Effects of tetramethylypyrazine nitrone on proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the role of tetramethylpyrazine(TMP) nitrone in proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs).@*METHODS@#We separated and cultivated the original generation of NSCs from cerebral cortex of 14 days rat embryo, and the phenotype characteristics of the third-generation NSCs was tested by immunofluorescence. The experiment was divided into control group, β-mercaptoethanol positive control group, tetramethylpyrazine nitrone group and tetramethylpyrazine nitrone + ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid(EGTA) group (=4). The third-generation cultivation of NSCs was used in the experiment. The effect of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone on the number of NSCs proliferation was determined by BrdU and MTT, and the differentiation of NSCs was determined by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#The primary NSCs was isolated successfully, neurospheres with typical NSCs morphology and expressing nestin was formed at 3-5 days. As BrdU and MTT assay results shown, compared with the control group andβ-mercaptoethanol positive control group, the NSCs proliferation numbers of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone group increased significantly(<0.05). The results of Western blot showed that the neuronal differentiation rate of NSCs was increased significantly in both the tetramethylpyrazine nitrone group and tetramethylpyrazine nitrone + EGTA group, and the differentiation rate of NSCs in tetramethylpyrazine nitrone + EGTA group increased more significantly(<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone can significantly enhance the proliferation and neuronal differentiation rate of NSCs. Decrease in extracellular Ca can promote the differentiation of NSCs into neurons induced by tetramethylpyrazine nitrone. Ca signaling plays an important role in the differentiation of NSCs into neurons.

Current status of residency training in laparoscopic surgery in Brazil: a critical review / Situação atual do treinamento de médicos residentes em videocirurgia no Brasil: uma análise crítica

INTRODUCTION: The surgeon's formation process has changed in recent decades. The increase in medical schools, new specialties and modern technologies induce an overhaul of medical education. Medical residency in surgery has established itself as a key step in the formation of the surgeon, and represents the ideal and natural way for teaching laparoscopy. However, the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs in surgical specialties is insufficient, creating the need for additional training after its termination. OBJECTIVE: To review the surgical teaching ways used in services that published their results. METHODS: Survey of relevant publications in books, internet and databases in PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo through july 2014 using the headings: laparoscopy; simulation; education, medical; learning; internship and residency. RESULTS: The training method for medical residency in surgery focused on surgical procedures in patients under supervision, has proven successful in the era of open surgery. However, conceptually turns as a process of experimentation in humans. Psychomotor learning must not be developed directly to the patient. Training in laparoscopic surgery requires the acquisition of psychomotor skills through training conducted initially with surgical simulation. Platforms based teaching problem solving as the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, developed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgery and the Laparoscopic Surgical Skills proposed by the European Society of Endoscopic Surgery has been widely used both for education and for the accreditation of surgeons worldwide. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a more appropriate pedagogical process for teaching laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs is mandatory in order to give a solid surgical education and to determine a structured and safe professional activity. .

INTRODUÇÃO: A formação do cirurgião geral vem se modificando nas últimas décadas. O aumento das escolas médicas, as novas especialidades e as modernas tecnologias induzem à reformulação do ensino médico. A residência médica em cirurgia estabeleceu-se como etapa fundamental na formação do cirurgião e surge como a forma ideal e natural para o ensino da videocirurgia. No entanto, a introdução da videocirurgia nos programas de residência médica nas diversas especialidades cirúrgicas é insuficiente, gerando a necessidade de treinamento complementar após o seu término. OBJETIVO: Rever a situação de ensino da videocirurgia em serviços que publicaram seus métodos. MÉTODO: Revisão de conteúdo publicado em livros e na internet considerados relevantes, além de pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo até julho 2014 com os descritores: videocirurgia; simulação; educação médica; aprendizagem; treinamento em cirurgia. RESULTADO: O método de treinamento em programas de residência médica em cirurgia, focado na realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos sob supervisão em pacientes, comprovou sua eficiência na era da cirurgia aberta. No entanto, configura conceitualmente um processo de experimentação em seres humanos. O aprendizado psicomotor não deve e não pode ser desenvolvido diretamente no paciente. A formação em videocirurgia requer a aquisição de habilidades psicomotoras únicas, através de treinamento realizado inicialmente por simulação cirúrgica. Plataformas de ensino baseadas na solução de problemas como o Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, desenvolvido pela Sociedade Americana de Cirurgia Endoscópica Gastrointestinal e o Laparoscopic Surgical Skills proposto pela Sociedade Europeia de Cirurgia Endoscópica são exemplos que têm sido amplamente utilizados tanto para o ensino como para a acreditação de cirurgiões em todo o mundo. CONCLUSÃO: É necessário o estabelecimento de um processo pedagógico mais adequado para o ensino da videocirurgia ...

Crecimiento rápido autotrófico de microorganismos anaerobios oxidadores de amonio en presencia de nitrito, usando inóculos de Colombia / Faster autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms in presence of nitrite, using inocula from Colombia

Anammox is a nitrite dependent process, catalyzed by bacteria of the order Brocadiales. Anammox bacteria oxidize ammonia under anoxic conditions, with nitrite as electron acceptor producing dinitrogen gas. Here, we demonstrated the presence of anammox bacteria by enriched them in a SBR reactor, with anaerobic samples taken from de bottom of a pond used in primary wastewater treatment. The enrichment reached nitrogen (N) removal rates of nearly 1.92kg N/m3/day. (The stoichiometry of the reaction matched previous anammox studies). The enriched bacterial communities were analyzed by Fluorescence In situ Hybridization (FISH), and showed a nearly 90% enrichment at the end of the experiment (day 90). As far as we know this is the first time that the anammox bacteria were enriched using Colombian inocula. The enrichment was achieved in relatively short time with high yields and have an excellent potential for application in wastewater treatment opening the opportunity to treat nitrogen-rich effluents by partial nitritation and anammox, thereby decreasing operational costs with respect to aeration (nitrification) and addition of organic electron donor (heterotrophic denitrification). This more sustainable treatment is a good alternative to control nutrient pollution in water bodies in tropical countries.

La oxidación anaerobia del amonio (anammox), es un proceso nitrito dependiente, catalizado por bacterias del filo planctomicetes. Estas bacterias oxidan el amonio en ausencia de oxígeno, con nitrito como aceptor de electrones produciendo nitrógeno molecular. En Colombia, demostramos la presencia de estas bacterias mediante el enriquecimiento de cultivos en reactores por lotes, con inóculos nativos, provenientes de muestras anaeróbias tomadas del fondo de una laguna para el tratamiento primario de aguas residuales. El enriquecimiento logrado alcanzó remociones de nitrógeno (N), en el orden de 1.92kg - N /m3/día (la estequiometria de la reacción estuvo acorde con estudios previos de anammox). La comunidad bacteriana enriquecida, se analizó mediante hibridación en sitio con fluorescencia (FISH), y mostró que el enriquecimiento contenía aprox. 90 % de bacterias anammox al final del experimento (Día 90). Esta es la primera vez que en Colombia se logra el enriquecimiento de estas bacterias con inóculos locales, hasta nuestro conocimiento. El enriquecimiento fue alcanzado en relativamente corto tiempo con altos rendimientos y tiene un excelente potencial de aplicación en el tratamiento de aguas residuales, abriendo oportunidades para el tratamiento de efluentes ricos en nitrógeno mediante nitritación parcial y anammox, disminuyendo los costos en los procesos de aireación (nitrificación) y en la de adición de donadores orgánicos (denitrificación heterótrofa). El uso de estos tratamientos más sostenibles es una buena alternativa para el control de contaminación por nutrientes en los cuerpos de agua, en países tropicales.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ameliorates coronary artery elastin breakdown in a mouse model of Kawasaki disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Coronary artery damage from Kawasaki disease (KD) is closely linked to the dysfunction of the endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the modulatory effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on EPCs and elastin breakdown of coronary arteries in a KD mouse model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract (LCWE)-induced KD model was established in C57BL/6 mice that were subsequently administrated with recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF). Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was administrated for the negative intervention. Evaluations included coronary artery lesions, EPC number and functions, and the plasma concentration of nitric oxide (NO).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Elastin breakdown was found in the coronary arteries of model mice 56 days after injection of LCWE. The number of circulating EPCs, plasma concentration of NO, and functions of bone marrow EPCs, including proliferation, adhesion, and migration abilities, were all lower in the KD model group compared with those in the control group. After administration of rhG-CSF, the number of circulating EPCs and plasma concentration of NO were increased significantly compared with those in the KD model group. There were also increases in the functional indexes of EPCs. Furthermore, rhG-CSF administration improved the elastin breakdown effectively. However, these protective effects of rhG-CSF on coronary arteries were attenuated by L-NAME.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present study indicated that the administration of G-CSF prevents elastin breakdown of the coronary arteries by enhancing the number and functions of EPCs via the NO system, and then accelerates the repair of coronary artery lesions in the KD.</p>

Ionic imbalance and lack of effect of adjuvant treatment with methylene blue in the hamster model of leptospirosis

Leptospirosis in humans usually involves hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia and the putative mechanism underlying such ionic imbalances may be related to nitric oxide (NO) production. We previously demonstrated the correlation between serum levels of NO and the severity of renal disease in patients with severe leptospirosis. Methylene blue inhibits soluble guanylyl cyclase (downstream of the action of any NO synthase isoforms) and was recently reported to have beneficial effects on clinical and experimental sepsis. We investigated the occurrence of serum ionic changes in experimental leptospirosis at various time points (4, 8, 16 and 28 days) in a hamster model. We also determined the effect of methylene blue treatment when administered as an adjuvant therapy, combined with late initiation of standard antibiotic (ampicillin) treatment. Hypokalaemia was not reproduced in this model: all of the groups developed increased levels of serum potassium (K). Furthermore, hypermagnesaemia, rather than magnesium (Mg) depletion, was observed in this hamster model of acute infection. These findings may be associated with an accelerated progression to acute renal failure. Adjuvant treatment with methylene blue had no effect on survival or serum Mg and K levels during acute-phase leptospirosis in hamsters. .

Investigating the impacts of retrofitted CNG vehicles on air pollutant emissions in Tehran

The present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of retrofitted CNG vehicles on air pollutant emissions in Tehran over a 20 years period using available statistical data, precise automobile tests, data analysis, and LEAP Software. The obtained results revealed an increase in air pollutant emissions including CO [equal to 1030.77 thousand tons], NO[x] [equal to 1030.77 thousand tons], THC [269.02 thousand tons] and CO[2] [equal to 38.43 thousand tons] resulting from utilizing retrofitted CNG vehicles within the studied period. Considering the obtained results, if the current trend of producing retrofitted CNG vehicles continues, a total cost of 435 million USD will impose on the environment, annually. According to the emission test results, by implementing retrofitted CNG vehicles policy, a higher emission rate of dual-fuel vehicles will be expected compared to their petrol-fueled counterparts. This is due to poor quality of the policy implementation such the use of substandard conversion kits and old technology of retrofit technologies

Detecting the nitrogen oxide in air with portable infrared spectrometer / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a method for rapid detecting nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide(NO2) in the workplace air with infrared spectrometer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The method of infrared spectrometer was developed to detect nitrogen oxide in laboratory, then applied to detect the concentration of nitrogen oxide in workplace air. The present method was compared with National Standard Methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>NO and NO2 in air were detected simultaneously with the infrared spectrometer, not interfering each other. In standard condition, the minimum detectable concentrations of NO and NO2 were 0.67 and 1.03 mg/m3, the inferior limits of concentrations were 0.67 and 1.03 mg/m3 respectively. When the concentrations of NO and NO2 were 0.67-133.93 mg/m3 and 1.03-102.68 mg/m3, the accuracy and precision of detection were higher. As compared with National Standard Methods, the ratio of the results of two methods was 86.96% and 112.56%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method of infrared spectrometer is a rapid, simple and accurate method for detecting the concentrations of nitrogen oxide in the workplace air.</p>

Estimation of minibus and taxi induced air pollution in Yazd-Ardakan rord

The Existence of a safe, efficient, clean, fast, and economical public transportation system with the least environmental effects seems to be necessary with increasing population and people's need for using transport vehicles. The aim of this research is the investigation of air pollution in road transportation in Yazd-Ardakan route and estimation of the pollution at this route. In this study, the primary data were first collected by referring to the relevant organizations and departments and then by providing and distributing three questionnaires among drivers and passengers. The data were then analyzed by the Excell and Spss software for estimation of research results. The findings of this study indicated that transportation vehicles and relocation of the passengers in this route resulted in emission of annually 17.65 tons of suspended dust, 59.04 tons of hydrocarbons, 182.76 tons of carbon monoxide, 21.96 tons of sulfur dioxide and 40.8 tons of nitrogen oxide. Railway transportation because of reducing the emission of 286.31 tons of pollutants per year to the atmosphere and road accidents, improving traffic status in Yazd - Ardakan route, carrying many more number of passengers,having high efficiency on speed of transportation, saving and reducing of travel time, energy and cost of using personal vehicles and health proposed as a practical solution

Evaluation of anti-allergic activity of gossypin and suramin in mast cell-mediated allergy model.

The mast cell-mediated allergic reactions are involved in many allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. Stimulation of mast cells initiates the process of degranulation, resulting in the release of mediators such as histamine and an array of inflammatory cytokines. In this report, we investigated the effect of gossypin (a biflavonoid) and suramin (a synthetic polysulphonated naphtylurea) on the mast cell-mediated allergy model, and studied the possible mechanism of their action. Both gossypin and suramin inhibited (P<0.001) compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis reactions, antiprurities (P<0.001) and reduced the histamine release in rats. Further, both showed significant (P<0.001) protection against rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. Thus, our findings provide evidence that gossypin and suramin inhibit mast cell-derived allergic reactions.

Production of perovskite catalysts on ceramic monoliths with nanoparticles for dual fuel system automobiles

[Lanthanum, Cerium][Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Palladium][Oxygen]3- Perovskite catalyst was prepared by the citrate route and deposited on ceramic monoliths via dip coating procedure. The catalyst was applied on a car with XU7 motors and the amount of emission was monitored with vehicle emission test systems in Sapco company. The results were compared with the imported catalyst with noble metals such as palladium, platinum and rhodium by Iran Khodro company based on the Euro III standards. The catalysts were characterized by specific surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, line scan and map. In the results, obtained in the home made sample, the amount of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons were lower than imported catalyst with Iran Khodro company with nobel metals. The illustration shows nano particles size on coat. The microstructure evaluation showed that the improved properties can be related to the existence of nano particles on coating

Environmental health effects of brick kilns in Kathmandu valley.

INTRODUCTION: Brick kilns operating in Kathmandu valley are known to be a leading cause of air pollution. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of brick kilns on environment and human health. This study has been done at Duwakot VDC in Bhaktapur. METHODS: This study was conducted during brick kilns operating and not operating periods. Different methods were used for data collection, such as household environmental health survey, school health examination, and air quality measurement for total suspend particles, particulate matter of size less than 10 microns, Sulphur Dioxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, and Carbon Monoxide. RESULTS: A total of 330 individuals were interviewed during household environmental survey and majority of them expressed about smoke related respiratory discomfort at home and surrounding. Out of 141 school children who underwent thorough physical health examination, 79 students were from Ganesh Public School (located near to brick kilns) and 62 were from Nabin English School (far away from brick kilns). Statistically significant high odds ratios for respiratory problems like tonsillitis (4.17 95% CI 2.05, 8.45) and acute pharyngitis (4.08 95% CI 2.01, 8.33) were observed among the students from Ganesh Public School. Average value of particulate matter of size less than 10 microns and total suspend particles for the pre operation time was 0.029 mg/m3 and 0.033 mg/m3 respectively whereas, it reached 0.050 mg/m3 and 0.056 mg/m3 respectively during the brick kiln operation time. CONCLUSION: The concentration of various air pollutants was higher during the operation of brick kilns at Duwakot. Similarly, the health status of the school children attending the school close to the vicinity of the brick kilns was worse compared to the students attending the school away from the brick kilns.

Pollution from gerga sugar factory monitoring and assessment

Air quality was studied in Gerga sugar factory to assess and evaluate pollution levels that are generating from sugar manufacturing process. Pollution levels of NO, SO[2], CO, CO[z] and THG gasses and paniculate matter were detected and determined. Also, associated parameters of meteorological conditions such wind speed, wind direction, temperature and pressure were evaluated. This was done using the mobile monitoring unit. The mobile monitoring unit is a mobile laboratory with rapid response instruments for real-time measurements of gasses and particulate distribution and emission source characteristics. The results showed that air quality in Gerga sugar factory has been affected from total hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide gases that exceeded the acceptable levels. As, for particulate matter, it is considered the worst pollution problem hi the core of the sugar factory and neighbouring colonies. In general we can say that Gerga Sugar factory affects the air quality with a limit range of pollution

Volatile organic compounds emitted from hardwood drying as a function of processing parameters

During the drying of wood, volatile organic compounds are emitted. These emissions contribute, in the presence of nitrogen oxides and sunlight, to the formation of ground level ozone and other harmful photo-oxidants. Emissions of volatile organic compounds from the drying of birch sawdust in a spouted bed were analyzed with a flame ionization detector and with a gas chromatograph-mass pectrometer. A D-optimal model of the emissions showed that the emissions increased exponentially with decreasing sawdust moisture content and that the final sawdust moisture content was influencing emissions about twice as much as the inlet drying medium temperature and the month of logging. At inlet temperatures of 140-170 °C, the emissions increased steeply when the moisture content of the sawdust reached 10%, whereas an inlet temperature of 200 °C caused a surge of thermal degradation products at 15% moisture content. The results of this study should help to reduce the emissions of volatile hydrocarbons during the drying of hardwood sawdust and wood chips

Atmospheric pollution: a case study of degrading urban air quality over Punjab, India.

This paper presents the results of a case study of urban air quality over a densely populated city Ludhiana situated in Punjab, India, in the form of monthly and annual average concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), NO2 and SO2 for the periods 1988-1989, 1994-1999 and 2001-2005 which is generally found to be increasing with time and thus requires immediate corrective measures lest the situation becomes totally uncontrollable. The present situation is as bad as in other metropolitan Indian cities, although it seems to have somewhat improved as indicated by the latest 2001-2005 data in comparison with the past 1988-1989 and 1994-1999 data, but much more still needs to be done. In addition to the industrial and vehicular pollution, the agricultural pollution due to the burning of wheat and rice straws by the farmers should also be checked because it also creates tremendous pollution in the atmosphere.

Biochemical parameters of plants as indicators of air pollution.

In the present study species like Mangifera indica, Linn., Cassia fistula, Linn., and Eucalyptus hybrid were exposed to different air pollution load for short duration (active biomonitoring). Variation in biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugar free amino acid, ascorbic acid, nitrate reductase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in the leaves were found to be pollution load dependent. These variations can be used as indicators of air pollution for early diagnosis of stress or as a marker for physiological damage to trees prior to the onset of visible injury symptoms. Just by analyzing these biochemical indicators air quality can also be assessed.

Short-term effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testes, liver, kidneys and pancreas in mice / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To determine the biochemical effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on testes, liver, kidneys and pancreas on day 10 in the process of degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diets containing 2% DEHP were given to male Crlj:CD1(ICR) mice for 10 days. The dose of DEHP was 0.90 +/- 0.52 mg/mouse/day. Their testes, livers, kidneys and pancreata were examined for detection of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by peroxidation of nitric oxide (NO) with free radicals, and lipid peroxidation induced by the chain reaction of free radicals.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Histological observation and serum analysis showed the presence of severe spermatogenic disturbance, Leydig cell dysfunction, liver dysfunction and dehydration. Unexpectedly, the concentration of MEHP in the testes was extremely low compared with that in the liver. However, the concentration of the NOx in the testes was as high as the hepatic concentration. Furthermore, free radical-induced lipid peroxidation was histochemically detected in the testes but not in the liver.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicate that DEHP-induced aspermatogenesis is caused by the high sensitivity of the testicular tissues to MEHP rather than the specific accumulation or uptake of circulating MEHP into the testes.</p>

The relationship between the potential years of life lost of lung cancer and air pollution in Wuhan / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the present situations of lung cancer in Wuhan and to explore the relationship between the potential years of life lost of lung cancer and air pollution, especially vehicle emissions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data gathered between 1986 and 1995 in Wuhan city, including air pollution and tobacco production and data on lung cancer between 1991 and 2000 were collected extensively. Simple Correlation and Grey Relational Analysis were used to analyze the relationship of them.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a ascending tendency in variance of oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The degree of grey incidence (DGI) between the concentration of air pollutants and the male's or female's potential years of life lost of lung cancer (PYLL) were calculated respectively. In males, the values of DGI were 0.6702, 0.7071, 0.6199 on sulfur dioxide (SO2), NOx, total suspensions (TSP) respectively. In females,the values of DGI were 0.6188, 0.8555, 0.5842 according to the same order as listed above. Significant positive correlation was found between the concentration of NOx and with lung cancer in both males and females by spearman correlation test (rmale = 0.63523, P = 0.0484; rfemale = 0.76396, P = 0.0101).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With the fast growing speed of the quantity of vehicles, pollution of vehicle emission-caused air pollution posed an important risk factor for lung cancer, despite the fact that tobacco smoking still played the leading role.</p>

Repercussões clínicas da exposição à poluição atmosférica / Clinical repercussions of exposure to atmospheric pollution

A poluição atmosférica é um assunto exaustivamente discutido mundialmente. As repercussões clínicas decorrentes das exposições aos principais poluentes atmosféricos são apresentadas resumidamente. Os padrões de qualidade do ar para esses agentes, segundo a Agência de Proteção Ambiental Americana, estão descritos em relação aos seus valores primários e tempo médio. Os efeitos respiratórios conseqüentes à queima de combustíveis fósseis e de biomassa são apresentados de forma sucinta visando, essencialmente, a alertar os profissionais da saúde para o aumento da morbidade relacionada com a poluição ambiental.

Atmospheric pollution is a topic of extensive discussion the world over. The clinical repercussions of exposure to the principal atmospheric pollutants are summarized herein. According to the American Environmental Protection Agency, air quality standards for these agents are set based on their primary and half-life values. The respiratory effects of the burning of fossil fuels and biomass are succinctly presented, with a special focus on alerting health care professionals of the increased morbidity related to environmental pollution.

Comparison between the induction of anesthesia using sevoflurane-nitrous oxide, propofol or combination of propofol and sevoflurane-nitrous oxide using laryngeal mask airway [LMA] in hypertensive patients

In a double-blinded trial, 90 patients with stable hypertension were enrolled in this study. Each group consisted of 30 patients. The induction in group S was by sevoflurane 4% + 50% oxygen +50% nitrous oxide by inhalation using the tidal volume technique. The induction in group P was by propofol 2mg/kg IV, and in group PS [combination group] was by propofol 1mg/kg followed by inhalation of 4% sevoflurane.The present study compared hemodynamic changes, laryngeal mask airway [LMA] insertion time and any complications occurred in the induction period between the three groups. LMA insertion time was significantly longer in the sevoflurane group than in the other two groups. Mean arterial blood pressure [MAP] was significantly lower within each group after induction in comparison to before induction. In all the groups, LMA was successfully inserted in all patients. According to patients induction was pleasant in 90% of patients in the propofol group and was 88% in the combination group and 40% in the sevoflurane group. This study concluded that in the combination group there is the advantage of patient satisfaction and rapid induction with no apnea which occurred with propofol and had the advantage of hemodynamic stability encountered with sevoflurane