no eran capaces de realizar la mayoría de las competencias clínicas de manera autónoma. Sería importante mejorar esta evaluación en los recién graduados, para definir con mayor precisión los niveles de supervisión.

According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, there are thirteen core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) that medical graduates should be able to perform in their first day of residency, without direct supervision. In Argentina EPAs are not clearly defined. Moreover, there is no local data about the need of supervision regarding these activities. The aim of this study was to assess residents' and teaching physicians' estimations about the level of supervision that physicians in their first month of residency needed in order to perform EPAs. A cross-section study was conducted. First-year medical residents and teaching physicians were included. Electronic or paper surveys were sent, asking the level of supervision the participants estimated that residents needed to perform the 13 core EPAs, during their first month of residency. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. There were significant differences between the opinion of residents (n = 71) and teaching physicians (n = 39), for 11 out of 13 EPAs. More than half of the teaching physicians considered that residents needed direct supervision when performing EPAs, except for asking clinical questions and looking for evidence. Most residents thought that they required direct supervision in 6 EPAs. In conclusion, medical residents perceived the need of lower levels of supervision when compared to teaching physicians, who considered that medical graduates were not capable of performing most EPAs without direct supervision upon entering residency. Thus, it would be important to improve the procedures to evaluate the competences of medical graduates in order to establish more accurate supervision levels.

A interação entre médicos e enfermeiras em um contexto hospitalar / The interaction between doctors and nurses in the context of a hospital ward

Resumo Este artigo visa lidar com um assunto fundamental e pouco discutido entre as pessoas que estudam, debatem e experimentam o trabalho em saúde: as relações entre médicos e enfermeiras. Para isso, nos baseamos na experiência etnográfica em uma enfermaria feminina de um hospital público para elaborar algumas reflexões sobre tais relações. Experiência etnográfica que se inspirou na hermenêutica e nos "science studies" e fez uso de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Tal experiência revelou médicos que organizavam suas práticas e decisões clínicas a partir de abstrações e dialogavam em termos que estruturavam um discurso altamente especializado e restrito. As enfermeiras materializavam as decisões médicas, orientadas a partir das prescrições. Não tinham espaço para interferir nas decisões clínicas por estarem atarefadas no limite do tempo e por não dominarem o discurso clínico, crucial para os debates quanto às decisões. No contexto desta experiência, entre médicos e enfermeiras havia uma distância garantida pela teoria, técnica e valores compartilhados por cada grupo profissional. Assim, sugerimos que os saberes, práticas e valores de médicos e enfermeiras eram incomensuráveis entre si, e que isto afetava diretamente as ações em saúde cotidianas.

Abstract This article addresses a fundamental, albeit scarcely discussed, issue in health studies: the relationship between doctors and nurses. We rely on a ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews undertaken in a female ward of a public hospital in order to analyze certain aspects of these relationships, based on hermeneutics and science studies. The empiric observation showed that Doctors organized their practice and clinical decisions on certain abstractions and dialogued in a structured, highly specialized and restricted language. Nurses materialized medical decisions, guided by the prescriptions. They had no room to interfere in clinical decisions, being very busy with their tasks and not dominating the clinical discourse, which is crucial for discussing the decisions. In the context of this study, physicians and nurses maintained a distance established by the theory, technique and values shared by each professional group. Thus, we suggest that knowledge, practices and medical values and nurses were incommensurate with each other, and that this directly affected the health care actions performed in that setting.

Evaluation of off-service rotations at National Guard Health Affairs: results from a perception survey of off-service residents

"Off-service" clinical rotations are part of the necessary requirements for many residency training programs. Because these rotations are off-service, little attention is given to their structure and quality of training. This often leads to suboptimal educational experience for the residents on these rotations. The aim of this study was to assess medical residents' perceptions, opinions, and levels of satisfaction with their "off-service" rotations at a major residency training site in Saudi Arabia. It was also to evaluate the reliability and validity of a questionnaire used for quality assurance in these rotations. Improved reliability and validity of this questionnaire may help to improve the educational experience of residents in their "off-service" rotations. A close-ended questionnaire was developed, Pilot tested and distributed to 110 off-service residents in training programs of different specializations at King Fahad Naitonal Guard Hospital and King Abdulziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between September 2011 and December 2011. A total of 80 out of 110 residents completed and returned the questionnaire. Only 33% of these residents had a clear set of goals and educational learning objectives before the beginning of their off-service rotations to direct their training. Surgical specializations had low satisfaction mean scores of 57.2 [11.9] compared to emergency medicine, which had 70.7 [16.2], P value [0.03]. The reliability of the questionnaire was Cronbach's alpha 0.57. The factor analysis yielded a 4-factor solution [educational environment, educational balance, educational goals and objectives, and learning ability]; thus, accounting for 51% variance in the data. Our data suggest that there were significant weaknesses in the curriculum for off-service clinical rotations in KAMC and that residents were not completely satisfied with their training

A residência médica: articulações entre a prática e o ensino / Medical residence: articulations between practice and teaching

O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é o estudo da residência médica e de suas articulações com o campo educacional e o da saúde. Propõe-se uma análise histórico - dialética, tomando como ponto de partida a articulação da medicina e da educação na estrutura social. Parte-se da concepção segundo a qual a prática e o saber no campo educacional e na saúde estão ligados à transformação histórica do processo de produção econômica. Essa compreensão remete à chamada determinação em última instância: a estrutura econômica determina o lugar e a forma de articulação da medicina e da educação na estrutura social. Para compreender as peculiaridades do ensino e da residência médica no Brasil faz-se uma caracterização da assistência médica, sobretudo do papel assumido pelo Estado na configuração do campo: primeiro, a adoção de um sistema em que compete ao Estado a responsabilidade pela universalização da atenção básica, através de serviços próprios ou em parceria com organizações não governamentais; segundo, a atenção especializada, com maior incorporação tecnológica, seria prestada pelo setor privado, mediante incentivos concedidos pelo Estado. Dessa divisão, resulta, no desenho atual, ao invés de um único sistema, a conformação de dois ou mais sistemas de saúde, em que a segmentação da assistência implica em práticas diferenciadas. O efeito desta divisão no mercado de trabalho repercute na escola e na residência médicas. A residência, em particular, por suas características de treinamento em serviço, responde diretamente aos condicionantes do mundo do trabalho, reproduzindo o modelo de prática hegemônica.

Impacto del intensivista en el manejo y gestion en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Impact of the intensivist in the handling and management in an intensive care unit

The development of medicine in the different ambits, has placed lately a strong emphasis in what refers to management which in the area of Critical Medicine has a major relevance due to the high costs invested in this type of patients. There are several publications waiting to show the role of the specialist in intensive therapy and how his work, vision and handling of critical patients impacts on the general operation of these units on its performance and eventually on administrative management. At the Coquimbo Hospital, there is an Intensive Care Unit since 1993, which began to function with interns. Since 1997, and in sequence, two of the doctors who work there, specialize in Critical Medicine, with studies abroad, and one of them becomes chief of the unit. This report analyzes, in a retrospective way, both periods: before and after the incorporation of these specialists; showing a better performance on the epidemiological parameters in the second stage; not being able to complement it with costs data. On the other hand, advances in techniques and clinical guides are mentioned. The Intensive Care Units are benefited by the presence of specialists within their team.

Traslado del recién nacido de alto riesgo / Transportation of high risk newborn infant

Breve análisis sobre la justificación y los recursos que se requieren para el funcionamiento de un programa de transporte de recién nacidos de alto riesgo. Se presenta una opción para la organización y funcionamiento de un sistema coordinado de referencia y transporte de niños recién nacidos de alto riesgo en nuestro medio (país en vías de desarrollo)