Dietas vegetarianas en niños, niñas y adolescentes: revisión bibliográfica / Vegetarian diets in children and adolescents: a literature review / Dietas vegetarianas em crianças e adolescentes: revisão bibliográfica

Las dietas vegetarianas han alcanzado en los últimos tiempos un gran protagonismo como modalidad de alimentación de nuestra población, incluyendo la población pediátrica. Constituyen una opción de alimentación válida si se planifican adecuadamente. Los padres que optan ofrecer a sus hijos este tipo de dietas deben conocer sus riesgos y potenciales beneficios. El médico del primer nivel de atención que asiste a niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) tiene una formación limitada sobre nutrición, sin embargo debe supervisar que la alimentación de esta población sea la adecuada. Es necesario conocer los alimentos que integran las dietas vegetarianas, así como las necesidades calóricas, de nutrientes críticos y suplementación de estos NNA según su edad. Realizar una adecuada planificación, es el gold standard para mantener un adecuado estado nutricional, crecimiento y desarrollo. El objetivo de esta publicación es revisar los principios de este tipo de dietas, sus beneficios y riesgos, y se establecen algunas consideraciones y recomendaciones prácticas para su abordaje desde la Atención Primaria de la Salud.

Vegetarian diets have recently reached a great protagonism as a way of feeding our population, including the pediatric population. They are a valid feeding option if properly planned. Parents who choose to offer their children this type of diet should know its risks and potential benefits. The primary care physician who assists children and adolescents (NNA) has limited training in nutrition; however, you must supervise that the diet of this population is adequate. It is necessary to know the foods that make up vegetarian diets, as well as the caloric needs, of critical nutrients and supplementation of these children according to their age. Carrying out adequate planning is the gold standard to maintain adequate nutritional, growth and development status. The objective of this publication is to review the principles of this type of diet, its benefits and risks, and establish some practical considerations and recommendations for its approach from Primary Health Care.

A alimentação vegetariana tem atingido recentemente um grande protagonismo como forma de alimentação de nossa população, inclusive a pediátrica. Ela é uma opção de alimentação válida se devidamente planejada. Os pais que optam por oferecer a seus filhos esse tipo de dieta devem estar conscientes de seus riscos e potenciais benefícios. O médico de atenção primária que assiste crianças e adolescentes (NNA) tem treinamento limitado em nutrição; no entanto, deve-se supervisionar se a alimentação dessa população é adequada. É necessário conhecer os alimentos que compõem a dieta vegetariana, bem como as necessidades calóricas, de nutrientes críticos e de suplementação dessas crianças de acordo com a sua idade. Realizar um planejamento adequado é fundamental para manter o estado nutricional, de crescimento e de desenvolvimento adequado. O objetivo deste paper é revisar os princípios desse tipo de dieta, seus benefícios e riscos, e estabelecer algumas considerações práticas e recomendações para sua abordagem desde a perspectiva da Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Malnutrition in Relation with Dietary, Geographical, and Socioeconomic Factors among Older Chinese / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Nutrition is closely related to the health of the elderly population. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the nutrition status of elderly Chinese and its related dietary, geographical, and socioeconomic factors.@*Methods@#A total of 13,987 ≥ 60-year-old persons from the 2010-2013 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey were included to evaluate various aspects of malnutrition, including underweight, overweight or obesity, and micronutrient inadequacy.@*Results@#Overall, the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight was 12.4%, 34.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, with disparities both geographically and socioeconomically. The prevalence of underweight was higher among the older old (≥ 75 years), rural residents and those with low income, with low education status, and residing in undeveloped West areas. More than 75% of the elderly do not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins A, B @*Conclusions@#Obesity epidemic, inadequacy of micronutrient intake, and high prevalence of underweight and anemia in susceptible older people are the major nutrition challenges for the rapidly aging population in China.

La dieta vegetariana en niños y preadolescentes / Vegetarian diet in children and pre-adolescents

Basándonos en una consulta de una niña que desea realizar una dieta vegetariana se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica para identificar evidencia sobre el impacto de este tipo de dieta en la salud. La evidencia actual indica que la dieta vegetariana es una opción saludable que no produciría un impacto negativo en el crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, si bien existiría la posibilidad de déficit de micronutrientes. (AU)

Based on a consultation of a girl who wishes to make a vegetarian diet, a literature search was conducted to identify evidence on the impact of this type of diet on health. Current evidence indicates that the vegetarian diet is a healthy option that would not have a negative impact on the growth and development of children, although there is a possibility of micronutrient deficits. (AU)

Deficiências de micronutrientes após cirurgia bariátrica: análise comparativa entre gastrectomia vertical e derivação gástrica em Y de Roux / Micronutrient deficiencies following bariatric surgery: a comparative analysis between sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

RESUMO Objetivo: comparar a prevalência das deficiências de micronutrientes nos pacientes submetidos à gastrectomia vertical (GV) e à derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR). Métodos: estudo comparativo de 576 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, 338 através de GV e 238 de DGYR e avaliados quanto às dosagens séricas de hemoglobina, ferro, ferritina, zinco e vitamina B12. Estas dosagens foram realizadas nos períodos pré-operatório e três, seis, 12 e 24 meses após a cirurgia, para análise e comparação das deficiências de micronutrientes entre as técnicas. Resultados: o grupo submetido à GV foi composto por 48 homens e 290 mulheres, com IMC médio de 39,4±2,6Kg/m2 e média de idade de 37,2±11 anos; o grupo submetido à DGYR foi composto por 77 homens e 161 mulheres, com IMC médio de 42,7±5,9Kg/m2 e média de idade de 41,9±11,1 anos. Após 24 meses, déficit de hemoglobina se fez presente em 24,4% dos pacientes submetidos à GV e 40% da DGYR (p=0,054); deficiência de ferro em 6,6% da GV e 15% da DGYR (p=0,127); déficit de ferritina em 17,8% da GV e 23,7% da DGYR (p=0,399); deficiência de zinco em 6,6% da GV e 30% da DGYR (p=0,002) e deficiência de B12 em 6,6% da GV e 8,7% da DGYR (p=0,844). Conclusão: pacientes submetidos à GV apresentaram níveis séricos de ferro e zinco superiores aos pacientes submetidos à DGYR, e a prevalência de déficit deste último micronutriente foi significativamente maior no grupo da DGYR.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in patients submitted to sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux- en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods: this is a comparative study of 576 patients submitted to bariatric surgery, 338 to SG and 238 to RYGB, and evaluated for hemoglobin, iron, ferritin, zinc and vitamin B12 serum levels. We performed these dosages in the preoperative period and at three, six, 12 and 24 months after surgery, for analysis and comparison of micronutrient deficiencies among the techniques. Results: the SG group consisted of 48 men and 290 women, with a mean BMI of 39.4±2.6kg/m2, and a mean of age of 37.2±11 years; the group RYGB consisted of 77 men and 161 women, with mean BMI 42.7±5.9kg/m2, and a mean age of 41.9±11.1 years. After 24 months, hemoglobin deficiency was present in 24.4% of the patients submitted to SG and in 40% of the RYGB individuals (p=0.054); iron deficiency was present in 6,6% of SG patients and in 15% of RYGB ones (p=0.127); ferritin deficiency occurred in 17.8% of the SG group and in 23.7% of RYGB one (p=0.399); the Zinc deficiency incidence was 6.6% in SG and 30% in RYGB (p=0.002); and B12 deficiency took place in 6.6% the SG patients and in 8.7% of RYGB ones (p=0.844). Conclusion: patients undergoing SG had serum levels of iron and zinc superior to the ones undergoing RYGB, the prevalence of the latter micronutrient deficit being significantly higher in the RYGB group.

Estado de la 25-hidroxivitamina D sérica en niños sanos menores de 10 años del área metropolitana de Barranquilla / Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D state in healthy children ten year minors old of Barranquilla metropolitan area

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25-OH-D) en niños sanos menores de 10 años del área metropolitana de Barranquilla (AMB). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, que evaluó los niveles séricos de 25-OH-D en 360 niños del AMB en los años 2014-2015. Resultados: El valor promedio de 25-OH-D en la población estudiada fue 32.23±8.56 ng/mL; 46.38% de los niños tenía niveles de vitamina D considerados insuficientes (<30 ng/mL) y 3.05% mostro deficiencia (<20 ng/mL). Soledad y Puerto Colombia fueron los municipios con mayor población en esta condición. Conclusiones: Es necesario generar programas de suplementación nutricional y fomentar estilos de vida que permitan, de forma segura, mejorar los niveles de vitamina D en la población.

Abstract: Objetive: To evaluate the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) levels in healthy children under 10 years of the Barranquilla metropolitan area. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study in which serum levels of 25-OH-D were analyzed in 360 healthy children from 2014 to 2015. Results: The median value of 25-OH-D serum level was 32.23±8.56 ng/mL; 46.38% of children had vitamin D levels in the insufficient range (<30 ng/mL), while 3.05% were deficient (<20 ng/mL). Soledad and Puerto Colombia were the municipalities with more population in this condition. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote vitamin D supplement consumption and healthy lifestyles in order to safely improve levels of this micronutrient in the population.

Feeding difficulties are not associated with higher rates of iron deficiency anemia in Brazilian children and adolescents: cross-sectional study

Background: Iron deficiency anemia and feeding difficulties (FD) are common issues in childhood, reinforcing the concern about the risk of micronutrient deficiencies. FD do not necessarily reflect nutritional deficiencies, since they may or may not relate to specific nutrient sources. The objective of the study is to describe the prevalence of iron depletion and iron deficiency anemia in children with FD and to seek associations with diagnosis and its markers. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 68 patients (convenience sample). The following data were assessed through medical records: age (months), gender, exclusive breastfeeding duration (months), birth weight (kg), iron supplementation, hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, repertory of foods consumed (food inventory and 3-day food record analysis), and diagnosis of FD. Data were classified according to references for age and were analyzed using correlation tests, Student's t test, ANOVA and chi-square test, or its nonparametric equivalents. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results: Iron depletion and anemia were identified in 10.1 and 6% of children, respectively. Picky eating was diagnosed in 35.3%. Food repertory consisted on average of 21 foods, with null correlation to Hb and ferritin. The average fortified milk intake was 517 ml/day, with null correlation to Hb. There was no effect of diagnosis of FD on Hb (p = 0.18) or ferritin (p = 0.52). The same was verified in the children without supplementation, to both Hb (p = 0. 54) and ferritin (p = 0.08). Conclusions: No evidence of association between diagnosis of FD or repertory of foods to anemia or iron depletion was found, which could be a reassuring factor for caregivers. Reproduction in large scale as well as inclusion of dietary intake variables is suggested for further research.

Deficiências de micronutrientes em crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches: revisão da literatura / Micronutrient deficiencies in Brazilian children attending daycare centers: a review of the literature

Resumo Objetivos Revisar os artigos sobre o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco em crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches, enfocando métodos diagnósticos, prevalências das respectivas deficiências e fatores associados. Métodos A pesquisa de artigos foi efetuada nas bases PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais com amostras representativas aleatórias que utilizaram indicadores bioquímicos para avaliar o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco de crianças assistidas em creches. Calcularam-se as prevalências médias ponderadas de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A. Computaram-se as variáveis associadas à anemia. Resultados Foram incluídos 21 estudos, nos quais o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco foi analisado em 17, quatro e três, respectivamente. As prevalências médias ponderadas de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A foram de 42,7% e 12,5%, respectivamente. Crianças de menor idade e de pior condição socioeconômica representaram as principais condições explicativas para a ocorrência de anemia. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem altas prevalências de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A entre as crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches com perspectivas etiológicas centradas nas doenças infecciosas.

Abstract The scope of the study was to review the scientific publications on the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc among Brazilian children attending daycare centers, focusing on diagnostic methods, the prevalence of respective deficiencies and associated factors. A review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases. Observational studies with random representative samples using biochemical indicators to evaluate the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc of children attending public daycare centers were included. The average weighted prevalence for anemia and vitamin A deficiency was estimated. The variables associated with anemia were computed. Twenty-one observational studies were included, in which the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc were analyzed in 17, 4 and 3, respectively. The average weighted prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency were 42.7% and 12.5%, respectively. Young children and children living in less favorable socioeconomic situations represented the main explanatory conditions predominantly associated with the occurrence of anemia. The results suggest a high prevalence of anemia, as well as vitamin A deficiency in Brazilian children attending daycare centers, with etiological prospects focused on infectious diseases.

Deficiencia de micronutrientes y enfermedad celíaca en pediatría / Micronutrient deficiencies and celiac disease in Pediatrics

La enfermedad celíaca (EC) parece estar cambiando en su clínica, desde formas diarreicas con desnutrición hasta aquellas con clínica más silente y más tardía. La enteropatía de la EC ocurre con malabsorción de macro- y micronutrientes, que incluyen Fe, Zn, Cu, folato, Ca, vitaminas E, D, B12 y B6, con mecanismos de transporte alterados. La anemia ferropriva se ha descrito en EC como única manifestación o como la manifestación extraintestinal más frecuente. La deficiencia de Zn es frecuente en EC, asociada a un retraso de crecimiento y alteraciones inmunitarias. La malabsorción intestinal puede comprometer la absorción de vitamina D, aunque su aporte dietario es responsable solo del 20% de las concentraciones séricas, por lo que lo importante es la exposición dérmica al sol. La causa de deficiencia de vitamina B12 en EC es desconocida; debe considerarse ante alteraciones neurológicas y hematológicas. La deficiencia de Cu se ha descrito de preferencia en celíacos adultos. Se concluye que, en el seguimiento de la EC, debiera estudiarse periódicamente la deficiencia de micronutrientes por sus consecuencias a largo plazo; debe sospecharse una EC ante signos clínicos no explicados de deficiencia de micronutrientes.

Celiac disease (CD) is apparently changing in its clinical presentation, from chronic diarrhea and malnutrition to a silent clinic at older ages. The basal enteropathy of CD induces macro-and micronutrient malabsorption. Described micronutrient deficiencies in CD include: Fe, Zn, Cu, folate, Ca, vitamin E, D, B12 and B6, with complex transporter mechanisms altered. Ferropenic anemia has been described in CD as the exclusive sign and the most common extraintestinal sign. Zn deficiency is frequent in CD, associated with growth delay and immune alterations. Even though the main basis for vitamin D metabolic status is the activation of subdermal vitamin precursors by sun-UVB rays, the small bowel compromise may affect activity and vitamin D absorption. Pathophysiology of vitamin B12 deficiency in CD is unknown; it must be suspected in CD patients presenting neurological and haematological alterations. Copper deficiency has been described mainly in adult CD patients. Micronutrient deficiencies should be periodically studied through the CD follow-up; celiac disease must be studied if clinical signs of micronutrient deficiencies are diagnosed.

Adequação de micronutrientes da dieta de pacientessubmetidos à cirurgia bariátrica / Micronutrient adequacy of the diet of patients undergoing bariatricsurgery

Introdução: a obesidade é uma doença crônica caracterizada peloexcesso de tecido adiposo. O tratamento considerado mais eficientepara o grau severo desta patologia é a cirurgia bariátrica. Apesar dosevidentes benefícios da cirurgia, há riscos inerentes a esse tipo detratamento, incluindo a deficiência de nutrientes.Objetivo: realizar uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura científicasobre a adequação na ingestão de cálcio, ferro, vitamina B12 evitamina D na dieta de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica.Métodos: foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline,Lilacs e Scielo utilizando as palavras-chave Cirurgia Bariátrica,Dieta e Micronutrientes. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram:artigos que abordavam o consumo de ferro, cálcio, vitamina D e/ouvitamina B12 após realização de cirurgia bariátrica, independente datécnica cirúrgica; trabalhos que avaliaram a dieta no pós-operatório;pesquisas que utilizaram apenas adultos na amostra do estudo.Foram excluídos artigos que consideraram o uso de suplementosnutricionais.Resultados e discussão: foram utilizados 11 trabalhos publicadosentre 1991 e 2013. Grande parte dos estudos encontrados apontapara uma inadequação importante da ingestão exclusivamente alimentarde ferro, cálcio e vitamina D. Apenas a vitamina B12 comportou-se de maneira diferenciada, estando adequada na alimentaçãoda amostra na maioria das pesquisas.Conclusão: Apesar da escassez de estudos, diferenças metodológicase difícil comparação entre os estudos analisados, observou-se,em diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas e em períodos pós-operatóriosdistintos, uma inadequação na ingestão de micronutrientes da dieta,especialmente de cálcio, ferro e vitamina D, em pacientes submetidosà cirurgia bariátrica.

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease in which occurs the excessof adipose tissue. The method that has been shown to be moreeffective in treating this disease is bariatric surgery. Despite the apparentbenefits of surgery, there are risks inherent to this type oftreatment, including nutrient deficiency.Objective: to review the scientific literature on the adequate intakeof calcium, iron, vitamin B12 and vitamin D of patients undergoingbariatric surgery.Methods: The research was conducted through the databasesPubMed, Medline, Lilacs and SciELO using the keywords BariatricSurgery, Diet and Micronutrients. Inclusion criteria adopted were:articles that addressed the use of iron, calcium, vitamin D and / orvitamin B12 after bariatric surgery, regardless of the surgical technique;studies that assessed the diet postoperatively; studies withadults.Results and discussion: The review found 11 articles publishedfrom 1991 to 2013. Most studies suggest significant inadequacy iniron, calcium and vitamin D intake exclusively through diet. Onlyvitamin B12 had a different result, with adequate intake being foundin the majority of the studies.Conclusion: Despite the lack of studies, the methodological differencesand the difficulty to compare the studies, it was verifiedthat the inadequate intake of micronutrients, especially iron, calciumand vitamin D, is found in distinct surgical and postoperativeperiods of patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Deficiência de micronutrientes e crescimento linear: revisão sistemática de estudos observacionais / Micronutrient deficiencies and linear growth: a systematic review of observational studies

O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a associação das deficiências de ferro, vitamina A e zinco com o déficit de crescimento linear. Revisão sistemática nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre janeiro de 1995 e março de 2010, considerando os descritores: (growth OR nutritional status) AND (child, preschool OR infant) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A). Foram revisados 14 estudos de delineamento observacional. Dos estudos tipo coorte (dois), um indicou associação estatística entre o estado nutricional de ferro e o déficit de estatura; o outro apontou associação estatística entre as concentrações de ferritina sérica e o ganho de estatura. Dez estudos transversais investigaram a associação estatística entre as deficiências de micronutrientes e o déficit de estatura, resultando três deles na associação para o ferro, dois para a vitamina A e nenhum para o zinco. O esclarecimento sobre a associação entre o déficit de estatura e as deficiências de ferro, vitamina A e zinco dificulta-se por fatores de caráter biológico e relacionados à magnitude das deficiências, o que sugere a importância da padronização metodológica dos estudos.

This article seeks to evaluate the association of iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies with linear growth retardation. A systematic review of electronic databases in PubMed, LILACS and SciELO was conducted. Scientific papers published between January 1995 and March 2010 were selected, inserting the key words: (growth OR nutritional status) AND (child, preschool OR infant) AND (zinc AND iron AND vitamin A) OR (zinc AND iron) OR (zinc AND vitamin A) OR (iron AND vitamin A). Fourteen observational design studies were reviewed. In the cohort studies (two), one indicated a statistical association between iron levels and stunting; and the other revealed a statistical association between serum ferritin concentrations and an increase in height. Ten cross-sectional studies investigated the statistical association between micronutrient deficiencies and stunting, three of which resulted in an association with iron, two with vitamin A and none with zinc. Elucidation of the association between stunting and iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies involves difficulties of a biological nature and also related to the magnitude of these deficiencies, indicating the importance of a methodological standardization of the studies.

Crescimento e deficiências de micronutrientes: perfil das crianças assistidas no núcleo de creches do governo da Paraíba, Brasil / Growth and micronutrient deficiencies: profile of children attendied at the day care center for the government of Paraiba, Brazil

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o perfil de crescimento das crianças assistidas no Núcleo de Creches do Governo da Paraíba e a contribuição relativa das deficiências de vitamina A, ferro e zinco. Estudo transversal em 240 crianças pré-escolares. Foram consideradas as categorias de diagnóstico nutricional: déficit ponderal, déficit de estatura e sobrepeso. As concentrações séricas de retinol, zinco e de hemoglobina foram determinadas para avaliar a deficiência de vitamina A (< 0,70 µmol/L), deficiência de zinco (< 65 Μmol/L) e anemia (< 110 g/L), respectivamente. A prevalência de déficit de estatura foi de 5,8%, a de sobrepeso de 3,8%, e a de déficit de peso de 0,4%. A média de Escore-Z para o índice P/E foi menor e estatisticamente significante quando a mãe da criança foi diagnosticada com baixa estatura ou com baixo peso e nas crianças de 12-36 meses de idade. Para o índice E/I, a média de Escore-Z foi menor e estatisticamente significante quando a criança nasceu com baixo peso e quando a mãe da criança apresentou baixa estatura. Crianças de 12-36 meses e sem o beneficio do Programa Bolsa Família tiveram média de hemoglobina menor. Verificou-se ausência de associação significante entre as deficiências de vitamina A, ferro e zinco e os índices antropométricos estudados.

This article seeks to evaluate the growth of children attending public day care centers of the Government of the State of Paraiba and the relative significance of vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiencies. It involved a cross-sectional study of 240 preschool children. The following categories of nutritional status were considered: underweight (W/H < -2 z-scores), stunting (H/A < -2 z-scores) and overweight (W/H > +2 z-scores). Serum concentrations of retinol, zinc and hemoglobin were established to assess vitamin A deficiency (< 0.70 mmol/L), zinc deficiency (< 65 mmol/L) and anemia (< 110 g/L), respectively. The prevalence of stunting was 5.8%, that of overweight 3.8%, and that of underweight 0.4%. W/H z-scores were lower and statistically significant in children aged 12-36 months. An association was also found between W/H z-scores and maternal height. This association was also observed regarding body mass index. H/A z-scores were lower and statistically significant in low birth weight children. Lower hemoglobin concentrations were detected in children aged 12-36 months who were not receiving the financial support of the Bolsa Familia (Family Allowance) program. There was no significant association between vitamin A, iron and zinc deficiencies and the anthropometric indices studied.

Deficiencia de oligoelementos durante el primer trimestre del embarazo en maracaibo, venezuela / Deficiencies of trace elements during the first trimester of pregnancy at maracaibo, venezuela

Las deficiencias de oligoelementos es un importante problema de salud pública, que pone en riesgo principalmente a las embarazadas y a sus productos; por tanto se propuso determinar las concentraciones séricas de Hierro (Fe), Zinc (Zn) y Cobre (Cu) durante el primer trimestre del embarazo e identificar las patologías asociadas con su deficiencia durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, en embarazadas que acudían a la consulta prenatal de la Maternidad Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Venezuela durante el año 2012. Investigación fue de tipo descriptiva y aplicada; con un diseño de tipo no experimental y prospectivo, que incluyo una muestra no probabilística e intencionada de 70 mujeres en el primer trimestre del embarazo, a las cuales se les determinaron las concentraciones séricas de Fe, Zn y Cu. Se encontró que la edad promedio fue de 20,5± 6 años; 42,85% eran adolescentes y 57,15% adultas. Se determinó una media de FE, Zn y Cu de 40,04 ± 1,212 μg/dL, 0,566 ± 0,130 μg/mL y 1,326 ± 0,878 μg/mL, respectivamente; siendo las concentraciones de Fe y Zn más bajos en las adolescentes (< 0,001). Asimismo, se demostró que el 67%, 57% y 14% de estas embarazadas presentaban deficiencia de Fe, Zn y Cu, respectivamente; sin diferencias significativas entre adolescentes o adultas (p >0,05). Se concluye que existe una alta prevalencia de deficiencias de oligoelementos (Zn, Cu y Fe) en gestantes sin patologías asociadas y aparentemente sanas al inicio de su embarazo(AU)

Deficiencies of trace elements is an important public health problem that threatens mainly pregnant women and their products; we propose to determine serum iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) during the first trimester of pregnancy and identify the pathologies associated with a deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy in pregnant women attending antenatal care at Maternity Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza, University Hospital of Maracaibo, Venezuela during 2012. A descriptive and applied type research, with a non-experimental and prospective design, which includes a non-probabilistic intentional sample of 70 women during the first trimester of pregnancy, which were measured in serum Fe, Zn and Cu. We found that the age mean was 20,5± 6 years; in terms of the concentrations of these trace elements was determined an average of Fe, Zn and Cu of 40,04 ± 1,212 μg/dL, 0,566 ± 0,130 μg/mL and 1,326 ± 0,878μg/mL, respectively; with concentrations of Fe and Zn lower in adolescents (<0,001). It also showed that 67%, 57% and 14% of these pregnant women were deficient in Fe, Zn and Cu, respectively; without not significant differences between adolescents and adults patients (p> 0,05). Its concluded that exist a high prevalence of deficiencies of trace elements (Zn, Cu and Fe) in patients without associated diseases and apparently healthy at the beginning of her pregnancy(AU)

Deficiências de micronutrientes no pré-operatório de cirurgia bariátrica / Micronutrient deficiencies in the pre-bariatric surgery

INTRODUÇÃO: Achados epidemiológicos têm demonstrado o aumento da prevalência de obesidade em diversos segmentos da população mundial. Neste contexto, a cirurgia bariátrica é aceita, atualmente, como a ferramenta mais eficaz no tratamento e controle da obesidade mórbida. Vários estudos vêm avaliando o estado nutricional após operações bariátricas, principalmente as mistas, detectando redução no consumo alimentar de proteínas, vitaminas e minerais. No entanto, outros investigam a presença de deficiências nutricionais antes da realização da operação, que podem ser agravadas com o procedimento cirúrgico, resultando em complicações pós-operatórias graves. OBJETIVO: Analisar a literatura para as deficiências de micronutrientes em pacientes obesos antes da cirurgia bariátrica. MÉTODO: Realizou-se revisão sistemática em bases eletrônicos, a saber: PubMed/Medline, Scielo, Lilacs e Bireme. As seguintes palavras-chave foram utilizadas individualmente ou em associação: bariatric surgery, obesity, preoperative, gastric bypass, vitamin deficiencies, mineral deficiencies and absorption nutrient. Foram incluídos 40 artigos de revisão e originais, publicados entre 2005 a 2012. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se como consenso o fato de que a combinação de deficiências nutricionais no pré-operatório, as restrições e má absorção induzidas pela cirurgia bariátrica podem levar a importante déficits nutricionais durante o período pós-operatório tardio, principalmente de micronutrientes, resultando em complicações graves. CONCLUSÃO: A alta ocorrência de deficiência de micronutrientes no pré-operatório detectada em obesos mórbidos candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, somado a um processo disabsortivo, pode envolver pior prognóstico durante o período pós-operatório tardio. Avaliação pré-operatória dos parâmetros nutricionais e da ingestão de alimentos é recomendado em conjunto com as intervenções.

INTRODUCTION: Data already demonstrated the increased prevalence of obesity in various segments of the population. In this context, bariatric surgery is accepted nowadays as the most effective tool in the treatment and control of morbid obesity. Several studies have evaluated the nutritional status after bariatric surgery, especially mixed by detecting a reduction in food intake of protein, vitamins and minerals. However, other studies have investigated the presence of nutritional deficiencies prior to surgery, which may be aggravated by the surgical procedure, resulting in serious postoperative complications. AIM: To analyze the literature in relationship to micronutrient deficiencies in obese patients before bariatric surgery. METHOD: Was carried out a systematic review in several electronic databases, such as PubMed/ Medline, Scielo, Lilacs and Bireme. The following keywords were used alone or in combination: bariatric surgery, obesity, preoperative, gastric bypass, vitamin deficiencies, deficiencies and mineral nutrient absorption. Were included 40 review and original articles published between 2005 to 2012. RESULTS: There were consensus on the combination of preoperative nutritional deficiencies, restrictions and malabsorption, possibly induced by bariatric surgery that can lead patients to experience significant nutritional deficits during the late postoperative period, especially of micronutrients, resulting in serious complications. CONCLUSIONS: The high occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies preoperatively detected in morbidly obese candidates for bariatric surgery, plus a malabsorptive procedure, may involve worse prognosis during the late postoperative period. Preoperative evaluation of nutritional parameters and food intake is recommended in conjunction with surgical interventions.

Consumo de alimentos, factores socioeconómicos y anemia en mujeres gestantes / Food intake, socioeconomic factors and anemia in pregnant women

Se analizó la prevalencia de anemia en mujeres embarazadas y su asociación con el consumo de alimentos, estado nutricional y variables socioeconómicas. La muestra fue de 299 mujeres que asistieron a la consulta prenatal en los ambulatorios del Municipio Libertador Estado Mérida año 2009, en edades de 13 y 45 años. Los datos recolectados fueron, hemoglobina y hematocrito de los tres trimestres de embarazo, paridad, nivel de instrucción, ocupación, ingresos económicos y gastos en alimentación. Se aplicó encuesta de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, se determinó el Riesgo de Inseguridad Alimentaria (RIA) y el IMC para conocer el estado nutricional. El 25,75 % de las mujeres son anémicas con valores de Hb< de 10.9 mg/dL, con predominio en edades de 13 a 30 años (21,07%), con una significancia estadística entre la paridad y la presencia de anemia, un alto riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria (RIA) y un predominio de sobrepeso en todo el grupo estudiado (IMC: anémicas 27,44 ± 4,57 y no anémicas 28,25 ± 6,25). Las anémicas consumieron leche, queso y pollo, frutas como la lechosa y la naranja, arepa de maíz, café, té y bebidas gaseosas. No estuvo presente el consumo de hortalizas como el brócoli, coliflor y acelgas. Las no anémicas consumieron yogurt, pescado, hígado de res, pan de trigo, no hubo consumo de café, té y bebidas gaseosas. Se encontró, significancia estadística entre el consumo de coliflor y acelgas, en las no anémicas y la naranja, lechosa y el té en las anémicas (p < 0,05)(AU)

The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women and his association with foods intake, nutritional state and socio-economic variables has been analyzed. The sample was about 299 women that assist to a prenatal consultation in the health center Libertador Municipality, State of Merida 2009, in ages between 13 and 45 years. The obtained data was: haemoglobin and haematocrit of the three pregnancy quarters, parity, instruction level, occupation, incomes and foods expenditure. It was applyed a survey of "foods intake frequency" and it was determined Alimentary Insecurity Risk (RIA) and the IMC to the knowledge their nutritional state. 25, 75% of the women are anemics with values of HB< of 10.9 mg/dL, predominant in the ages of 13 and 30 years (21,07%), with an statistic significance between the parity and the anemia presence, a high Risk of Alimentari Insecurity (RIA) and a predominance of overweight in all the studied group (IMC: With anemia 27,44 ± 4,57 and with no presence of anemia 28,25 ± 6,25). The anaemic women consumed milk, cheese and chicken, fruits like papaya and orange, corn arepas, coffee, tea and sodas; It wasn´t present consume of vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower and chard. The no-anemic women consumed yogurt, fish, liver, wheat bread; it wasn´t consume of coffee, tea and sodas. It was found an statistic significance between the consume of cauliflower and chard in the no-anemic women and orange, milk and tea in the anemic ones (p < 0,05)(AU)

Evaluación y correlación de variables bioquímicas, antropométricas y de consumo de riboflavina, hierro y vitamina A en escolares venezolanos / Evaluation and correlation of biochemical, anthropometrical and consumption variables of riboflavin, iron and vitamin a in scholars from venezuela

El objetivo fue evaluar el estado de riboflavina, hierro y vitamina A de un grupo de escolares de Caracas, correlacionando variables bioquímicas, de composición corporal y de consumo de energía y nutrientes. Se estudiaron 69 niños con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 8 años a los que se les determinó estrato socioeconómico, consumo de alimentos, adecuación de consumo y fórmula dietética. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas y una muestra de sangre para la determinación de hemoglobina y hematocrito, así como concentraciones plasmáticas de riboflavina por método enzimático, retinol por HPLC, hierro por colorimetría y ferritina por ELISA. Los escolares tuvieron una dieta monótona en la que los cuatro alimentos más consumidos fueron cereales. La dieta resultó inadecuada en vitamina A (48%), hierro (39%), riboflavina (6%) y vitamina B6 (80%). Las determinaciones antropométricas mostraron un importante porcentaje de desnutrición actual (19%), aunque la mayoría presentó estado nutricional antropométrico y composición corporal normales. Las determinaciones hematológicas mostraron deficiencias de riboflavina (16%), retinol (57%), hierro (67%) y anemia (14%). En conclusión, la dieta fue poco variada, deficitaria en calorías, vitamina B6, vitamina A, proteínas y hierro y excesiva en riboflavina, con un estado nutricional antropométrico y composición corporal normales. Los datos de consumo y adecuación de la dieta se correlacionaron con las deficiencias encontradas en pruebas hematológicas, mientras que los datos antropométricos no fueron marcadamente afectados, aunque hubo correlación entre las variables área muscular y área grasa, y el consumo de energía, proteínas, grasa, hierro y riboflavina(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the status of riboflavin, iron and vitamin A in a group of school children from Caracas, correlating biochemical, body composition and consumption data. The sample included 69 scholars aged 6 to 8 years whose socio economic status, food consumption patterns and adequacy as well as dietetic formulae were determined. Anthropometric measures were recorded and a blood sample was taken to determine hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasmatic concentrations of riboflavin by an enzymatic method, retinol by HPLC, iron by a colorimetric method and ferritin by ELISA. The scholars had a monotonous diet and the 4 most consumed food items were cereals. The diet resulted inadequate in vitamin A (48%), iron (39%), riboflavin (6%) and vitamin B6 (80%). Anthropometric evaluation showed an important percentage of recent undernutrition (19%), although most of the individuals had a nutritional anthropometric state and a body composition within normal ranges. Hematological determinations showed deficiencies of riboflavin (16%), retinol (57%), iron (67%) and anemia (14%). In conclusion, the diet was monotonous, deficient in calories, vitamin B6, vitamin A, proteins and iron and excessive in riboflavin, with inadequate anthropometric and body composition status. Data on consumption and diet adequacy correlated with results from hematological tests, while anthropometric data was not markedly affected, although there was a linear correlation between muscular and fat areas with energy, protein, fat, iron and riboflavin consumption(AU)

Overview of the nutritional status of selected micronutrients in Mexican children in 2006 / Estado nutricional de algunos micronutrientes en niños mexicanos en 2006

OBJETIVE: To present an overview of micronutrient status of Mexican children in 2006. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies and low serum copper and magnesium were gathered and critically analyzed from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey. RESULTS: Iron deficiency is still the main nutritional deficiency in children (13%-26%). Zinc deficiency was high in all age groups (≈25%) but reduced 5.6 PP in children <5 y from 1999 to 2006. Folate deficiency was 3.2% and vitamin B12 deficiency 7.7% in children. Low serum magnesium and copper were high (22.6% and 30.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of iron deficiency seems to be lowering, and zinc deficiency has reduced in Mexican children. A high prevalence of copper and magnesium deficiencies warrants further research on their public health implications.

OBJETIVO: Presentar un panorama del estado de micronutrimentos de niños mexicanos en 2006. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Los datos sobre deficiencias de hierro, zinc, folatos, vitamina B12 y concentraciones bajas de cobre y magnesio se analizaron a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006. RESULTADOS: La deficiencia de hierro fue la más importante en niños (13-26%). La deficiencia de zinc fue alta en todos los grupos de edad (≈25%) y disminuyó entre 1999 y 2006 5.6 pp en niños. La deficiencia de folatos fue de 3.2% y la de vitamina B12 de 7.7%. Las concentraciones bajas de magnesio y cobre fueron altas (22.6 y 30.6%, respectivamente). CONCLUSIONES: La deficiencia de hierro pareció disminuir y la de zinc se redujo en niños mexicanos. La alta prevalencia de deficiencias de cobre y magnesio merecen más investigación para entender sus implicaciones en salud pública.

Persistence of goitre in the post-iodization phase: micronutrient deficiency or thyroid autoimmunity.

Background & objectives: Despite years of salt iodization, goitre continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. We examined the prevalence of goitre in the post-iodization phase and the relationship of goitre with micronutrient status and thyroid autoimmunity in school children of Chandigarh, north India. Methods: Two phase study; in the first phase, 2148 children of 6 to 16 yr were screened for goitre by two independent observers as per the WHO grading system. In the second phase, a case-control study, 191 children with goitre and 165 children without goitre were compared with respect to urinary iodine, iodine content of salt, serum levels of T3, T4, TSH, anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase) antibody, haemoglobin, ferritin and selenium. Results: Prevalence of goitre in the studied subjects was 15.1 per cent (13.9% in 6 to 12 yr and 17.7% in 13 to 16 yr age group, P= 0.03). Median urinary iodine excretion in both the groups was sufficient and comparable (137 and 130 µg/l). 3.2 per cent children with goitre and 2.4 per cent without goitre had hypothyroidism (subclinical and clinical) and only one child with goitre had subclinical hyperthyroidism. Nine (4.9%) children in the goitre group and 3 (1.9%) in control group had anti-TPO antibody positivity. The median serum selenium levels were not different in both the groups (181.9 and 193.5 µg/l). Seventy one (37.4%) of the goitrous children had anaemia (haemoglobin <12 g/dl) as compared to 41 (24.8%) of the control group (P <0.01). More number of goitrous children (39, 20.6%) were depleted of tissue iron stores (serum ferritin <12 µg/l) as compared to controls (11, 6.4%; P<0.001). Serum ferritin level negatively correlated with the presence of goitre (r = - 0.22, P =0.008) and had an OR of 2.8 (CI 1.20 - 6.37, P =0.017). Interpretation & conclusions: There was a high prevalence of goitre in young children despite iodine repletion and low thyroid autoimmunity. The concurrent iron deficiency correlated with the presence of goiter. However, the cause and effect relationship between iron deficiency state and goitre requires further elucidation.

Respuesta inadecuada a los patógenos y otros agresores: ¿Deficiencia de Vitamina A? / Is inadequate response to pathogens and other aggressors due to vitamin A deficiency?

La vitamina A desempeña un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de los tejidos y órganos gracias a su capacidad de promover la diferenciación celular y regular la apoptosis. Específicamente en el sistema inmune, esta vitamina tiene efectos muy importantes sobre componentes específicos tanto de la respuesta inmune innata como de la adaptativa. En la inmunidad innata, el ácido retinoico (AR) participa en la regeneración de las mucosas y epitelios, promueve la diferenciación de células como los neutrófilos y eosinófilos y potencia la fagocitosis. Además, ayuda a la migración de las diferentes células inmunes promoviendo la producción de metaloproteinasas de matriz extracelular. Aunque sus efectos en las células NK son más controversiales, se ha encontrado que el número y la función lítica de estas células disminuyen cuando hay deficiencia de vitamina A (DVA). Por otra parte, el AR influencia el desarrollo de la inmunidad adaptativa alterando el perfil de producción de citoquinas por parte de las células presentadoras de antígeno, lo que influye en la diferenciación de los linfocitos T ayudadores. En general, se ha observado que el AR amplifica la proliferación de las células T y potencia el desarrollo de células plasmáticas a partir de los linfocitos B maduros. Todos estos efectos tienen repercusiones importantes en la adecuada defensa contra las infecciones, especialmente en la infancia en la cual la DVA es un problema importante de salud pública, no solo en Colombia sino también en aproximadamente otros 60 países.

Vitamin A plays a pivotal role in tissue and organ development due to its ability to regulate cellular differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, this vitamin produces very important effects on specific components of innate and adaptative immune responses. Concerning the innate immune system, retinoic acid (RA) participates in the regeneration of mucosal surfaces and epithelia, also promoting neutrophil and eosinophil differentiation and enhancing phagocytosis. Additionally, vitamin A supports the production of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases enhancing the migration of different immune cells to effector sites. On the other hand, although the effects of vitamina A in the function of NK cells are more controversial, it is known that blood NK cell numbers and function are diminished during vitamin A deficiency (VAD). In adaptive immunity, RA influences the production of cytokines by antigen presenting cells, in turn, affecting the differentiation of naïve T lymphocytes into different T helper cell subpopulations. Overall, it has been established that RA increases T cell proliferation and enhances the development of plasma cell from mature B lymphocytes. Therefore, vitamin A is essential to promote suitable immune responses against pathogens, especially in children who are commonly affected by VAD not only in Colombia, but also in approximately 60 countries worldwide.

Evaluación nutricional, deficiencia de micronutrientes y anemia en adolescentes femeninas de una zona urbana y una rural del estado Zulia, Venezuela / Nutritional evaluation, micronutrient deficiencies and anemia among female adolescents in an urban and a rural zone from Zulia state, Venezuela

Las adolescentes femeninas en edad fértil son un grupo susceptible a anemia y deficiencia de micronutrientes. Con el objeto de analizar el estado nutricional, antropométrico-dietético, la prevalencia de anemia, depleción de los depósitos de hierro (DFe) y Deficiencia de Vitamina A (DVA) en adolescentes femeninas no gestantes, de baja condición socioeconómica de una zona urbana y una rural del Estado Zulia-Venezuela, se estudiaron 78 adolescentes femeninas (15,9 ± 1,1 años), libres de infección e inflamación. Se les realizó una evaluación nutricional, antropométrica-dietética. Se consideró anemia=Hb<12,0 g/dL; DFe=ferritina<12 µg/L; DVA=retinol sérico<20 µg/dL; Riesgo de DVA (RDVA)=20-30 µg/dL. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SAS, expresados como Media ± Desviación Estándar, considerándose significativo p<0,05. El porcentaje de adecuación calórica y proteica se encontró por debajo de los requerimientos diarios. Las adolescentes rurales mostraron un disminución significativa de los valores promedio de peso (p=0,0024), talla (p=0,0027), IMC (p= 0,0487), Área Grasa (p=0,0183), VCM (0,0241), HCM (0,0488) y CCMH (0,0228), y la más alta prevalencia de anemia (66,67 por ciento), anemia+DFe (33,33 por ciento) y anemia + DFe + RDVA (5,56 por ciento) con respecto a las adolescentes urbanas (41,67 por ciento; 17,36 por ciento y 3,48 por ciento respectivamente). Se observó además, en las adolescentes rurales anémicas una disminución no significativa del porcentaje de adecuación del hierro. La alta demanda de hierro ocasionada por rápido crecimiento y pérdidas menstruales en adolescentes, asociada a la baja disponibilidad de alimentos ricos en hierro, y la baja adecuación de la ingesta de este micronutriente en adolescentes de la zona rural, determina que éste sea un grupo de alto riesgo para anemia y DFe, que requiere de estrategias de prevención, control y suplementación.

Female adolescents in reproductive age are a susceptible group to anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this study was to know the nutritional, anthropometric and dietetic status, the prevalence of anemia, depletion of iron deposits (FeD) and Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in female adolescents. Seventy-eight not pregnant female adolescents (15.9 ± 1.1 years old), from an urban and a periurban zone of Maracaibo, and a rural zone near this city, without infectious and inflammatory processes, were analyzed. Anemia in adolescents was considered when Hb<120 g/L; FeD: ferritin<12 µg/L; VAD serum retinol<20 µg/dL; risk of VAD (RVAD) 20-30 µg/dL. The data were analyzed with the SAS program and expressed as Means ± Standard Deviations, statistical significance was considered when p<0.05. The percentage of caloric and protean adjustment in all groups was below the daily requirements. Adolescents from the rural zone showed significant lower values of weight (p=0.0024), height (p=0.0027), body mass index BMI (p= 0.0487), fatty area (p=0.0183), MCV (p=0.0241), MCH (p=0.0488), MHCC (p=0.0228), and the highest prevalence of anemia (66.67 percent), anemia+FeD (33.33 percent), and anemia+FeD+RVAD (5.56 percent), with respect to adolescents from the urban zone. Although, anemic adolescents from the rural zone showed a non significant decrease of the iron percentage adjustment. Iron requirements are increased during adolescence, reaching a maximum at the peak of growth and remaining almost as high in girls after menarche, to replace menstrual losses. The low iron status among adolescents from the rural zone determine that this is a high risk group to anemia and FeD and they require prevention, control and suplementation strategies.