Uso de ventilación no invasiva luego de la discontinuación de la ventilación mecánica invasiva en pacientes adultos / Use of noninvasive ventilation after discontinuation of invasive mechanical ventilation in adult patients

Introducción: la discontinuación de la ventilación mecánica invasiva en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos es un objetivo fundamental y primario, en pos de evitar las complicaciones asociadas a ella. El uso de ventilación no invasiva en este contexto resulta de utilidad en tres escenarios específicos: a) como prevención de fallo de extubación, b) como cambio de interface, c) en fallo instalado. No existe evidencia suficiente sobre el tiempo de uso habitual de la VNI en esta subpoblación, las variables que se utilizan para elegirla, las causas de fallo de la VNI y la mortalidad asociada en estos pacientes. Objetivos: describir epidemiológicamente a los pacientes adultos con uso de VNI posextubación y su evolución hasta el alta hospitalaria. Describir la indicación de VNI, el tiempo de uso, las tasas de reintubación y mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Materiales y métodos: cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes internados en la UCI de adultos del Hospital Italiano de San Justo que utilizaron VNI posextubación. A partir de la historia clínica electrónica se registraron variables epidemiológicas previas al ingreso en la UCI y datos evolutivos durante la internación. El período analizado abarca desde el 17 de diciembre de 2016 hasta el 01 de agosto de 2018. Resultados: se incluyeron 48 pacientes en el presente estudio. La mediana de edad fue de 76 años (RIQ 62,75-83,25). El 58,33% eran hombres. El índice de comorbilidad de Charlson tuvo un valor de mediana de 5 (RIQ 3-6). Del total de pacientes reclutados, 33 utilizaron VNI como prevención de fallo de extubación (68,75%), 13 como cambio de interface (27,08%) y solo 2 como fallo instalado (4,16%). La mediana de días de uso de VNI fue 1 (RIQ 0-5) en prevención de fallo, 1 (RIQ 1-2) en cambio de interface y en fallo instalado 13,5 días (RIQ 8,75-18,25). Ocho pacientes fueron reintubados (16,66%). La mortalidad fue del 9,1% en el grupo de prevención de fallo y 7,7% en el grupo de cambio de interface, respectivamente. En cuanto al grupo que la usó a partir del fallo instalado, la tasa de mortalidad fue del 50% (total de dos pacientes). Conclusiones: la VNI como método de discontinuación de la VMI se utiliza principalmente tanto para la prevención de fallo como para cambio de interfaz. El tiempo de uso de VNI posextubación es, en general, limitado. Se necesitan futuros trabajos que identifiquen las horas requeridas de uso de VNI posextubación. (AU)

Introduction: the discontinuation of invasive mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit is a fundamental and primary objective, both of which aim to avoid the complications associated with it. The use of non-invasive ventilation in this context may follow three specific scenarios: a) as prevention of extubation failure, b) as interface change, c) in overt failure. There is not enough evidence on the time of use of NIV in this subpopulation, the variables used to guide its use, the causes of NIV failure and the associated mortality in these patients. Objectives: to describe the use of NIV after extubation in adult critically ill patients. Further, we aim to describe the time of NIV use, the mortality and reintubation rate of each subgroup. Materials and methods: retrospective cohort study including adult patients admitted to the ICU at Hospital Italiano de San Justo, who received NIV post-extubation. Using the electronic health database, epidemiological variables were recorded prior to admission to the ICU and follow-up data during the hospitalization. The period analyzed was from December 17, 2016 to August 1, 2018. Results: 48 patients were included in the present analysis. Median age was 76 years (RIQ 62.75-83.25) and 58.33% were men. The Charlson comorbidity index had a median value of 5 (RIQ 3-6). Of the total number of patients recruited, 33 used NIV as prevention of extubation failure (68.75%), 13 as interface change (27.08%). ) and only 2 as overt extubation failure (4.16%).The median number of days of NIV use was 1 (RIQ 0-5) in failure prevention and 1 (RIQ 1-2) in the change of interface group. 8 patients were reintubated (16.66%). 9.1% and 7.7% of patients died in the groups that used NIV as prevention of extubation failure and change of interface respectively. Conclusions: NIV is frequently used in adult patients following extubation in our centre. Further studies are warranted to depict the necessary time of use to better allocate resources within the intensive care unit. (AU)

Mortalidad y fracaso renal agudo en pacientes con ventilación no invasiva / Mortality and acute kidney injury in patients with noninvasive ventilation

Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo observacional, obteniendo datos clínicos y analíticos de pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital Reina Sofía, que precisaron de ventilación mecánica no invasiva. El estudio se llevó a cabo desde el 1 de enero 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2015. El objetivo principal fue determinar la mortalidad a los 90 días en pacientes ingresados con estas características en dicho periodo. Se definió como fracaso renal agudo al incremento de creatinina sérica > 0.3 mg/dl a las 48 horas con respecto al basal. Los pacientes fueron seguidos durante 90 días. Se analizaron 221 pacientes, 65 (29.4%) presentaron fracaso renal agudo y 156 (70.6%) función renal normal. La mortalidad global a los 90 días fue de 44 (19.9%); en el grupo del fracaso renal agudo fue de 33 (51.6%), y de 11 (7.1%) en los pacientes sin fracaso renal agudo (RR 7.340; IC 95%: 3.974-13.559. p < 0.001). La estancia hospitalaria fue de 24.2 ± 24.1 días en aquellos con fracaso renal agudo vs. 21.5 ± 20.7 días en el segundo grupo; p = 0.429), la estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos: 10.9 ± 14.4 con fracaso renal agudo vs. 7.3 ± 9.6; p = 0.357, sin dicha condición, y los días de ventilación mecánica no invasiva: 3.4 ± 3.0 con fracaso renal agudo vs. 2.7 ± 1.9; p = 0.569, en los que no se vieron afectados por la presencia del fracaso renal agudo. Como conclusión, la presencia de fracaso renal agudo es un factor independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes que presentan insuficiencia respiratoria aguda con necesidad de ventilación mecánica no invasiva.

We developed a prospective observational study, obtaining clinical and analytical data of patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the Hospital Reina Sofía, who required noninvasive ventilation, from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. The main objective was to determine the 90-day mortality in these patients and conditions, who required noninvasive ventilation as treatment for acute respiratory failure and who developed acute kidney injury. Acute renal failure was defined as an increase in serum creatinine > 0.3 mg/dl at 48 hours with respect to the baseline. The patients were followed for 90 days. We analyzed 221 patients, 65 (29.4%) presented acute kidney injury and 156 (70.6%) normal renal function. Overall mortality at 90 days was 44 (19.9%). In the group of acute kidneys injury, it was 33 (51.6%), being 11 (7.1%) in patients without acute kidney injury (RR 7.340, 95% CI: 3.974-13.559, p < 0.001). Hospital stay in days was 24.2 ± 24.1 with acute kidney injury vs. 21.5 ± 0.7, p = 0.429; stay in the intensive care unit in days was 10.9 ± 14.4 with acute kidney injury vs. 7.3 ± 9.6, p = 0.357, and days of non-invasive ventilation 3.4 ± 3.0 with acute kidney injury vs. 2.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.569, in those patients not affected by the presence of acute kidney injury. In conclusion, the presence of acute kidney injury is an independent factor of mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure requiring noninvasive ventilation.

Non-invasive mechanical ventilation after the successful weaning: a comparison with the venturi mask / Ventilação mecânica não invasiva após desmame bem-sucedido: uma comparação com a máscara de Venturi

Abstract Background and objectives: This study compared the rates of acute respiratory failure, reintubation, length of intensive care stay and mortality in patients in whom the non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) was applied instead of the routine venturi face mask (VM) application after a successful weaning. Methods: Following the approval of the hospital ethics committee, 62 patients who were under mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours were scheduled for this study. 12 patients were excluded because of the weaning failure during T-tube trial. The patients who had optimum weaning criteria after the T-tube trial of 30 minutes were extubated. The patients were kept on VM for 1 hour to observe the hemodynamic and respiratory stability. The group of 50 patients who were successful to wean randomly allocated to have either VM (n = 25), or NIV (n = 25). Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), PaO2, PCO2, and pH values were recorded. Results: The number of patients who developed respiratory failure in the NIV group was significantly less than VM group of patients (3 reintubation vs. 14 NIV + 5 reintubation in the VM group). The length of stay in the ICU was also significantly shorter in NIV group (5.2 ± 4.9 vs. 16.7 ± 7.7 days). Conclusions: The ratio of the respiratory failure and the length of stay in the ICU were lower when non-invasive mechanical ventilation was used after extubation even if the patient is regarded as ‘successfully weaned’. We recommend the use of NIMV in such patients to avoid unexpected ventilator failure.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Este estudo comparou as taxas de insuficiência respiratória aguda, reintubação, tempo de internação em UTI e mortalidade em pacientes sob ventilação mecânica não invasiva (VMNI) em vez da habitual máscara facial de Venturi (MV) após desmame bem-sucedido. Métodos: Após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética do hospital, 62 pacientes que estavam sob ventilação mecânica por no mínimo 48 horas foram inscritos neste estudo. Doze foram excluídos devido à falha de desmame durante o teste de tubo-T. Os que apresentaram critérios de desmame ótimos após o teste de tubo-T de 30 minutos foram extubados. Foram mantidos em MV por uma hora para observação da estabilidade hemodinâmica e respiratória. O grupo de 50 pacientes que obtiveram sucesso no desmame ventilatório foi alocado aleatoriamente para MV (n = 25) ou VNI (n = 25). Os valores de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), PaO2, PCO2 e pH foram registrados. Resultados: O número de pacientes que desenvolveu insuficiência respiratória no grupo VNI foi significativamente menor do que o do grupo MV (3 reintubações vs. 14 VNI + 5 reintubações no grupo MV). O tempo de permanência em UTI também foi significativamente menor no grupo NIV (5,2 ± 4,9 vs. 16,7 ± 7,7 dias). Conclusões: As taxas de insuficiência respiratória e do tempo de permanência em UTI foram menores quando a ventilação mecânica não invasiva foi usada após a extubação, mesmo se o paciente foi considerado como “desmame bem-sucedido”. Recomendamos o uso de VMNI em tais pacientes para evitar a falha inesperada do ventilador.